NOTES -CAR_Unit I.pdf

Unit-1 Computer system modules/ components and its operations What is a computer? A computer is any machine that can be programmed to carry out a set of algorithms and arithmetic instructions. Central Processing Unit, Input devices and Output devices...

Unit-1 Computer system modules/ components and its operations What is a computer? A computer is any machine that can be programmed to carry out a set of algorithms and arithmetic instructions. Central Processing Unit, Input devices and Output devices. Input devices provide data input to processor, which processes data and generates useful information that’s displayed to the user through output devices. This is stored incomputer’s memory. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Data entered into computer is sent to RAM, from where it is then sent to ALU, where rest of data processing takes place. All types of processing, such as comparisons, decision-making and processing of non-numeric information takesplace here and once again data is moved to RAM. Control Unit As name indicates, this part of CPU extracts instructions, performs execution,maintains and directs operations of entire system. Functions of Control Unit Control unit performs following functions −  It controls all activities of computer  Supervises flow of data within CPU  Directs flow of data within CPU  Transfers data to Arithmetic and Logic Unit  Transfers results to memory  Fetches results from memory to output devices Memory Unit This is unit in which data and instructions given to computer as well as results given by computer are stored. Unit of memory is "Byte". Input/output devices are required for users to communicate with the computer. Insimple terms, input devices bring information INTO the computer and output devices bring information OUT of a computer system. These input/output devices are also known as peripherals. Need of Hardware and Software in Computer System Hardware 1. Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. 2. This is also sometime called the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse andthe central processing unit. 3. It is not an external element of the computer, but rather an internal one, A computer's hardware is comprised of many different parts, but perhaps the mostimportant of these is the motherboard. 4. The motherboard is made up of even more parts that power and control thecomputer. Different Computer External hardwareInput devices Keyboard Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device whichhelps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keysprovided for performing additional functions. Mouse Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor- control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed. Joystick Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions. Light Pen Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or to show objects on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube. Track Ball Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved. Scanner Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and itis to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation. Microphone Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in adigital form. The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music. Bar Code Readers Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in theform of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used inlabelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanneror may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Output Devices Monitors Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are themain output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.  Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)  Flat-Panel Display Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takesmore than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help. A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location onthe screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically. There are some disadvantages of CRT −  Large in Size  High power consumption Flat-Panel Display Monitor The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, and graphics display. The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −  Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).  Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device). Printers Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.There are two types of printers −  Impact Printers  Non-Impact Printers Impact Printers Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon,which is then pressed on the paper. Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −  Very low consumable costs  Very noisy   Useful for bulk printing due to low cost  There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image These printers are of two types −  Character printers  Line printers Character Printers Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.These are further divided into two types:  Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)  Daisy Wheel Dot Matrix Printer In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of pattern ofdots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9)which come out to form a character which is why it is called Dot MatrixPrinter. Advantages  Inexpensive  Widely Used  Other language characters can be printed Disadvantages  Slow Speed  Poor Quality Daisy Wheel Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower) which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word- processing in offices that require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality. Advantages  More reliable than DMP  Better quality  Fonts of character can be easily changed Disadvantages  Slower than DMP  Noisy  More expensive than DMP Line Printers Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time. Laser Printers These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce thedots needed to form the characters to be printed on a page. Advantages  Very high speed  Very high quality output  Good graphics quality  Supports many fonts and different character size Disadvantages  Expensive  Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in asingle printing Need of Software Software, commonly known as programs or apps, consists of all the instructionsthat tell the hardware how to perform a task. These instructions come from a software developer in the form that will be accepted by the platform (operating system + CPU) that they are based on. Practical computer systems divide software systems into two major classes:  System software: Helps run the computer hardware and computer system itself. System software includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic tools and more. System software is almost always pre-installed onyour computer. Types of System Software 1. System Management Software: It is a collection of software that handlesresources and provides general services for the other applications that run over them. 2. System Development Software: these are programs on which software programs rely to translate high-level language code to simpler machine-levelcode.for example complier  Application software: Allows users to accomplish one or more tasks. It includes word processing, web browsing and almost any other task for which you might install software. (Some application software is pre-installedon most computer systems.) 1. Genral purpose Software: IT also known as end-user programs or productivity programs are software that helps the user in completing tasks such as doing online research, jotting down notes, setting an alarm, designing graphics, keeping an account log, doing calculations or even playing games. 2. Special purpose application software: It is a type of software created toexecute one specific task. For example, a camera application on your phonewill only allow you to take and share pictures. Another example would be achess game, it would only allow you to play chess or training software. Different hardware components Connected to a computer asperipheral devices Buses A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers. Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together. PCI PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is common in modern PCs. Thiskind of bus is being succeeded by PCI Express. Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers. Input Input devices are absolutely crucial to computers. The most common input devices are mice and keyboards which barely every computer has. A new popular pointing device that may eventually replace the mouse is touch screen which you can get on some tablet notebooks. Other popular input devices include microphones, webcams, and fingerprint readers which can also be built in to modern laptops and desktops. A scanner is another popularinput device that might be built-in to your printer. Output There are lots of different kinds of output devices that you can get for your computer. The absolute most common external output device is a monitor. Other very popular output devices are printers and speakers. There are lots of different kinds of printers and different sizes of speakers for your computer. Monitors are connected usually through the HD-15 connector onyour video card. Printers are usually connected through a USB port. Speakers have their own audio out port built-in to the sound card. USB USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket and to improve the plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting thecomputer. Video Card A video card (also known as graphics card) is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. Some video cardsoffer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, ability to connect multiple monitors, and others. Most video cards all share similarcomponents. Sound Card A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and output ofaudio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical uses for sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio,presentation/education, and entertainment. Network Card A network card is an expansion card that allows computers to communicate over a computer network. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly. Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet has achieved near- ubiquity for a while now.  What is a Processor? Definition: The processor is a chip or a logical circuit that responds and processes the basic instructions to drive a particular computer. The main functions of the processor are fetching, decoding, executing, and write backthe operations of an instruction. Types of Processors There are different types of processors in the embedded system which include the following. General Purpose Processor There are five types of general-purpose processors they are, Microcontroller, Microprocessor, Embedded Processor, DSP and MediaProcessor. 1. Microprocessor The general-purpose processors are represented by the microprocessor in embedded systems. There are different varieties of microprocessors available in the market from different companies. The microprocessor is alsoa general-purpose processor that consists of a control unit, ALU, a bunch of registers, control registers and status registers. 2. Microcontroller The microcontroller is basically a computer that comes in various packages and sizes. The reading input and responding to output is the basicfunction of the microcontroller. Generally, it is known as General Purpose Input Output (GPIO). Some of the microcontrollers are Microchip Atmega328-AU, Microchip P1C16F877A-I/P, Microchip P1C16F1503-I/P,Microchip P1C16F671-I/SN, Microchip P1C18F45K22-I/P, etc. 3. Embedded Processor An embedded processor is one type of processor which is designed to control mechanical functions and electrical functions. It consists of several blocks they are the processor, timer, an interrupt controller, programmemory and data memory, power supply, reset and clock oscillator circuits,system application-specific circuits, ports and interfacing circuits. 