Transportation Notes PDF

TRANSPORTATION productivity. This results in increasing the productivity of an area impacted by the better The movement of people and/or goods transpor...

TRANSPORTATION productivity. This results in increasing the productivity of an area impacted by the better The movement of people and/or goods transportation system. from one place to another. The process of shipping or moving an item from point A to point B. ENHANCES ACCESSIBILITY OF LABOR FORCE Transportation is any device used to move AND JOBS: an item from one location to another. Another economic advantage of transportation Common forms of transportation include is that it provides a larger pool of employees for planes, trains, automobiles, and other the job market. A new transit, road two-wheel devices such as bikes or enhancements or traveler rail line reduces the motorcycles. travel time of employees as required by other transportation modes like a bus or a car. Now IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION employees can reach jobs that were previously Transportation is important because it inaccessible. New and improved transportation facilitates trade, exchange and travel. mode enhances direct access of the population Without effective transportation, regions to more job avenues, that makes a place more are largely isolated from each other. attractive. Effective, affordable transportation also plays a role in letting people move to new OPENS NEW AVENUES FOR BUSINESS: areas. New rail, metro lines and subway attract new commercial and residential development. This Transportation is a means by which provides passengers and businesses with animals, goods and humans are moved various options to earn as well as spend their from one place to another. Some of the money. Better access, and improved typical modes of transport are water, road, transportation projects lead to the economic rail, air, coastal, navigation, pipeline, cable development of metropolitan areas. and space. The role of a well – coordinated and smooth transport system is critical in the sound growth of the country. IMPROVED SUPPLY CHAIN EFFICIENCY: Quicker and easier access to required Transport is significant as it allows trade materials and supplies result in its faster between people that is necessary for the delivery to customers. This not just reduces expansion of civilizations. It plays a vital inventory carrying and transportation costs, role in globalization and economic growth but also improves profitability and productivity of a country. in a business. Improvements in the transportation SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPORTATION infrastructure makes it possible for BOOST ECONOMIC GROWTH: organizations to extend their market access to Transportation promotes economic growth in an organization in following ways: infinite customer base, that increases their competitiveness too. o Better productivity o Enhances accessibility of labor force Transportation engineering or transport and jobs engineering is the application of o Opens new avenues for businesses, technology and scientific principles to the o Improves supply chain efficiency planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of INCREASES BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY: transportation in order to provide for the Improvements in transportation enhances the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, reach of businesses and people to find relevant convenient, economical, and services, jobs, activities, goods, and environmentally compatible movement productivity. Transportation helps reduce time of people and goods transport. of travel and improves infrastructure too. Employees reach workplace in less time. Transportation engineering, primarily Businesses also benefit by increased employee involves planning, design, construction,  maintenance, and operation of year. Across East and Southeast Asia, transportation facilities. The facilities Manila was the second most traffic- support air, highway, rail road, pipe line, congested city. water, and even space transportation. ✓ In a 2018 study, the Japan International Cooperation Agency said that traffic costs the Philippines P3.5billion in "lost opportunities" daily. The amount is expected to triple in number by the year 2030. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 1. GOOD HEALTH Good health ✓ Road Safety - by 2020, ½ the Renewable energy number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes. innovation and structure PLANNING 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY 1. Transportation Problems ✓ Energy Efficiency - by 2030, double 2. Road Inventory the global rate of improvement in 3. Transportation Planning Studies energy efficiency (electricity, fuel consumptions on transport). ▪ TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS 3. INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE o Congestion ✓ Sustainable Infrastructure o Drivers Behavior - develop quality, reliable, o Road Crash sustainable and resilient o Flood infrastructure to support o Lack of Public Transportation economic development and o Changing Policies human well-being. o No Standard o Traffic ▪ ROAD INVENTORY DPWH GIS WEB APPLICATION