History Notes: Urbanization, Wildlife, and Nature in America (PDF)

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format: ### January 28 * Dogs were working animals in the cities * Operated machine & Pulled carts * License laws on dogs only enforced on the rag pickers (poor) * \$1 per year, if not paid $10 fine *...

Okay, here is the converted text from the images into a structured markdown format: ### January 28 * Dogs were working animals in the cities * Operated machine & Pulled carts * License laws on dogs only enforced on the rag pickers (poor) * \$1 per year, if not paid $10 fine * Dog-powered cider churner * ASPCA challenged to remove dog * removed dog replaced with black child * No laws for child Labor * 1874 - prevention of child labor (2 yrs later) Relationships with animals shape relationships with people * "Tubmen" scoop manure from latrines * Sold as "night soil" fertilizer * dumped into rivers Cities were often a place of disease * crowd diseases-Easy to spread * Cholera Tenement housing - early apartments * rooms around the central air shaft --- * 1833, 1849, 1846 - big cholera outbreaks * 1849-California gold rush → spread out west Killing Native Americans too * Thought cities were at capacityreason for cholera epidemic * convinced Pigs were reason→ took Pigs out of the city. * John Snow-london cholera map * convinced all came from same pump / water sources * clothing was destroyed that came into contact with cholera * separate sewage and drinking water * Public health measures started * No germ theory of disease Other ailments * smallpox - Edward Jenner * can not take b.c of cow pox * take lymph from cow pox pustule and inject into healthy person to see if it would protect them * Idea of Vaccination to prevent small Pox --- * smallpox modify inside of body * Cholera modify outside the body * Yellow fever - barrels of water & mosquito borne. * warm tropics-more common for mosquitoes * Wealthy people of the South Would Vacation to North & send kids to schools up North * Worst hit - New Orleans - 14 outbreaks Walter Reed * Screens on windows the biggest way of protecting us from mosquitoes * poison, oil on water Cities swept Clean from organic ways: * urban fires-buildings made of wood * SF burned down 4 times & again after 1906 earthquake * gaslines caused fire * Wood ques 2 things: rot & burn * will eventually decompose one way or another --- * City codes to prevent fire * Volunteer fire departments * Paid to put out fires * rivaling companies * conspiracy, they set fires * Steam-powered fire engine * Fire insurance * make buildings up to code * asbestos to prevent fires --- ### January 30 * Thunens Isolated State chart (vid.) * trade crops for animal hides * differ from selling for money * you can have too much grain, but no one ever has too much money * conservation: Claiming Public ownership over wildlife Examples: North American Beaver * fur trade creation of felt (Hats) * near extinction - fully disappeared in certain areas Buffalo * 1800: 30 mil @peak on plains * 1845: 15 mil (cut in half) * Lived in herds to protect young from wolves & predators * easy to hunt with horses * Horses caused a shift to the west * Increased pressure on Animals * Limited market relationship --- * main casualties * prairie Wolves * prairie fires 9%. * wild horses were seen as competition Buffalo coats-coveted prouuct * cold weather wearing * 1825= 25,000 robes / yr to NOVA * 1840 = 100,000 robes ju'r to STL * main trade ports Summary on forces suppressing bison Populations 1800-1869 1. Rise in hunting by nomadic people with arquisition of the horse 2. wild horse heras compete for bison range 3. Settlement of eastern plains by Europeans and Then Enroamericans requces bison range (intro of cattle) 4. recurrent arought 5. Rising market connection (autumn hides) * Results: Pop falls from pernabs 30 mil to 15 mil 1800-1845 (estimates) --- * Autumn hides best quality Avoin patches from molting * in 1870 rides were worth \$2 a piece before they were too thin, no desire * tongue: 25¢ west & $.50 ¢ east * By 1873, 2/3 of population of 4000 KS residents were buttalo hunters * Railroad: * move goods cheap- helped make profit * hunted from railways * aprox 1 mil killed ber yr to feed railroad crew * Buffalo Bill killed Caprox 4,000 feed railroad workers * Robe press-shape into rectangles fon easy Shipping / loaging on box cars * By 1885-only 85 buttalo were left --- * Passenger pigeons * around 3-5 billion * flew in huge numbers, close together, highenough to be out of guns reach, often blocked out the sun * Sinkbox hunting * animals only ownable if they are dead * refrigerated railroad to ship game across us * Drake Hotel Chicago. * annual Thanksgwing dinner * Special menu of american game * increase of taxidermy decrease * Show off the hunting --- Life and Death in organic city conclusion-vid * Cities became dangerous as they grew * many reforms put in parace * Public health: got rid of cholera and suppressed smallpox * New agents of beauraens targeted the poor * resistance to vaccinations * Electric trolly of automobile