HIST 121-1 Notes on Transition and Lineage (PDF)

HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations Learning Outcomes How an Ancient Egyptian Mummy was Made (YT Video) 1. Enumerate the major river-valley civilizations The ancient Egyptians believed in several rituals in order to reach the afterlife, into the next 2. Deﬁne prominent features and characteristics of each civilization world, and achieve immortality 3. Explain the roles and functions of the Pharaoh Death 4. Argue the nature of leadership and religion in the formation of civilization - A temporary state - A dead person's spirit needed a body to preserve it Learning Resources To preserve it  mummiﬁcation was used Christian, David. (2004). Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California - The process and quality of the mummiﬁcation varied Press Berkeley. 207-332 - Depending on status and wealth Erskine, Andrew (ed.). (2009). Blackwell Companions To the Ancient World. Blackwell. 177-200 - Example: the highest ranks in society got the best method of preservation after they died O’Brien, Patrick K. (ed.). (2005). Philip’s Atlas of World History. Institute of Historical Research, University of London. 20-39 Steps (for those with higher statuses and greater wealth) Spievogel, Jackson J. (2005). Glencoe World History. National Geographic School Publishing. 1. Body is washed in water and salt 34-105,344-367 2. The brain is removed and discarded using a hook through the nostrils. 3. The body is slit open Guide Questions 4. Organs were removed except for the heart 1. What are river-valley civilizations - Ancient Egyptians believed the heart would guide the person into the afterlife 2. Why did they emerge where they did and when they did 5. The liver, lungs, intestine, and stomach were kept and placed in four canopic jars 3. How did they emerge - One for each organ 4. What role does the pharaoh play in the rise and expansion of Egyptian Civilization - These jars each featured a lid sculpted as one of the sons of Horus a. Hapi: who protected the lung Introduction b. Duamutef: the stomach A brief history of classical antiquity, with Egypt as a microcosm c. Imsety: the liver Establishes the consequences of the Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution to human existence d. Qebehsenuef: the intestines. Explained why the ﬁrst civilizations emerged along river valleys 6. The body was then ﬁlled with myrrh, cassia, and other spices - looking at speciﬁc regions in the world, namely: West Asia, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, 7. The body is sewn up together and packed with a special salt (natron) for up to 70 days and East Asia - Which prevented the ﬂesh from rotting Using Ancient Egyptian history, and how its early civilization unfolds, 8. The body will shriveled and dehydrated - looking from the perspective of the role of the pharaoh 9. The embalmers would stuff the empty body with sawdust and linen Interplay of politics, religion, economics, and war  building blocks for the expansion and - To bring it back to its original shape maintenance of civilizations 10. Oil the skin to soften it 11. Add false eyes and a wig Learning Activity - To make the corpse more lifelike The classroom as a primary source for a civilization two thousand years from now 12. A resin was used to cover the body Forming a sample tech-tree - To prevent mold PSAct: 13. The whole corpse was wrapped in layers of linen bandages 1. The Book of the Dead 14. A face mask was made to look like the person  placed on the head of the corpse 2. The Narmer Palette 15. The body was placed into a wooden case 3. The Battle of Kadesh - Stone sarcophagus: if the person were rich 16. Mummies would be buried with items they might have needed for the afterlife Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations - Jewelry, clothes, furniture Step 4 - Even pet cats and dogs who were mummiﬁed as well to keep them company Steps (for those with middle classes/avoid expenses) 1. Corpse is injected with oil, taken from seeder trees 2. Liquefying the internal organs Step 5 3. Packed with Natron for up to 70 days 4. Give back to the family The Egyptian embalmers were so skilled that even today, people who were mummiﬁed thousands of years ago, still have some recognizable futures Animation of a theory on how the pyramids were built Step 6 Designed to protect the tomb and serve as a resting place for a pharaoh Symbol of a Pharaoh’s supreme authority New theories involving the usage of water Nile River Steps (in pictures) Step 7 Step 1 Step 2 Step 8 Step 3 Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations Step 9 Step 14 Step 10 Aug 29 Notes Agricultural Revolution or Neolithic Revolution Step 11 David Lewis-Williams on Cave art Natural formations are where people live: Cave  cave artworks Beginning of a sense of creativity Altamira caves (Spain) Common theme: Animals Signiﬁcance: Religious Most likely shamans Step 12 Paint  worship - Pray for continuation of bountiful harvest Uncertain about future  pray for a sense of security Lead by the chief, next is shaman: symbiotic Religion needs larger political Hunter-gatherer societies (men and women) Hunter-gatherer societies (men and women) Step 13 - Before civilization - First people - Principal activity is hunt and gather - No markets, relationships (simple), festivities - Evolved Civilization Daily activities - Hunt: isang bagsakan - Gather: Contributed more, collect small accumulate, small but continuous They move - Follow migration of animals, pool of water, fruits - Everytime they return, resources replenish by scattering seeds - Beginning of agriculture Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations Seeds - Hunting-gathering societies were gradually and peacefully - If scattered wash away or eaten by birds absorbed into farming societies; trading with them, then - If dug and watered  replenish integration - There is a familial systematic way of planting - Two societies collided Before domestication - No conﬂict - Started small  big (Plants) - Taking things they like - Started big/wild  bugs (Animals) - Trade dogs (because they can eat rats) with resources - First animal domesticated: Dog - Trade  integration - Domestication: the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use - Inﬂuence of science in domestication Neolithic societies - Animals started big due to survival Organized around kinship and marriage because it facilitated landholding - If left on its own  will go back to being wild and big to survive - Rape is a graver offense than murder Main change: mode of production - Because sons and daughters inherit land & rape disrupts sense of property - Instead of moving  stay behind Varied in terms of being matrilineal and patrilineal Civilization cannot happen if there is no food security - Patriarchal: 3 major monotheisms (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) - Surplus  food production  increase population, - Matriarchal: Minoans - Didn’t need many hunters-gatherers The strongest bonds