According to World Health Organization 1. Road and Bridge Inventory ✓ Road crashes kill someone every 24 2. Traffic Information seconds, with a total of 1.35 million traffic deaths around the world each year The Department of Public Works and according to the World Health Highways Organization. (Kagawaran ng mga Pagawain at Lansangang ✓ According to the data published in 2017, Bayan) Road Traffic Accidents in Philippines o Is the executive department of the reached 10,767 or 1.74% of total deaths. Philippine government solely vested with The Death Rate is 11.82 per 100,000 of the Mandate to “be the State's population and Philippines ranks #116 in engineering and construction arm” the world o it is “tasked to carry out the policy” of the State to “maintain an engineering and According to Japan International Cooperation construction arm Agency o continuously develop its technology, for the purposes of ensuring the safety of all infrastructure facilities o securing for all public works and highways the highest efficiency and the most appropriate quality in construction ✓ The Philippine capital ranked ninth most congested city out of 389 cities. On average, it took 27 minutes for Filipinos to travel 10 kilometers in Metro Manila last DPWH GIS WEB APPLICATION Determine the suitable / best position of a The Philippine Highway Network bridge or new transport terminal to be - Is a network of national roads owned and constructed. maintained by the Department of Public Built a transportation models to make sure Works and Highways (DPWH) and the transportation planning will be more organized into three classifications easier and also make a prediction about according to their function or purpose: the traffic pattern in the future. national primary, secondary, and tertiary Traffic Volume Studies roads. To collect data on the number of vehicles / pedestrians that pass a point during a ▪ Transportation Planning Studies specified time period. Feasibility Study – is an assessment of the To know whether the existing road can practicality of a proposed project in terms of accommodate the vehicles that using a cost and value attained. road. Ensure the smooth movement of vehicles Types of New Road Projects and traffic safety. 1. Bypass Roads Application of Traffic Volume Data - Alternate road that provides shorter Design of road rehabilitation travel time by avoiding a congested Study the traffic at intersection area. Study of traffic control systems 2. Diversion Roads Forecast / predict traffic volumes - Alternate road that has a shorter travel Study traffic accidents distance. Analysis of cost – benefits for highway 3. Missing Links projects - Road connecting two hanging national Spot Speed Studies roads. Conducted to estimate the distribution of 4. Access Roads speeds of vehicles in a stream of traffic at - Road connecting the national road to particular location. places of interests (i.e. airports, Carried out by recording the speed of a seaports, tourism destination). sample of vehicles at specific location. 5. Interchange Will be valid only for the traffic and - Intersection improvement such as environmental conditions that exist at the flyover, underpass, roundabout, etc. time of study. Application of Spot Speed Data TRANSPORTATION STUDIES IN PLANNING Establish parameter for traffic operation PROCESS such as speed zones, speed limits, and o Origin and Destination Study (O-D) passing restriction. o Traffic Volume Study Evaluate the effectiveness of traffic control o Spot Speed Study devices such as variable message sign at o Travel Time and Delay Study work zone. o Parking Study Evaluate / determine the adequacy of highway geometric characteristic. Origin and Destination Study (O-D) Evaluate the effect of speed on highway To show the pattern and nature of daily Determine speed trends. trips made by the residents The main purpose of O-D study is to plan Travel Time and Delay Studies the transportation in urban city especially A travel time study determines the amount the type of land use, road traffic network of time required to travel from one point and public transportation system. to another on a given route. Information may also collected on the Application of (O-D) data location, duration, and cause of delays. Determine the traffic flow – if traffic Data also aid the traffic engineer in congestion occurs, a short cut must be plan identifying problems at the location. to give a comfortable travel to road user. Determine whether the existing road system is adequate or not.  