Vikings, Mongols, and Trade PDF

Notebook Page 7 Vikings, Mongols, and Trade AP World History: Modern – Period 1  The Viking Age and Northern Trade Starting in Lindisfarne in 795 CE, England, the Norse Vikings (raiders) began a 3-century stretch of raiding and settling European and Mediterranean coasts Using their light...

Notebook Page 7 Vikings, Mongols, and Trade AP World History: Modern – Period 1  The Viking Age and Northern Trade Starting in Lindisfarne in 795 CE, England, the Norse Vikings (raiders) began a 3-century stretch of raiding and settling European and Mediterranean coasts Using their light and shallow longships, Vikings were able to sail across the sea, & penetrate deep into estuaries and rivers to raid and conquer locals Their primary targets were religious (mostly Christian) sites and monasteries These raids played a primary role in most Europeans to adopt the feudal system as a means of defending against Vikings (and other invader) raids Also accomplished explorers, the Norse Vikings discovered and temporarily settled the Vinland (North America) by around 1000 CE, and formed permanent settlements in Iceland and Greenland Lastly, the Vikings helped establish and develop growing trade networks and trade cities such as Novgorod in Northern Europe, and bolstered Mediterranean commerce  The Mongolian Empire The Mongolian Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland by Genghis Khan whom council had proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206 Hardened Mongolian and Turkic horseback riders (archers and lancers) formed the backbone of the Empire’s military, and their tactics—centered on encirclement and faux-retreats—devastated enemy armies For the first few decades, no enemy forces could match them on the field, and those who sought protection inside fortified cities, generally succumbed to extensive and devastating Mongolian sieges While steppe peoples had generally struggled against fortifications, the inclusion of captured and defected Chinese siege workers, and later Persian siege workers, allowed the Mongols to conquer entire empires Enemy cities who surrendered without a fight were generally given minimal limitations; those who resisted were brutally punished, enslaved, suppressed, and/or destroyed Incorporated enemy soldiers were placed into separate units so as to be isolated ; any attempts to defect or flee resulted in the killing of the entire unit—a policy that proved successful in keeping units accountable for loyalty Under Ghengis Khan, and his later sons, the Mongols established an unprecedented land empire that conquered the empires of China, Korea, Tibet, the Eurasian Steppe, the Rus[sians], Persia, the Caucuses, and parts of Anatolia Growth of the Mongolian Empire Mongol Empire Maximum Extent  Mongol Fragmentation Despite their successes under Genghis and his son Ogedei, the vast Mongolian Empire proved too large to maintain in short order The position of Great Khan (military ruler or leader in Central Asia) became a target of factional dispute and civil war; shortly after the death of Kublai Khan in 1294—the last to lead a semi-united empire—the empire fragmented Known as khanates, the Golden Horde, Chagatai, Ilkhanate, and Yuan Dynasty were the smaller states ruled by a regional khan; these khans warred intermittently with one another, and greatly weakened Mongol control Vassals and subjects of the khanates were subject to Mongol rule, and tribute payment ; however, with constant factional warring among the khanates, local kingdoms would gradually gain back their autonomy By the mid-14th century, major areas of Eastern Europe, Persia, the Levant, and China had thrown off the yoke of Mongol control, although several khanates remained and resurged in Central Asia for the next few centuries  Legacy of the Mongolian Empire The legacy of the Mongol Empire is a mixed one, with some historians painting its impact as a positive one, with others lamenting its treachery Regarding positive developments, the primary benefit of Mongol rule was the resurgence of trade and the widespread exchange of ideas and goods on a previously-unprecedented scale In connecting the Western and Eastern hemispheres, and facilitating & protecting trade along the Silk Road networks, ideas and innovation such as gunpowder, the compass, paper print, paper money, etc., were able to filter through the kingdoms of Central, South, and West Asia, North Africa, and Europe Among the negative developments, however, was the sheer mortality, disease, and suffering induced by the conquering Mongolian Empire An estimated 30 million people died, and in some areas, such as Iran, as much as 75% of the population perished due to military conflict and disease, Along with the murder, rape, torture, and enslavement that accompanied Mongol expansion, the Mongol connection of the world also likely caused a regional plague in China to travel through all of Eurasia Known as the Black Death, this disease killed an estimated total of 75-200 million people—20-40% of the world’s population at the time, with higher percentages (40-60%) in urban areas, and in South Asia, China, and Europe The Black Death in the West