put horse drawn carrige out of business * by. 1912 NYC had more cars than horses * urban water works- supply frern Watering to cities * Philly @Fairmount Water Works * delivered water with no pumps * No money in public water facilities * More um Water cities got, more They used * 1854: Clevland used 8 gal/person/day * 1872: residents were using 55gal/person/day * treaamill effect --- February 4 * Freshwater leads to flush toilets * Networks of sewage get rid 0f human waste * 1857-NYC Had 500 miles of unpaved Street installed 138 miles of sewers * uneven installments * Sewage all fished into Lake Erie (Shallowest) from Surrounding areas - Turned green by 1933 from nutrients in water alpe blooms * algae die cause fish to die (oxygenated) * invasive fish that do better in low oxygen waters (catfish etc) * by 1900 ile cities had a municipal water system * Increased demand for flush toilets * decrease of night soil industry. * city became separate from nature * safer continued to boom Females * Poy 1869, only 9 cities in us with pop in excess of 100,000 people * 1890:28 cities * 1/3 of Americans lived in cities --- BY 1920 Over 1/2 Lived in urban areas, allo made possible by: * Sewers Aquiancts Fire control Vaccination conanaing thoughts: 1. How much do The costs of urban environments reforms fall disproportionately on poor? 2. How much are urban pollutants mitigated by shitting them to adjacent areas out of city? 3. For all costs, There have been several advances-disease/fires eliminated 4. removal of natural hazards removal of nature --- February 4 * Frank Forester - Field nunting books * Superiority of hunting for sport rather than for food/substance * Hunting Clubs for wealthy only, forced out anyone looking to hunt four food * Connections to urban areas * urban people in rural areas * Where do mral people gol fit in? * Hunting/fishing was a way to restore masculinity to the well tor dand * revive fonteir spirit * prediction that overhunting would kill alll birds * of insects increased * Wrong would be inhabitable in 3 yrs * Game laws to change what they wanted hunting to become to protect animals- Jacklighting No hunting Females * Ideas of closed seasons * License caws-fees to game wardens * Implementation of officials --- * William Hornaday, our vanishing wildlife 1913 * hunters vs. Italian immigrants * Gun control by the sportsman * Italians were substance huntery *"Stealing all birds for food, none to onunt"* * Game waraens Sent to kill indian hunters * most arant; too many, armed, fought back New Hunting regulations: 1. State reg. to ban buying & selling game in many states in late 1800s. Also closed seasons, no killing of female animals, license laws 2. some measures with ethnic and racial targets: Ban on inaians and non citizens carrying firearms 3. Lacey Act (1900) to ban interstate save of game taken in violation of any State law; ends market of game meat. --- conclusions: 1. destruction of buffalo and passenger pigeons was the result of expanding markets That connected animals, people, cities 2. pronounced cultural effects, as many people began to see declining wildlife Game laws meant to restore natural & social order 3. Challenged / reordered social relations; restricted use of guns 4. Game laws represented a profound aisruption of older ties between local communities and land. * for whom did State Regulate? Natures Nation: Landscape painting in American History Romantic movement-example of and reaction against civilization and towara nature ambivalence contradictory ideas, mixed feelings move values of God away from the church or bible and placing him in Nature --- Apocalypse: Catastrophe or world-ending Ideas but also Gods future intervention Thomas cole "view from MT Holyoke after a Thunderstorm, or The Oxbow" 1834 * hidden messages Frenan Revolution triggers Romanticism * Fall of Bastille, July 14 1759 Claude Chalot Sublime: today lotty, grand, exalted 18th Cent - too powerful a term to be perceived as beautiful & terrifying --- The market geography of urbanization - vid Population trends * around 1920 urban & rural trends cross * higher urban→ huge shift on how people live on land & With Other * farm labor goes up and then down * increase of mechanized tools - 1800-373 man hours to harvest 100 bushells of wheat - 1900-108 man hours - 1970-9 man hours Same amount way less time due to machines Von Thuner's Isolated State * closer to city (center) more benificial to market → more expensive Intensive & Capital labor intensive prod are grown/ raised * dairy, veggies→ * will spoil if. large transportations hian rant The image shows a diagram of Von Thuner's Isolated State. It includes several concentric circles which denote different land usages: 1) Intensive and capital land, 2) intensive land, 3) land, 4) Land, 5) Wilderness --- 1. valuable crops but in lonlk * will survive travel to markets * cheap land & less capital, less labor * grains, wheat 2. -open range-livestock Wanders freely, costs next to nothing animalis valuable to ship to market send alive animal-slaughter@market 3. - Land costs next to nothing