Parking Studies o It provides alternatives in the form of The need of parking spaces is usually very car, rickshaw, auto, cars, bus, trucks, great in the areas where land uses and soon. including business, residential and o It is good for transporting perishable commercial activities. products. Providing adequate parking space to meet o It requires low capital investments. the demand for parking that may affect the o It is very suitable for a short distance level of service. journey. Application of Parking Data Disadvantages of Road Transport: To get the valid information (before and o It is not suited for long distance as it is latest) not economical. To know whether it is adequate parking or o Slow as compared to railways. not. o Goods can be destroyed/damage due To provide information needed to enable to specks of dust and pollutions. the implementation of payment by the o It is time-consuming. parties involved. o Accidents and Breakdowns. CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION 2. Rail Transport ✓ TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE - The railway is considered to be “the - This form of transportation comprises lifeline”. It facilitates transference of of the fixed installation of terminals for goods and people from one location to interchange of cargo and passengers. It another. The vastness of the country includes railways, roads, waterways, makes rail transportation a vital airways, pipelines, canals and transport medium for internal terminals like railway stations, airports, transportation and operation of warehouses, bus stations, refueling commuters. People get easy access to depots, seaports and trucking various in accessible areas. With terminals. railways, it becomes possible to bring ✓ OPERATIONS in people and materials from different - This type of transportation identifies parts of the country that was earlier the way in which the vehicles function, not possible. and the methods that accomplish this purpose. It includes financing, policies Advantages of Railways Transportation: and legalities. o It is economical for long distances ✓ VEHICLES because it can easily cover all area of - This is a passenger transportation the cities. system where operators provide either o This means of transport is very faster private or scheduled services such as than roadways. freight transport and bulk transport. o Most suitable for carrying a bulky amount of goods and products. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION o It provides proper protection from Road, water, air, rail exposure to sun and dust pollutions. 1. Road Transport o It is the most dependable means of - Road transport plays a significant role transport. in the progress of economic and social o It is the very safest means of transport. state of the country. It is the most cost- o Rail transport helps to provide effective mode of transportation for employment opportunities to both medium and short distances. This skilled and unskilled individuals transportation service is regarded as useful and preferable because of its 3. Air Transport trustworthiness, flexibility, ease and - This mode of transportation is speed. significant for its fast transport. Enjoys a centralized location all over the world Advantages of Road Transport: in regards to air transportation. o It is very flexible in nature. o It helps to facilitate the movement of Advantages of Air Transportation: goods even in remote areas. o Fastest means of transportation. o Useful moving the goods in the amount of bulk.  o Each and every area of accessible. subsector accounting for 98% of passenger o Vital for national security and defense. traffic and 58% of cargo traffic. While the o Very useful in earthquakes and other transport infrastructure has been floods. developed and spread across the country o It provides an efficient, regular, and (about 215,000 kilometers [km] of roads, quick service. 1,300 public and private ports, and 215 o It is very suitable for emergency public and private airports), the level of services. service has not been sufficient due to the lack of sustainable financing. Disadvantages of Air Transportation: From a previously under developed state o The large capital investment needed. of transportation, the government of the o Not suitable for working goods. Philippines has been improving o May be affected by rains. transportation through various direct o Risks of accidents are highest. infrastructure projects, and these include o This mode of transport requires a an increase in air, sea, road, and rail specialized skill and a high degree of transportation and transport hubs. training for its working operations. The Build! Build! Build! (BBB) Program 4. Water Transport - Is the center piece program of the Duterte - Water transport offer the cheapest administration that aims to usher the mode of transportation as there is no “Golden age of infrastructure” in the need to create any transportation Philippines. Lack of infrastructure has long route. Both internal as well as marine been cited as the “Achilles’ heel” of water channels such as canals and Philippine economic development. rivers provide water transportation in o Clark International Airport Expansion the country. Phase 1 Ciae Advantages of Water Transportation: o Bataan-Cavite Interlink Bridge o It is the very cheapest or easiest means o MRS Junction Hondagua Roma Point of transportation. Bridge o Goods in bulk are transported. o It promotes foreign or international ✓ Bridges will be constructed in the area to trade. provide alternative linkages between o It can easily carry a huge quantity of major throughfares and increase the goods such as timber and coal. number of usable roadways that would o In comparison to other transport, the decongest traffic in EDSA and other major risks capacity is very low. roads in Metro Manila. Disadvantages of Water Transportation: o One of the drawbacks is there is a delay in the movement of goods