4. Digital Signal Processor The digital signal processor is one type of processor used for measuring, filtering and/or compress digital or analog signals. The signal processing means analysis and manipulation of signal. This processing can be done viacomputer. Applications of DSP The applications of the digital signal processor are  Speech processing  Image processing   Medical processing  Biometric Processing 5.Media Processor The image/video processor is the media processor that is designed or createdto deal with the data in real-time. The voice user interface and professional audio are the applications of the audio processor. 6. Core Processor The core is the brain of the Central Processing Unit. There are different types ofcores they are octa-core(8 processors, dual-core (2), quad-core(4) etc. 7. MultiProcessor The multiprocessor is a computer with more than one CPU, each shares main memory, a computer bus, and peripherals to simultaneously process the programsand these systems are also known as tightly coupled systems. The advantages of multiprocessors are increased throughput, increased reliability and economy of scale. These processors are used when very high speed is required to process a large volume of data. 8. ASIC Processors The application-specific integrated circuits are built for specific applications. These chips are small in size and consume low power. The design cost of ASIC ishigh and this is the main disadvantage. The application-specific integrated circuit chips are used in satellites, modems, computers, etc. How to Assemble a PC? Step 1: Remove Side Panels on Case After removing the case from the box, the panels are removed from this casewith thumb screws. Your specific model's manual will have more information if you are unsure for your case. Step 2: Insert Motherboard In my assembly process, as I was just transferring the parts from one case to another, leaving the CPU cooler installed was the easiest option. Dependingon the motherboard, case, CPU and CPU fan, this might need to be done before installing or once in place. Step 3: Check Clearances Being that this computer includes high performance components, some of them arelarge enough that clearance can become an issue. For this reason once the board was installed I fitted the graphics card so there would not be more surprises later inthe process. Step 4: Front Panel Connections Once the graphics card was removed again, it is time to attach the connections forthe buttons, lights, USB ports and audio connections. As every case and motherboard differ slightly, it is best to refer to the manual for the placement and orientation of connections. Step 5: Install Power Supply The power supply from the previous case was modular so only the cables that are needed are plugged into the unit. As well this makes cable management cleaner inthe end. Step 6: Power Motherboard With the motherboard power being the largest cable and sometimes just long enough, I suggest running this cable first and plugging it into the board, if there is a second cable for the CPU remember to connect it as well. Step 7: Installing Optical Drive The optical drive for this computer is a DVD/CD read/write combo. Some people prefer to only connect an optical drive when installing items but one being in placeat all times comes in handy when something comes up and you do not want to open the case and connect the drive. Step 8: Installing the Hard Drives The size and number of hard drives your computer contains is completely dependent on your style of use and storage needs. This computer uses 4 drives, two in raid and the rest for a main drive and miscellaneous storage. Step 9: Connect Cables It is time to connect the cables for the hard drives and optical drives. The cablesare keyed so they will only fit in one direction into the board, don't forget the cablethat is attached to the optical drive. Step 10: Install RAM It is time for the ram to be inserted. If your computer uses more than one stick likemine, refer to the manual for which slot to install the stick. If only one stick is going to be inserted, place it in the slot closest to the CPU. Step 11: Install Graphics Card and Expansion Cards If your computer does not come with a graphics card integrated into the motherboard or you are adding an additional card, this is the time to do so. With some high performance cards, additional power cables might need to beinstalled. How to Upgrade a PC?Step 1: Install RAM If you’re having difficulty loading pages, live streaming, or switching among applications, one gaming PC upgrade to consider is increasing or replacing your computer memory (RAM). RAM stores data that is currently being used.Many games store textures and maps in RAM. Step 2: Upgrade storage If your current storage drive is nearly full or if it is just too slow and you're experiencing freezing or hangs, upgrade it. If you have a traditional hard drive (HDD), this is a good time to look into a solid state drive (SSD). SSDs start upfaster and are more reliable and durable than HDDs. Step 3: Upgrade graphics card If you're having trouble with lag, freezing graphics, or screen tearing, consider upgrading your graphics card. Unless a computer is built specifically for gaming,manufacturers will frequently put in a low-end graphics card. If the rest of your computer is functioning well, a graphics card upgrade can really improve your gaming experience. Step 4: Upgrade the processor Although upgrading your processor (CPU) can improve the efficiency of your computer, it can be quite involved. You need to make sure that your motherboardand memory are compatible with the new processor, or replace everything at the same time. Also, check that your current cooling system will accommodate the upgraded CPU. Step 5: Upgrade the peripherals Another way to give your PC gaming a boost is to upgrade your peripherals. Ifyou’re using an older monitor, a new one can improve visibility in games. A gaming mouse and keyboard can make a big difference in your play. If you’reusing a standard mouse and keyboard, upgrading to gaming-specific tools can enhance your play. Step 6: Install Graphics Card and Expansion Cards If your computer does not come with a graphics card integrated into the motherboard or you are adding an additional card, this is the time to do so. With some high performance cards, additional power cables might need to beinstalled. 