were formed between parents and their children - Specialization came about: craftsmen, weavers - Husband-wife - Structure of society changed - Sibling-sibling Use of tools Father assumes role for guiding civilizations - Homosapiens-sapiens - Something new - Tools are more complex in ancient time - Fathers have no roles before - Signiﬁes human ingenuity ( quality of being clever, original, and inventive) - Lack of father ﬁgure - Flinstons - Fathers signify fear and a sense of discipline  cannot be liberal with instincts - Hammer came ﬁrst than the axe: PlowHammerAxe Mother earth, father sky Gradual Transition Food gatherers were animistic (plains, water) Transition Period - Animism: relating to or based on animism, the belief that natural objects, natural - Probably thousands of years phenomena, and the universe itself have souls - Eventual settlement Farmers worshipped either: Compared to his hunter-gatherer ancestor, the Neolithic farmer: - An earth mother (Gaea) - Had to work harder - A sky father (Zeus, Cronus, Uranus) - Had to guard plants and animals Change the way they relate to nature - Had less-varied diet and nutrition (stuck with 1 crop illnesses) Precolonial Philippines: Animisticmove around  less civilized - Lived in less healthy settlements (higher concentration  higher population) - Was at least ensured of a steady food supply Why did civilizations emerge along rivers? - The diet of people didn’t change but the amount of animal bones decreased Transportation Fertilization Colin Renfrew Rivers are defense On the relationship between hunting-gathering societies and neolithic farmers Agriculture Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations Body of water  secure the body of water as property - 4,000 miles long Have a base of operations - World's largest river Channels of water - Not as unpredictable weather Irrigation (Grow crops) - Inundates (ﬂood) for a month  lush farmland Clay - If recedes  silt (good for wheat Cannot live without water Pool water cannot make civilization but mighty rivers does Pr-O, Par’oh, Pharoah, Pharaoh Trivia: Every Pharaoh has ﬁve names Summary - Each name has a purpose Name of Mesopotamia Egypt Indus Zhang 1. Horus name Civilization 2. Nebty name Modern Day Iraq Egypt Pakistan China 3. Golden Horus name Location 4. Neswbety name (Great title) River in vicinity Tigris/Euphrates Nile Sindu Yellow River 5. Sa-Re name (Personal/Given/Family Name) (Lois) One who lives in a great house, courtier of the Great House Estimate period -55 -5 -3.5 -2 or 2.2 Not like a god but a god on earth of ascension Coronation lasted days, reﬂecting the transition to immortality Ruler type Priest-King Pharaoh Priest-King King General Reincarnation of Horus Religion type Polytheistic Anthropomorphic Cattle Zhang Daoling Life of constant ritual and ceremony to protect him from profane Being (animism) eyes and spiritual pollution  His will is law, his desire correct and just, is wisdom omnipotent Paganism The gods spoke through him as one of them and was thus Center building Ziggurat Great House Great Baths Forbidden City obeyed without question Evidence of YES YES YES YES His family shared celestial glory, but only the reigning pharaoh social was divine stratiﬁcation Appointed ofﬁcials and bureaucrats in his name Evidence of YES YES NO YES Had divine and direct responsibility over Egypt strong military Other salient Wheat/Barley Wheat/Barley Wheat/Barley Rice THE PHARAOH MAINTAINED MAAT: No Pharaoh, no Maat features Maat (social structure broken  broken as well) Reason for Invasion Invasion Climate Invasion Infallible downfall The king represents Maat People of Egypt Ancient Egypt as a Microcosm Scientists don't have names for the Ancient Africans, so they were identiﬁed by the language Africa and the Nile they spoke; e.g. Nilo- Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo Nile, Sub-Saharan, and Savannah all have different ways of living Egyptian population was mainly composed of peasants who crowded the banks of the Nile; The Nile they were mostly free tenant farmers working on land granted to nobles - More concentration Power was generated by man and animal Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations The natural environment was bountiful and desirable Merge of the crown The government offered protection Same person The seasons were generally predictable King Narmer conquers the Nile Delta Egyptians valued the interplay so much that they had a goddess who personiﬁed the principles of order - Maat Maat The unbroken line of Egyptian kings - Sense of order Egyptian Timeline - Balance and interplay of things 2000 years - Was the goddess of truth, justice, balance, and most importantly - order - 3500-3100 Predynastic Period Framing implements were unsophisticated, hence, farming was labor-intensive - 3100-2700-Early Dynastic Period Trivia 1: The Egyptians believed that people were the same color, only that some had more of - 2700-2100-Old Kingdom it, and others less - 2100-1700-Middle Kingdom Trivia 2: The Egyptian concept of sexual intercourse boiled down to who was the more - 1500-1000-New Kingdom dominant How the Pyramids were built The Birth Of Pharaonic Egypt Tomb of a pharaoh 4000BC, three Nilotic states Nekhan, Nagada Volunteer work This united under a king called a Pr’o (One from the great house) who ruled in the name of the 20 years to complete Falcon god Horus, the Lord of Order Symbol of Horus Mummiﬁcation Process - All-seeing eye Religious and systematic - Representing protection, health, and restoration/prosperity If a body of a pharaoh was lost  there is chaos in the world The Crowns of Egypt Erasures Separate kingdoms Akhenaten (b. 1383 BC): Tried to change religion Segregate  conﬂict of upper and lower Egypt Hatshepsut (b. 1470 BC): Tried to rule as a man - Upper Egypt: South Takeaway questions - Lower Egypt: How did rivers help with the birth of civilizations? North In what ways was Ancient Egypt similar to the other river valley civilizations? In what ways was Ancient Egypt unique? QnA In the course readings, the term “civilization” is often substituted by “culture.” Do these two terms have the same meaning? Narmer, Menes, And Hor-Aha Civilization For much of its history Ancient Egypt was a divided kingdom until King Narmer of Tjenu - Only came into general use in the English language in the late eighteenth century as an conquered the Nile Delta and United Ancient Egypt antithesis to barbarism (before then, “civility”—its Latin counterpart—was used). Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations - Helped to designate “civilized” people as superior to “uncivilized/barbaric” men. - Became a convenient tool in the period of European Imperialism as a justiﬁcation for What were the main differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures? domination. - Gradually through the twentieth century, the term deﬁnition shifted its meaning as to be the antithesis of “primitive” rather than “barbaric,” referring to a community’s complexity levels in terms of technology, science, and division of labor. - Today in academia, the connotation of the term civilization is widened to include all kinds of human progress, and therefore it is often substituted by the term “culture.” - Still, keep in mind its second meaning when reading a primary source or secondary source. Where is “the cradle of civilization?”Where is “the cradle of civilization?” “The cradle of civilization” - Is a metaphorical epithet referring to any of the possible locations where civilization ﬁrst began. Are the “Neolithic Revolution” and the “Neolithic Agricultural Revolution” the same thing? Human history's beginning, as opposed to its prehistory, has been said to begin with the Yes. discovery of agriculture, independently at several sites on Earth. Neolithic Revolution Agriculture - Marked the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies. - Was the key to the rise of sedentary communities, which nurtured the development of - Neolithic peoples developed the technologies and systems for systematic agriculture, civilization. which brought about major economic, political, and social changes for these early Where did agricultural societies ﬁrst develop? sedentary communities. - The transition to agriculture occurred on an independent basis in several different regions The Neolithic Revolution is therefore also called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution. of the world  Most scholars believe that there is no single "cradle," but several independent developments of civilization. Were all effects of the “Neolithic Revolution” good? Five regions which are commonly cited as being the possible sites for the “cradle of Neolithic Revolution not only brought gains but also losses. civilization:” Marked by the development of sedentary societies  disease spread more rapidly than it had 1. The Near East (in particular the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers); Egypt (along during Paleolithic hunter-gatherer period. the river Nile) Two probable causes 2. India (along the Indus river) 1. Lack of adequate sanitary facilities— leading to poor hygienic practices 3. China (along the Huang-He-Yangtze river) - Early sedentary communities lacked public health-related infrastructure. 4. Mesoamerica - Major causes of food-borne disease outbreaks: Lack of adequate sanitary facilities 5. Andean South America + poor hygienic practices of the population  rampant diseases originating from Fertile Crescent parasites - Traditionally, the title “cradle of civilization” has been applied to the Neolithic Ancient Near 2. Tighter co-dependence between animals and humans. East, particularly the Fertile Crescent (Levant and Mesopotamia). - Emergence of animal domestication  an intensiﬁcation of the interaction of social - Accordingly, scholars believed that agriculture was ﬁrst practiced in the Fertile Crescent, and biological systems  co-dependence between pathogens and humans  rise and from there it eventually spread by inﬂuence throughout the world. in deaths and sickness following the Neolithic Revolution. - Recent excavations have determined the error of this theory. - Examples of diseases spread from animals to humans: Inﬂuenza, smallpox, and - In fact, the location of emergence of the basic features of civilization cannot be asserted. measles. Subsequently, the modern academic community accepts all of the above mentioned locations are the possible “cradle of civilization.” Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations What was the “Sumerian Renaissance?” Yes Also known as the “Third Dynasty of Ur” The Kingdom of Kush emerged ca. 1070 BC, after the disintegration of the Egyptian Empire. Was a golden age in the Sumerian civilization (2100-2000 BC). Kush inherited many of the cultural and religious characteristics of ancient Egypt. Marked a time of rebirth of Sumer, a renaissance of their previous greatness. - Example: The Kushites, like the ancient Egyptians, built pyramids and worshiped the Sumer became the preeminent military power in Mesopotamia Egyptian pantheon, headed by God Amun. Commerce was restored, canals were dug, city walls were rebuilt, and agriculture was revived. Also represented a golden age of art in Sumerian civilization At its peak, how large was the area inhabited by the “Indus Valley Civilization?” - Particularly noted for its powerful architecture, as seen in palaces, temples, and ziggurats. The Indus Valley Civilization emerged around the Indus River basin, and from there, it expanded to the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the land between the Ganges and the Do you know where the saying, "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." originated? Could Yamuna rivers. you subject yourself to live by those laws? Why or why not? At its peak, this civilization covered approximately half a million miles of the Northern Indian Answers Vary subcontinent, making it the largest ancient civilization in the world. What is “Atenism?” Why is the Indus Valley Civilization also known as the “Harappan” culture? Also known as the Amarna heresy Harappa Was an anti-polytheistic theology focused around the god Aten - Name of a village in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, and of the nearby archaeological site for Founded by pharaoh Amenhotep IV, in the 14th century BC. the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization. Aten was ﬁrst mentioned in the Middle Kingdom as the sun disk, a part of god Re. - This culture takes its name from the archaeological site, which takes its name from the Later on, under the reign of Tuthmosis IV (14th century BC), Aten became a solar god. village. Pharaoh Amenhotep III (ca. 1386-1349 BC) established a separate cult for Aten. Amenhotep IV, later known as Akhenaten, turned the cult of the Aten unto a form of Was India the only country to have a “caste system?” monotheism based on the worship of the sun, Aten. No. Was Egypt’s ofﬁcial state religion for nearly twenty years, falling immediately after Amenhotep The caste system IV’s death. - A division of people into social groups (castes) in which all rights of each individual are pre- Modern scholars believe that many of the beliefs promoted by Amenhotep IV were already determined or ascribed by birth. present in earlier cults, particularly that of Amen-Re. Social stratiﬁcation Akhenaten IV introduced one entirely new concept that was alien to traditional Egyptian - Ss the product of a group’s will to separate itself from, and subjugate, other groups—a religion, monotheism. human conduct as old as man himself. Even though the caste system is usually associated with India and Aryan society, not even the Were the Egyptians the only ancient civilization to practice mummiﬁcation? word “caste” itself is of Indian origin but of Latin origin (castus = pure). No. Historically, numerous civilizations have had their societies based on a caste system Deliberate mummiﬁcation was practiced by many other ancient civilizations. - Example: Seudal Japan in Asia and the Igbo nation in West Africa. South America - Deliberate mummies are particularly abundant in Chile. Was the Xia Dynasty really the ﬁrst dynasty to rule China? - It is in the Chilean Camarones region that we can ﬁnd the oldest-known prepared Yes. mummies in the world, the “Chinchorro mummies,” dating from around 5000-3000 BC. - According to ancient sources, the Xia Dynasty (3rd-2nd centuries BC) was the ﬁrst dynasty to rule China Did the people of the Kingdom of Kush share the same religious beliefs and practices as the However, according to these same texts, there were three sovereigns and ﬁve emperors who Ancient Egyptians? ruled China before the Xia dynasty. Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations The difference is that these mythological rulers were not members of the same family; in other words, they were not a dynasty. Who was Laozi? The term Laozi (in Chinese “Old Saint”) refers to a person and a book. What is The Records of the Grand Historian? Laozi is the name given to Li Er, an ancient Chinese philosopher, who lived in the 7th century The Records of the Grand Historian is the English translation of the Chinese historical chronicle BC under the Zhou dynasty. titled Shiji. He is regarded as the “father of Taoism.” This comprehensive history of China was started by Sima Tan, ca. 109 BC, by order of Emperor His book, Tao Te Ching (The Way of the Tao), is also often referred to as the Laozi. Wu of Han, and ﬁnished by his son, Sima Qian in 91 BC. - Both were granted by the Emperor the title “Grand Historian,” thus the name of this What are the “Three Jewels of the Tao?” magniﬁcent work in English. The “Three Jewels of the Tao” are the basic concepts for Taoist ethics that appear in Laozi’s Tao Comprising one hundred and thirty chapters in two volumes, it covers the history of China from Te Ching: the time of the Yellow Emperor (2600 BC) until Sima Qian’s own time. - Compassion, moderation, and humility. Because of its relative objectivity and heavy use of primary sources, at the time, its These three precepts were described by Laozi in the Tao Te Ching as the practical rules for methodology became a model for later historians and chroniclers, such as Ban Biao and Ban enlightenment –the comprehension of nature and the world. Gu. When was the Great Wall of China built? Why is the Zhou dynasty divided into Western and Eastern Zhou? The original Great Wall of China was built by the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC. The reason for the division of the Zhou dynasty between Western and Eastern Zhou is the This great fortiﬁcation was ordered by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC) to protect the location of the capital of their empire. northern borders of his empire against nomadic groups, particularly the Mongols. During the Western Zhou period (1046-771 BC) the capital was the western city of Haojing; The Wall has been expanded and rebuilt in several occasions, particularly during the Ming however, after the city was sacked in 770 BC by Quanrong barbarians, the capital was moved Dynasty (14th-17th centuries AD). to the east to Chengzhou. Remember that many of China’s most memorable monuments, including the Terracotta Army, Remember that the Eastern Zhou Period (770-256 BC) is itself divided into the Spring and were built during the Qin Dynasty. Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Where does the name “Warring State Period” come from? Did Confucius author any texts? The Warring States Period (ca. 475–221 BC) owes its name to the fact that during this era, China No. was divided into seven small states According to tradition, Confucius was believed to have written several texts - Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Han, Wei, and Zhao. - However, it is most probable that the texts, which were meant to contain Confucius’s - By the end of the period two states, Qin and Chu, eventually defeated all the other states teachings, such as the Analects, were created after his death. - However, in 221 BC, the Qin emerged supreme and established the ﬁrst uniﬁed Chinese Still, some historians believe that it is possible that his disciples may have compiled his Empire. teachings while he was still alive, and thus, Confucius could have edited them. The term was coined by the ancient chronicle Zhan Guo Ce (“Strategies of the Warring States”) Even though modern historians cannot provide any evidence to prove whether Confucius compiled between the 3rd and the 1st century BC, afterwards, the term was here to stay. authored or edited any of these texts, it is widely accepted that the guiding principles contained in them do comprise the Confucian beliefs. What is “legalism?” A doctrine or ideology developed during the Warring States Period Was Confucianism ever an ofﬁcial religion of China? Advocates order and law as the most important principles to govern states. Yes. Pragmatic rather than philosophical doctrine Confucianism was the ofﬁcial religion of China between the rise to power of the Han Dynasty in the second century BC and 1912, with the establishment of the Republic of China. Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 1: Transition and Lineage: The journey from hunter-gatherers to the early civilizations - Because it focuses on the art and practice of ruling, rather than in the contemplation of metaphysical matters. Its most important ﬁgure was Shang Yang, a statesman during the Warring States Period who assisted the Qin dynasty to centralize their kingdom; a political and economic measure that greatly helped the Qin to be able to unify China in 221 BC. Who was the “First Emperor” of China?” According to Sima Qian’s The Records of the Grand Historian, the “First Emperor” (or “Commencing Emperor”) of China was Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC). He was the creator of the ﬁrst uniﬁed Chinese Empire (221-210 BC). Moreover, he ordered the creation of the Great Wall of China. From the fall of the Qin Dynasty, how long did it take for the Han Dynasty to unify China again? The Qin dynasty ruled a uniﬁed Chinese empire from 221 to 206 BC. The collapse of the Qin dynasty led to the fragmentation of China into several small kingdoms. For years, two main families competed for the title of emperor, the Chu (represented by Xiang Yu) and the Han (represented by Liu Bang). - Finally, in the Battle of Gaixia (202 BC), the Han defeated the Chu, and Liu Bang became the new emperor. It only took the Han dynasty 4 years to unify China once again after the fall of the Qin dynasty. Why is the Han Dynasty divided into Western and Eastern Han? The rule of the Han Dynasty lasted over four centuries Divided in two periods: - Western Han (206 BC-9 AD) - Eastern Han (25-220 AD). There is a period of six years of interregnum; this is due to the usurpation of power by Wang Man of the Xin Dynasty. The names Western and Eastern come from the fact that during the ﬁrst part of the Han period, the capital was in western city of Guanzhong, and in the second part of the Han period, the capital was moved to the Eastern city of Guandong. Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age Overview - Science Lecture on the rise of civilization in Europe using the Hellenic World - Philosophy - Written contacts Learning Outcomes - Taxes 1. Explain the uniqueness of the Greek World from its river-valley counterparts - Writing 2. Argue how democracy was born on the battleﬁeld - Schools 3. Contextualize the principles of individualism and democracy as beacons of civilization in Apex of the civilization Europe - Sandwiched between two wars (Persian and Peloponnesian war) - Lasted just 24 years Learning Resources - City was at peace and ﬂourished Christian, David. (2004). Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California - Athenians: “not very numerous, not very powerful, not very organized Press Berkeley. - Had a totally new conception of what human life was for, and showed for the ﬁrst time what Erskine, Andrew (ed.). (2009). Blackwell Companions To the Ancient World. Blackwell. 213-221 the human mind was for O’Brien, Patrick K. (ed.). (2005). Philip’s Atlas of World History. Institute of Historical Research, Much of its history University of London. 40-42 - Athens was either preparing for war, at war, or recovering from war Spievogel, Jackson J. (2005). Glencoe World History. National Geographic School Publishing. Ancient Athens 106-137 - During this brief period became a talent magnet, attracting smart, ambitious people - A city with a population so small was an unlikely candidate for greatness Guide Questions - Other Greek city-states were larger (Syracuse) or wealthier (Corinth) or mightier (Sparta). 1. What are city-states - Yet Athens produced more brilliant minds—from Socrates to Aristotle—than any other place 2. What is a democracy the world has seen before or since. 3. What happened during the battles of Marathon and Salamis - Only Renaissance Florence came close. 4. Why did the Greek city-states weaken Misconception/s - They are akin to paradise Intro - Ancient Athens was a place of public opulence and private squalor Classical World as emerging from Ancient Greece. - Streets were noisy, narrow, and dirty Gives emphasis on the principles of individualism and democracy - Houses of the wealthy were indistinguishable from those of the poor, and both were - which are celebrated as unique beacons of European civilization by examining their origins equally shoddy in the Greco-Persian Wars - Constructed of wood and sun-dried clay Illustrates how the failure of the Greek city-states to establish a more wide-ranging and - So ﬂimsy that robbers gained entry by simply digging concentrated civilization  paves the way for the rise of other civilizations  that carry the - Small, dirty, crowded city, surrounded by enemies and swathed in olive oil Greek civilizational blueprint across much later historical timelines Ancient Athenians - Enjoyed a deeply intimate relationship with their city Learning Activity - Civic life was not optional Auditory experience: Marching into battle with a hoplite army - The Athenians had a word for those who refused to participate in public affairs: idiotes PSAct: Film Analysis “300” - Civic life: public life of the citizen concerned with the affairs of the community and nation - Private or personal life: is devoted to the pursuit of private and personal interests Why Were The Ancient Greeks Incredibly Smart? (Wiener, 2020) - The man who took no interest in the affairs of state was not a man who minded his own Ancient Greeks brought business - Democracy - When it came to public projects, the Athenians spent lavishly Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age - With funds from the Delian League, an alliance of several Greek city-states formed to fend - One of the founders of Cynicism ( attitude characterized by a general distrust of the off (to defend oneself against) the Persians motives of other) Architecture - Regularly ridiculed the famous and powerful - displayed a combination of the linear and the bent, the orderly and the chaotic - Lived in a wine barrel - Parthenon: looks like the epitome of linear thinking, rational thought frozen in stone, but 3. Cratylus this is an illusion - Philosopher - The building does not have a single straight line, each column bends slightly - Determined never to contradict himself - Within the city walls, you’d ﬁnd both a clear-cut legal code and a frenzied marketplace, - Communicated only through simple gestures ruler-straight statues, and streets that follow no discernible order. 4. Socrates Conduciveness - Great philosopher - Many aspects of Athenian life—including the layout and character of the city itself—were - First and foremost a conversationalist conducive to creative thinking - Barefoot and stubborn - The ancient Greeks did everything outdoors. - Perched between insider and outsider - The rest of the time was spent in the marketplace, or working out at the gymnasium or the - Was far enough from the mainstream to see the world through fresh eyes, yet close wrestling grounds, or strolling along the rolling hills that surround the city enough to it that his insights resonated Today, Greeks didn’t differentiate between physical and mental activity - After being charged with impiety and “corrupting the youth,” he was given the choice - The Greeks viewed body and mind as two inseparable parts of a whole between leaving Athens and execution. He chose the latter. - A ﬁt mind not attached to a ﬁt body rendered both incomplete. - Pioneering conversation as a means of intellectual exploration And in their efforts to nourish their minds  the Athenians built the world’s ﬁrst global city. Athenian diet Intellectual pilfering - No matter their social stature, were satisﬁed with a hunk of bread, onions, and a small - Journeyed to Egypt, Mesopotamia, and beyond handful of olives - Bringing back the alphabet from the Phoenicians, medicine and sculpture from the - Caloric intake was remarkably low Egyptians, mathematics from the Babylonians, literature from the Sumerians - Keeping their bodies lean and their minds sharp. - They took those borrowed ideas and put their own stamp on them - No symposium was complete without wine, and lots of it - What the Greeks borrow from foreigners, they perfect Alfred Kroeber (1944) Openness - Anthropologist - Athens also welcomed foreigners themselves - culture, not genetics, explained genius clusters like Athens. - They lived in profoundly insecure times - The more ingredients at her disposal (“cultural conﬁgurations” he called them), the greater - Rather than walling themselves off from the outside world (like the Spartans), they allowed the number of possible dishes she can whip up outsiders to roam the city freely even during wartime, often to the city’s beneﬁt - By the time of Socrates’s execution, in 399 B.C., the city’s cupboard was bare. - Openness to foreign goods, new ideas, and, perhaps most importantly, odd people and - “Cultural conﬁgurations” had been exhausted strange ideas. Creeping vanity Eccentrics: - Eventually, they reversed their open-door policy and shunned foreigners. 