from one place to another. o Performance is affected by seasonal variations. o It can be used in a limited area of operations because it can only run on seas or oceans. o Water transport is very unsuitable for small businesses because it carries a ✓ The government will continue to address small number of goods. traffic congestions along vital road networks in the country particularly in PHILIPPINE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM highly urbanized areas through projects Transport is a key sector in the Philippine economy, linking population and economic under the Master Plan on High Standard centers across the islands. The transport Highway Network Development. system of the Philippines consists of road, ✓ Expanding the country’s highways and water, air, and rail transport. Water expressways network will alleviate transport plays an important role due to overconcentration of population and the archipelagic nature of the country, but development in the urban areas and will road transport is by far the dominant give way to regional development. ✓ The Inter-Island Linkage – Mega Bridge transport have various types, such as a Program will provide linkages among the motorcycle with side car or a bicycle various islands of the country through the with side car. Like the passenger construction of a series of short and long jeepneys of the Filipinos, they are span bridges. colorful, which reveals the artistic nature of the country’s locals. MOTORCYCLE TAXIS (HABAL-HABAL) - This is where the motorcycle taxis (habal-habal) come in – and take you through steep and unpaved roads to your chosen destination. Usually found in mountain barangays and distant provinces, you can experience taking a habal-habal ride when visiting places BUSES like Cebu and Siargao. - There are three types of bus service within the Philippines, namely PEDICABS provincial buses with routes from the - These can be considered to be the city to distant towns and provinces, silent version of tricycles as bicycles city buses with routes within Metro are essential used, with a passenger Manila, and the P2P (Point-to-Point) can attached to the side or in the front. buses available in Manila. The driver uses pedal power to transport passengers. Normally you TAXIS will see pedicabs on side streets and - Taxis, which are white colored cars some subdivision that don’t allow for with yellow-colored plates, have a pre- tricycles to enter. Pedicabs can seat a determined flag down rate of 40 maximum of three passengers. Philippine pesos (at time of writing) and have an additional charge per CALESA OR KALESA kilometer and waiting time on the - A kalesa is a horse-drawn carriage that road. Like buses, they are privately- used to drive around the streets but is owned and so, there are different taxi now mostly left for tourists; use. operators. Manila and Intramuros in particular offer a kalesa ride the old-fashioned JEEPNEYS way, with your coach man serving as - It’st he cheapest and most popular tour guide, in a complete costume. mode of land public transportation when travelling in the Philippines. CARABAO CARRIAGE (BALSA) Because of its open rear door design, - The carabao is one of the most hard it’s easier to hop on and go down the working animals in the country, that’s vehicle. Plus, there are more jeepney why it’s the Philippine National Animal. stops, unlike bus stops. Before riding People ride the carabaos on its back, on a jeepney, it’s best to know where holding its tail or on a bamboo raft you want to end up (what the areas are (with or without wheels) attached to a called, the names of the stops, roughly yoke like a horse carriage. how long it takes to reach your destination). TRAINS - Currently, the Philippines has a rail way TRICYCLES foot print of only 77 kilometers and rail - Tricycles come in handy when your transportation is provided by three intended destination can’t be reached rapid lines called the Light Rail Transit by jeepney or when you have a lot to (LRT) Line 1, LRT Line 2, and MRT carry and there’s no taxi cab available (Metro Rail Transit) Line 3 in Metro in town. These modes of public Manila and the Philippine National  Railways (PNR), which serves Analyze locations of high traffic volumes commuters traveling from the and high collisions for safety and capacity. province of Laguna to Manila and back. LRT Line 2 and MRT Line 3 are inter Use engineering principles to improve the connected via a walk way in a station in transportation system. Cubao, Quezon City. Utilize the three design controls, which are AIRPLANES the drivers, the vehicles, and the road ways themselves. - Across the country, there are more than 10 international airports and Development, Planning and Location about 30 principal domestic airports. Historical background basis for planning, This number does not yet include the master plan, engineering surveys and Highway community airports and unclassified Alignment. airstrips found in the Philippines. If you’re hoping to travel to major Highway Design, Geometrics and Structure destinations in the country by air, the Road Geometrics and theirs Design; Rigid and best airlines to look at are Philippine Flexible Pavements; Design factors and Airlines (the country’s flagship