7. Upgrade modems: Firmware is the software programmed into your modem that makes it run. Occasional updates are important to add new features and keep the modem'sperformance at its best.  8. Upgrade Sound card : When you are considering upgrading your computer’s audiovisual components, the first consideration is your PC’s sound card (naturally). You need to know what to look for when comparing sound cards. What is Microcomputer? A microcomputer is a computer with a central processing unit (CPU) as a microprocessor. Designed for individual use, a microcomputer is smallerthan a mainframe or a minicomputer. The term microcomputer is not as commonly used as it was during the 1970s-1980s. We now refer to microcomputers as, simply, computers, orpersonal computers (PC). Hardware requirements of microcomputer. Microcomputer Parts All microcomputers, regardless of the brand, share a common overall design.This design is illustrated in Figure 1.5. The CPU, shown in the middle of thediagram, is the brain of the computer. CPU stands for central processing unit and it is the chip that contains all the circuitry for performing arithmetic and logic operations and for directing data to and from memory. In a microcomputer, the CPU is contained on a single chip. Minicomputers and mainframe computers have CPU's that occupy several chips. 1. Input Devices When a microcomputer is first turned on, its memory is empty. Before it can beginprocessing any data, the data must somehow get into the memory of the microcomputer. The four most common methods of entering data into a computer are shown below. 1. Information is typed in from the keyboard. 2. Data are read in from secondary storage devices like floppy disks, hard disks,or tape drives. 3. Data are collected and entered into the computer from interface devices such asanalog to digital converters.  4. Information is entered into the computer from drawing devices such as adigitizer (a type of drawing pad), a mouse, or a light pen. 2. Output Devices For the user to view the results of the microcomputer's work, data must be sent from the microcomputer to an output device. Typical output devices are video monitors, printers, plotters, and secondary storage devices that can hold the datafor future viewing. The output device found on nearly all microcomputers is thevideo monitor or just monitor. For the video monitor to operate, a video displayadapter card must be installed in the computer. There are two primary types of monitors available for use with microcomputers. They are television style cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors and the liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) monitors. 3. Dot matrix printers These printers produce images by printing small dots in matrix patterns. Figure 1.8 shows what a typical set of 5 X 7 matrix characters would look like if they were magnified. The greater the potential number of dots In the matrix, the better the printed copy will look. Therefore, printed copy from a 5 X 7 dot matrix printer will not took as good as that from a 7 X 9 dot matrix printer.Dot matrix printers will also produce high resolution graphics. Dot matrix printers differ in the technology used to produce the dots. Printers that are traditionally called dot matrix produce their dots by fining small pins against the ribbon and paper. These printers are capable of printing at over 3.00 characters per second (cps). Inkjet printers produce their dots by spraying ink on the paper. 4. Primary Memory(RAM,ROM) A microcomputer would be incapable of performing even the simplest task if it didnot contain some type of memory. A microcomputer uses memory to store the programs that control its operation, to store data waiting for processing, and to store the results of operations performed by the CPU. 5. Secondary Memory Secondary memory (or storage) refers to nonvolatile storage devices that are usually mechanical in nature and therefore. are much slower at transferring data tothe CPU." The most common secondary storage device for use with microcomputers is the floppy disk (usually just called disk). Disks come in a variety of sizes including 8 inch, 5.25 inch, and 3.5 inch. The disk is made of a flexible plastic that is coated with a magnetizable substance like oxides of iron or chromium. Signals can be recorded onto the disk in much the same way that signals are recorded on magnetic tape. Software requirements of Microcomputer SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS The software requirements resulting froman analysis of the two control applications may be subdivided into the threefollowing categories: - processor requirements, i.e. architecture and instruction set requirements,system-  software requirements,- application-software requirements - Additional requirements result fromthe software development phase. 1. Processor requirements Both applications are characterized by a high portion of arithmetic and logicoperations per sample interval, whereas I/O- and internal data-movement requirements are relatively low. An analysis of the microprocessor instructions executed per unit time shows however a large amount of data movement instructions. 2. System software requirements A strict partition of the software to be developed into system software (organization tasks) and application software (executing tasks) seems to bemandatory even in relative simple control applications. In the two applications presented, basically the same system software modules were used.types of System software’s Mac,Windows. 3. Application software requirements To keep the application software portion low in terms of CPU-time and memory requirements, i.e. to avoid ”hardware overkill" the specific control problem has to be carefully analyzed.for example Microsoft Office,tally. Inside the case go the following internal parts of MicroComputer :  Power Supply Unit/PSU – Power Supply Unit, converts outlet power, which is alternating current (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components.  Motherboard/mainboard – As the name indicates, this is the electronic centerpiece of the computer: everything else connects to the motherboard.  Processor/CPU – central processing unit, the "brain" of the computer, most actual computation takes place here.  