1. Hippodamus - Houses grew larger and more ostentatious (pretentious) - Father of urban planning - Streets grew wider, the city less intimate. - Was known for his long hair, expensive jewelry, and cheap clothing, which he never - People developed gourmet taste. changed, winter or summer - The gap between rich and poor, citizen and noncitizen, grew wider, while the sophists, - Assigned him the vital job of building their port city, Piraeus hawking their verbal acrobatics, grew more inﬂuential. 2. Diogenes - Academics became less about pursuing truth and more about parsing (analyzing) it. - Writer, philosopher - The once vibrant urban life degenerated Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age Athenians knew that their peak would be so brief Had no political rights and were considered "minors" - Historian Herodotus: Human happiness never remains long in the same place Women had speciﬁc “missions” concerning their homeland Had to guard the house and perform the duties for its proper functioning Women in Ancient Greece She had to give birth to many children - ideally male - to strengthen the family. Societal position and role of women were dependent on the time, place, and social class Marriage Ancient Greece civilization ﬂourished during the Classical Period (5th-4th centuries BCE) - Primarily served social and religious purposes Focusing on the two most important city-states of the time, Athens and Sparta. - girls were married at a very young age to men who were chosen by their fathers. City-state Inside sphere - an independent city — and sometimes its surrounding land — which has its own - Women spent most of the day at their house, usually on the upper ﬂoor of the house government, completely separate from nearby countries (called "gynaeconitis"), knitting or weaving on the loom. - a country that consists of a single city - These are the only jobs that were considered to be tailored to women of aristocratic origin - In Ancient Greece each city was effectively its own small country. Outside sphere The status of women was not exactly the same in all societies of the ancient Greek world - Large religious festivities, family celebrations, or funerals only The position of women in ancient Greece largely depended on the place and the period. - No institutionalized education for women - Any knowledge would come from relatives, girlfriends, or other women in their The shift from matriarchy to patriarchy in the Greek societies environment Minoan Crete, circa 2000 BCE Slaves, settler women, and later Athenians enjoyed more freedoms - Woman is considered the “spokesperson/daughter” of the great Minoan goddess who - They were able to move more freely, such as go shopping and carry water, conduct small- deﬁnes people’s daily lives scale trade, or even work as nurses. - Woman carries the “female power” Women partners - Woman of Crete (creator and mother of life) is not inferior to a man - The famous “Hetaires” who were usually slaves or "metoikoi" and played a special role in - Seen as a powerful ﬁgure men's social and erotic life - Women had about the same rights and freedoms as men - Kept them company in their symposia, entertained them, and discussed with them various - They took part in every part of social life topics, even philosophical ones. - Seemed to hold public ofﬁces and enjoyed the privilege of high priestesses - Were the only class of women who had a level of education, so as to be able to entertain Transition to the Mycenean period the men - The position of women in society has changed - Generally more cultured than the other Athenian women - Mycenaean civilization: war-oriented culture - They often knew how to play a musical instrument (lumber or lute) - Signiﬁes a shift in power towards the men - Sang and cite poetry - Women were not considered lesser but they deﬁnitely did not hold the status the Minoan - Not necessarily marginalized women did. Prostitution Classical period - Although monogamy was the norm - The status of women in society further deteriorated - Prostitution was not considered illegal - Reinforced by the belief that the main social function of the woman is childbirth - Nor were relations with pallakides, the young girls from very poor families who were given - She ﬁnds her own fulﬁllment in the marriage to wealthy Athenians by their parents with a purpose no other than to satisfy them sexually - Nature has made it so that she prefers the closed and sheltered space of her home that the whenever they pleased. dangerous and war-ready society of the time Archaic and Classical Periods - "Citizen" appeared only at the end of the Classical period - Female ﬁgures in vases and sculptures are generally portrayed in an imaginative way, with no particular emphasis on anatomical features. The role of women in ancient Athens Second half of the 4th century and Hellenistic period Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age - Position of women improved signiﬁcantly - Woman with a ﬁerce personality whose existence alone contributed signiﬁcantly to the - Was released from the conservatism of classical times shaping of many historical events of her time - Reﬂected in the art: with the ﬁrst appearance of naked female statues (e.g. that of Aphrodite), as well as the manufacturing of female ﬁgurines. The Trojan War as a Mycenaean Counterattack Takeaway Current State of Knowledge - Ironic, considering the fact that Athens is considered the birthplace of Democracy No written records have survived describing the events after 1192 BCE. In Greece, the knowledge of writing was not used for political purposes. The role of women in ancient Sparta Subsequent generations in Greece unanimously attributed the cultural demise at the end of Oligarchy: power structure in which power rests with a small number of people the Bronze Age to the Trojan War. Abridging of a Spartan warrior was the biggest virtue, free women had more rights and - Greek historians agreed that this caused the end of the so-called heroic age enjoyed greater autonomy than women in any other Greek city-state of the Classical Period Spartan Women A prophylactic counterattack - Would inherit property, own land, make business transactions, and were better educated Luwians had secured southeast Asia Minor, Cyprus and the coast of Syria + when even Hattuša than women in ancient Greece was defeated and the Hittite ruling class removed  the petty states from western Asia Minor - Did not have to spend their day weaving but rather practicing and shaping their bodies to suddenly controlled an area stretching from Macedonia across Anatolia to Syria and Canaan, be strong where it touched upon the Egyptian dominion - During their daily exercise, wore lighter clothes that left their thighs unattended, a fact that Luwian attacks the rest of the Greek city-states considered excessive. - had focused on the centralized elite to crush Hittite hegemony - Followed the same physical training (albeit not in arms or Greek