carrier) Thickness design; Overlay design; Design of and Cebu Pacific. design system. FERRY BOATS AND RO-RO’s Traffic Performance and Its Control - Inter-island travels within the country Traffic Studies analysis; Need for new road are best experienced via ferry boats for links; Traffic regulation and Control; Intersection design and their controls with major islands. The country’s roll-on / signs, islands and markings. roll-off (ro-ro) system targets the three major nautical systems in the country – Materials, Construction and Maintenance the Western, Central, and Eastern Highway Materials and mix design; Highway nautical highways. It’s also more construction; Earth Work; construction of convenient to take the ro-ro vessels different types of pavement, WBM,: Pavement especially if you want to travel with failure, pavements evaluation Maintenance of your cars. pavements. PUMP BOATS OR BANCAS Economics, Finance and Administration - For short-distance travels or when Road user and cost and economic analysis of travelling to small and nearby islands, highway projects; pavement types and riding on a pump boat or banca is your maintenance measures; Highway Finance and best option! Considered a utility boat phasing of Expenditure; Administration. in the Philippines, bancas or pump boats are used for nearly everything – SCOPE OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Planning from fishing to inter-island trips, and - that phase of transportation engineering Geometric Design even as service of the Philippine Coast which deals with the planning, geometric Guard. Traffic Operations design and traffic operations of roads, streets and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and SCOPE OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING relationships with other modes of PDCOM transportation. Engineers in this specialization: - Thus, the basic objective of traffic Handle the planning, design, construction, engineering is to achieve efficient, free and operation and maintenance of highways, rapid flow of traffic, with least number of roads, and other vehicular facilities as well traffic accidents. The study of traffic as the irrelated bicycle and pedestrian engineering may be divided into seven realms. major areas, viz.: Estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for projects. STUDY OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PRIMARY GOAL OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERS a. Traffic Charetistics The safe and efficient movement of people - The traffic characteristic are quite and goods through our streets and highways complex with various types of road users on the roads moving with o Improve safety different motives. o Relieve traffic congestion - The physical characteristics of the road o Speed (limited by technology, human uses may be either permanent or characteristics & safety) temporary. The permeant o Comfort (involves physical characteristics are the vision, hearing, characteristics of vehicle and roadway strength and the general reaction to and influenced by perception of traffic situation. safety) o Convenience (relates to more ease b. Traffic Studies and Analysis with which trips are made and the - The various studies to be carried out ability of transport to accommodate on the actual traffic include speed, all of travel needs at appropriate volume, capacity, travel patterns, time) origin and destination, traffic flow o Economy (more value to the money) characteristics, parking and accident o Protect the environment (e.g. reduce studies. energy consumption) c. Planning Area Analysis ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - Long term development plans are to Traffic Studies be prepared for a country as a whole - Measuring and quantifying various or for a region of the country. Land use aspect of highway traffic (traffic planning, transportation needs and volume, speed, travel time, delay, etc). road network planning are closely interlinked. Performance Evaluation - Means by which traffic engineers can d. Geometric Design rate the operating characteristics of - All the aspects such as cross section individual sections of facilities, can be and roadway surface details, sight measured in terms of level of service. distance requirement, horizontal and vertical alignment, intersections and Facility Design parking facilities are to be suitably - involves traffic engineers in the designed for better performance. functional and geometric design of highways and other traffic facilities e. Traffic Operation - Traffic operations deal with Traffic Control regulations, control and application of - central function of traffic engineers control measures. and involves the establishment of - Regulations may be in the form of traffic regulations and their laws, or other traffic regulatory communication to the driver through measures such as speed limit etc. the use of traffic control devices, such assigns, markings, and signals. f. Road Safety Aspects - Installation of traffic control devices like signs, signals, islands and pavement markings are most common means to regulate and control the traffic. g. Administration & Management - is a systematic way of managing the actual condition on the locality/area of concern. - Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling TRAFFIC ENGINEERING SURVEYS o Development of programs related to ✓ To conduct traffic surveys for the traffic operations, for example, one- purpose of validation / evaluation of way street systems or traffic routing the existing traffic situation of critical o Development of parking regulations intersections along the national road network Vehicle Classification o Design of geometric characteristics, 1. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY with particular reference to turning- - This survey involves the collection of radii requirements, maximum grades, data about the natural and man-made lane widths, and so forth features of the land. o Capacity analyses, with respect to ▪ For national roads passenger-car equivalents - 150-200 meters from the intersection o Adjustment of traffic counts obtained ▪ For minor/local roads by machines - 80-100 meters from the intersection o Structural design of highway pavements, bridges, and so forth 2. ROAD INVENTORY SURVEY - This survey involves the collection of METHODS OF CONDUCTING VOLUME data on on-street conditions. The COUNTS information gathered is used as a data Manual Method for other works and reduces the need - Manual counting involves one or more for field trips. persons recording observed vehicles using a counter. 3. VOLUME STUDIES - With this type of counter, both the - Traffic volume studies are conducted turning movements at the intersection to collect data on the number of and the types of vehicles can be vehicles and/or pedestrians that pass recorded. a point on a highway facility during a - The main disadvantages of the manual specified time period. count method are that - This time period varies from as little as 15 minutes to as much as a year 1) it is labor-intensive and therefore depending on the anticipated use of can be expensive, the data. 2) it is subject to the limitations of - The data collected also may be put into human factors, and subclasses which may include 3) it cannot be used for long periods directional movement, occupancy of counting. rates, vehicle classification, and pedestrian age. Automatic Method - Automatic counters can be classified USES OF VOLUME STUDIES into two general categories: those that Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) require the laying of detectors (surface o Estimation of highway user revenues or subsurface), and those that do not o Computation of crash rates in terms of require the laying of detectors. number of crashes per 100 million vehicle miles Surface detectors - pneumatic - Automatic counters require the laying o Establishment of traffic volume trends of surface detectors (such as road tubes o Evaluation of the economic feasibility pneumatic road tubes) or subsurface of highway projects detectors (such as magnetic or electric Sub surface detectors - magnetic o Development of freeway and major contact devices) on the road, which or electric contact devices arterial street systems detect the passing vehicle and o Development of improvement and transmit the information to a recorder maintenance programs connected to the detector at the side of the road. Peak Hourly Volume o Functional classification of highways - Automatic counters that do not o Capacity analysis require the laying of detectors use one o Design of the geometric characteristics of many technologies including of a highway, for example, number of electronics: Doppler principles, laser lanes, intersection signalization, or scanning, and infrared. channelization INTERSECTION COUNT ▪ 14-Hour Traffic Composition of Sumulong - Intersection counts are taken to Highway-Olalia Road intersection determine vehicle classifications, through movements, and turning movements at intersections. - These data are used mainly in determining phase lengths and cycle times for signalized intersections, in the design of channelization at intersections, and in the general design of improvements to intersections. - Standard duration of intersection count is at least 12 hours DURATION OF SURVEY Traffic Volume and Pedestrian Count Surveys 14-Hour Count Survey (6:00 AM to 8:00 PM) PEDESTRIAN COUNT ▪ 1st Shift – 6:00 AM to 1:00 PM - Volume counts of pedestrians are ▪ 2nd Shift – 1:00 PM to 8:00 PM made at locations such as subway stations, mid-blocks, and crosswalks. VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION The counts are usually taken at these Car/AUV/SUV/Jeep locations when the evaluation of Public Utility Jeep (PUJ) existing or proposed pedestrian Pick-up/Utility Van facilities is to be undertaken. Such Small (Mini) Bus facilities may include pedestrian Large Bus overpasses or underpasses. 2-Axle Truck - The locations at which pedestrian 3-Axle Truck counts are taken also include Articulated/Cargo Truck intersections, along sidewalks, and Motorcycle mid-block crossings. These counts can be used for crash analysis, capacity Motor Tricycle analysis, and determining minimum signal timings at signalized TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA PRESENTATION intersections. ▪ Turning Movement Count at Sumulong Highway-Olalia Road intersection ▪ 14-Hour Traffic Variation of Sumulong Highway-Olalia Road intersection