RAM – random access memory, the "short-term memory" of a computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off,thus necessitating a hard drive.  Storage - either HDD (Hard disk drive - slower of the two but less expensive) and/or SSD (solid state drive. Very fast but not as cheap) – the "long-term memory" of the computer, used for persistent storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down. The operating system, and all your programs and data are stored here. OSes canbe booted and use storage from inexpensive USB Drives, although this is only with extremely lightweight systems. Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be given to the machine)  Optical Drive – device for reading/writing optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, or other optical media, depending on the type. It is essential for installing many operating systems and programs, although the vast majoritycan be run from USB. It may be able to write some of these discs, as well. Some people like to have two such drives for copying disks.  GPU/Graphics Card/GPU – does processing relating to video output. Some motherboards and processors have an "on-board" GPU built in so youdon’t need (but may add) a separate video card. Otherwise, you will need avideo card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and provide a place to connect a monitor to your computer.  Sound card - Comes with motherboard but may want to be upgraded On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these externalcomponents:  Keyboard – for typing on. Some motherboards will not complete the boot process without a keyboard attached (option often found on the BIOS) andmost will report an error on boot if not set otherwise.  Mouse – for pointing and clicking. Unless you chose a text-based operatingsystem, you will likely want one of these.  Monitor – it is a output device that displays the information after it isprocessed. They come in many forms, the most common being CRT and LCD,LED. What are Accessory boards/ motherboards? Accessory boards for embedded motherboards are often recommended for the first sample. In this packet there will be all the cables and the software on a disc.After finding out which cables are needed then it's possible to order the ones yourequire. Types of motherboards 1. AT Motherboard (for mainframe computers with large size) AT motherboards have dimensions of a few hundred millimeters thus they are not advised for mini desktops since they don’t fit. Their large dimensions also make it difficult to install new drivers. This type of motherboard uses sockets and six pinplugs which work as power connectors. The power connectors are considered hard to distinguish and therefore prove verydifficult for people to properly connect and use. Produced in the 80’s, these motherboards lasted for quite a long period. 2. ATX Motherboard Also known as Advanced Technology extended, these motherboards were produced in the 90’s by Intel and is considered a huge improvement from the ATmotherboard. They allow for interchangeability when it comes to the connected parts and are smaller in size compared to the AT motherboards. The connector system was alsogreatly improved. 3. LPX Motherboard(with more slots) These motherboards differ from the previous boards in that they contain output and input ports at its back. Riser card was also introduced to ensure placement ofmore slots was initiated and made easier. AT motherboards later on adapted several features from the LPX motherboards.. 4. BTX Motherboard(with less power requirements) Balanced Technology extended motherboards were created to cope up with the changing technologies that demanded a lot of power and generated a lot of heat. Intel, however, cancelled further development of BTX motherboards in late 2006so that they could focus on lower-power CPU’s. 5. Pico BTX Motherboard The term “Pico” is used due to the small size of these motherboards. They supporta maximum of two expansion slots, although they share a similar common top halfas the BTX line. Specifically designed for riser-card or half-height applications, Pico BTX motherboards are considered as a digital line. 6. Mini TX Motherboard It is a low-power form factor motherboard with dimensions of 17*17cm. Mini TXmotherboards were designed in the year 2001 by VIA Technologies. Generally, they are used in SFF computer systems because they have a low power consumption rate and cool very fast. Selection of right motherboard 1. Looking at motherboard from the top down, you’ll see a collection of circuits, transistors, capacitors, slots, connectors, heat sinks, and more that all combineto route signals and power throughout the PC and allow you to plug in all of the required components. 2. It’s a complicated product, and many of the technical details are beyond the scope of this how- to. Some of these details are important for your buying decision. 3. As you’re deciding on the right motherboard, you’ll want to make sure that itmeets your needs both today and tomorrow. 4. If you know that you’ll never want to upgrade your PC beyond its original configuration, then you can choose a motherboard that provides exactly what youneed to get up and running. 5. But if you think you might want to expand your PC later, then you’ll want tomake sure your motherboard will support your needs as they grow. Installing/Replacing a Motherboard The exact steps required to replace a motherboard depend on the specifics of the motherboard and case, the peripheral components to be connected, and so on.In general terms, the process is quite simple, if time-consuming:  Disconnect all cables and remove all expansion cards from the currentmotherboard.  Remove the screws that secure the old motherboard and remove the motherboard.  If you are reusing the CPU and/or memory, remove them from the oldmotherboard and install them on the new one.  Replace the old back-panel I/O template with the template supplied with the new motherboard.  Remove and install motherboard mounting posts as necessary to match themounting holes on the new motherboard.  Install the new motherboard and secure it with screws in all mounting holepositions.  Reinstall all of the expansion cards and reconnect the cables.