warfare) - while the domestic population in the interior – who spoke Luwian for the most part – was - were provided with the same education as men (albeit in their home and not in a public not really harmed school as the boys) - the economic base of the region, agriculture, crafts and the mining of mineral resources, - Had the freedom to focus on motherhood. remained largely intact - Works that were considered menial labor, such as the weaving of clothes, were the Vast territory responsibility of the helots (slaves). - Luwians dominated almost all ore deposits in the Eastern Mediterranean, as well as the - Since Spartan men were expected to honor the city-state through their participation in the trade routes on land and at sea war  women were the ones running their businesses, farms or estates, managing Mycenaean kingdoms on the Greek mainland were not attacked by the Luwians ﬁnances, etc. - Both the access to the Black Sea region as well as the connection through Cyprus and Syria - Purpose of sex within marriage was to create strong, healthy children to Mesopotamia were now under Luwian control Law of Sparta - Considering the distribution of mineral resources, arable land, the path of the perennial - Laid down by Lycurgus in the 9th century BCE rivers and of the trade routes, the Mycenaeans were about to face a superior force for an - Dictated equality among all Spartan citizens extended period of time - And women were considered proper citizens in ancient Sparta - To avoid complete dependence + after careful consideration and extensive preparation  engaged in a coalition themselves with the ultimate purpose to raid western Asia Minor The role of women after the Classical period in Greece Counterattack Hellenistic period - When everybody ﬁnally joined in, it took another two years to build the ﬂeet - Women enjoy a form of renaissance regarding their importance as members of society. - Deploying almost 1200 ships, the Greek troops fell upon the coasts of western Asia Minor Tribal city-states of Thessaly, Epirus and Macedonia; Thessaly, Molossians and destroyed dozens of Luwian coastal cities, long before they set sail for Troy. - Women could even become heads of the state (as long as there was no king) - The Luwians were unable to defend such a large territory as well as their hometowns. Olympiada - This was then the reason why the wave of destruction continued soon after the Sea - Mother of Alexander Peoples’ invasions and with reversed opponents. Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age Both main waves of attacks went in the same direction from west to east. - It’s either beyond, during, or after the Hellenistic period - However, the driving forces were different. - People came from other places and were included because they were Greek-like 1. The united troops from western Asia Minor stormed against Syria in the form of the Sea Reinforced by imagination Peoples’ invasions. - Imaginative Greece 2. About ten years later, united Greek forces attacked western Asia Minor – and this was later remembered as the “Trojan War.” Why is it important to learn about ancient Greece? The Trojan War They are the main inﬂuencers of knowledge and philosophy that we now know - described by Homer and other ancient authors was thus a counterattack against the - Shaped Western society  shaped other cultures and societies as well previously victorious Sea Peoples. Any theory or concepts are traced back to Greek philosophers - The Trojan allies listed by Homer in the Iliad coincide well with the most likely provenance Most emerged from them  passed on to us of the Sea Peoples. Time when knowledge, institutions (school, medicine, law), and history were ﬁrst constituted - Sea Peoples were unable to make more of their victory by not settling in the conquered Herodotus: Father of History territories since many had to return to their homelands to defend themselves. Arzawa did not fall in the initial wave of destruction, it was only destroyed by subsequent They are not isolated from the Mediterranean world counterattacks by the Mycenaean Greeks. Greek is assumed to be unique and isolated The exact determination of the date of the Sea Peoples’ invasion of Ugarit (after January 1192 First wave has an east-Asia orientation BCE) now permits additional calculations with respect to the duration of the crisis years. Greek colonial world Homer + Dares of Phrygia (44), according to Isidore (1.42) the oldest chronologist after - Greek colonies and settlements stretched from western Asia Minor to southern Italy, Sicily, Moses, reports exactly how long the Trojan War lasted: ten years, six months and twelve days. North Africa, and even to the coasts of southern France and Spain. Eusebius of Caesarea dates the destruction of Troy, and hence the ultimate end of the conﬂict, Historical signiﬁcance of the land beside ﬁrmly to the year 1182 BCE, 13th of July Cyprus - Supposedly the decisive attack, during which the city of Troy ﬁnally went down, took place 1. Religious during the night of the seventh full moon 2. Fossil Fuels If this was the case, the Sea Peoples’ invasions and the Trojan War combined lasted about 3. First point of crossing from West to East ten years and six months altogether. 4. Centers of trade, commerce, and population 3.5 B.C. Mesopotamia Warlords ﬁght for rare-earth metals Sept 2 Notes - They knew the products but not the larger Classical Age production processes Golde age of Greece  Fall of Rome Crete & Cyprus (Beside the signiﬁcant land) Western perspective - Came from a Phoenician origin - History as a discipline started in this era Ancient Greece Geography Raphael’s School of Athens Mountainous capable The Greece in our heads Archipelagic Half a millennium away, 500 years away Access points Close in time Besides bodies of water Most people in the painting did not live in the same place, time, - For farming, irrigation, and trade and space Rocky soils Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age - Olives grow - Evidence of bureaucracy (paperwork) How to travel around? - Implicit evidence of writing + reading - Use animals abilities and education - Walk - Papers caught on ﬁre  hardened  - Sail around evidence through clay - After writing was deciphered  turn to 3 Phases of Civilization language 1. Minoans - The format for their culture and bureaucracy 2. Myceneans was near-eastern [Insert Dark Ages] - But wrote in Greek rather than their own script 3. Classical Greece - Why did they not adapt to Zhang since they traded with them? There are 8 overall phases in Greek civilizations - They had their own thing going own - Started migrating  encounter and create new elements and nuances Minoans - Minoans traded with the Eastern and Greek 2000-1400 BCE - Minoans used Eastern because they borrowed it and used it as their daily language Crete (Kriti) - Language is dynamic Where Greek civilization was born - Cannot be traced because there is no connection to other languages Predecessors of Ancient Greeks - Cretan networks Linear B - Peloponnesus (Settled on the coastline of - Can be traced with succeeding languages Greece) Ariadne and Theseus - Egypt - Depict cultural differences - Liba (Syria) - Ariadne (Minoan) Powerful because it has access to the three-way - Theseus (Mycenean)  Came to the Minoans as a slave/ human sacriﬁce network Had palaces (Palacial-estates and not city- Myceneans states) 1500-1100 BCE - Center: palace Similar period between Magellan and Christ - Walls are signiﬁcant but they don’t have walls Indo-Europeans migrate - They were the center of the economy, and in several Crete regions everyone protected them They also came from the - They also have a strong army Minoans First of the Greeks but not naturally Greeks Any member of a group Not Greeks but they gave birth to Greece/ Greek of warlike Indo- civilizations European peoples who Although near-eastern entered Greece from Named after Minos (King of Crete) the north starting c. Linear A writing 1900 BC - Archeologist: Arthur Evans Established a Bronze Age culture on the mainland and nearby islands. Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age Their culture was dependent on that of the Minoans of Crete, who for a time politically No walls to protect stronger weapons dominated them. cities Walled cities to protect Began a society on the Greek peninsula through migrations  expanded and reached other Civilization Ended 1400 places (Hittites and Egyptians) BCE Civilization died Indo-Europeans mysteriously probably Those who lived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia thousands of years ago due to volcano Opposite of Magellan events Much like the Greek There are questions raised about the people who city-state of Athens made their settlements - Cyclops - Cyclopian walls/ Fortress cities - It is because they discovered bones of pig- elephants - Paranoid and military in nature (geared for battle) What were the relationships between Minoans and Mycenaeans? War or marriage? Minoans history was wiped out  we do not know what happened Myceneans adapted a lot from Minoans Led by Wanax (reigns) and Lawagetas (Rulers) Tholos (beehive) tombs The king is far removed from the average person Minoans Similarities Myceneans Indicates the signiﬁcance of the king 2800 BCE/ Island of Similar fashions; traded 2000 BCE civilization Crete with one another started by moving from Earliest evidence of Myceneans civilizations here Strong boat technology Produced Olives/ Olive Balkan Mts. to southern (buried with goods and jewelry) to avoid pirates Oil Peloponnesus/ Greek Loved Sports Successful traders lowlands Water-based lifestyle Created settlements Copied Minoan Colonies have reached the Hittites and Egyptians Built the world's ﬁrst Pre-Greek in culture fashions arena Similar language "Warriors at Heart” Bull-Leaping Kings led the city-state Supposedly fought in Carpentry: used wood the Trojan War against resources the city-state of Troy Labyrinth built to Much like the Greek protect palace Rulers city-state of Sparta were priest-kings Civilization ended due Polytheistic; Mother to civil wars; taken over Earth by Dorians-people with Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age Trojan war Was it based on a 1250BC Scenario? Dorian invasion It was a war that involved all settlements around the region Achaeans vs. Trojans Trojan War Battle between the people of Troy and the Greeks. The conﬂict began after Paris, the Trojan prince, took away Helen, the wife of Menelaus of Sparta. When Menelaus asked for her return, the Trojans refused to give her back. Menelaus then cajoled his brother Agamemnon into leading an army against Troy. Agamemnon had the Greek heroes Ajax, Achilles, Odysseus, and Nestor with him, followed by a ﬂeet of more than a thousand ships from all over the Hellenic world. For the next nine years, the Greeks attacked Troy, its neighboring cities, and countryside. But the well-fortiﬁed town, guarded by Prince Hector and other sons of the Trojan royal family, held out and won the war. Not accepting defeat, the Greeks built a giant wooden horse to hide small groups of warriors inside. Illiad Despite repeated warnings by both Laocoön and Cassandra not to take the horse into the city, 1250BC era the Trojan king let it in. At night the Greeks returned, and their hidden countrymen piled out of Prophylactic war (preventive war) the horse. They opened the city gates and attacked each and every person who stood in their - An attack against a presumed enemy to prevent a possible attack by that enemy at a later way. Troy was ﬁnally destroyed. time. Although there is no evidence of Achilles and Helen’s existence, most scholars agree that Troy Stop mass migrations that challenged Achaeans itself was an actual city, and that the Trojan War did happen Greek attack ﬁrst  Sacked Troy The archaeological and textual evidence indicates that a Trojan War or wars took place and that Homer chose to write about one or more of them by making it into a great 10-year-long saga. 1200-11 BC Wipeout The Trojan War failed to check the waves of migration Sep 5 Notes Returns of the sons Hercules What do these myths have in common? Dorian became the ancestors of Spartans 1. Theseus & Minotaur Francee Ann Gregori // BA in Psychology IV HIST 121-1 Notes | Mod 2: The Classical Age - Eros made Ariadne fall in love 1. Nobles - Theseus forgot to change the color of the sail 2. Thetes 2. Perseus & Gorgons 3. Slaves - Medusa rapedCursed by Athena Values - Stepfather’s condition: Gorgon in exchange for the 1. Arete: Excellence (Prove in ﬁeld of contest) mother 2. Argon: Contest/Competition 3. Heracles & Cerberus - Beginning of the sense of individualism - Story ends in Olympus - Shakes status quo 4. Jason & Argonauts - Assert individual self  obsessed with the idea - Jason beats Heracles Narratives of the Dorian Invasion Rise of Polis (Polites) King/stepfather/father: Evil/of Dorian Descent Is a completely independent, self-governing city in Ancient Greece Heroes were redeemers New system of arranging Reﬂect political realities of the time (Noli and El Ancient Mesopotamia/Indus: City-states Fili of their times) Ancient Zhang: Kingdom of Egypt In art, you see progress Ancient Greece: No centralization, - Unlike modern art followed dominant model  slowly - Trace art to look at the strength and start to take form trajectories of events Polis Regions Greek art was born - Acropolis, farmland outside, port, - Disappeared suddenly in Mycenean and others - Port: mothers of trade 800 BC HOMERIC GREEECE Unique feature: Agora Art forms change again - Central market Overlaps certain changes (i.e., literacy) - Most important building Oral tradition started to emerge - It’s a market and place to discuss Homeric Greece politics There is a pattern of polis in all cities Homeric Greece/ Age - It is what’s unique to the Greek world architecture and structure According to popular literature/chanter Homer COMMUNITY OF RELATIVES Not sure if Homer was only one person How did they relate to the Polis

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