Cognitive Psychology Notes PDF

January15a 2025 Aristotle 384 322BCE Examinedperceptiona memory mentalimagery Wundt Titchenor 18705 psychbecamedistinctRield consciousmentalevents introspection Behaviorism Firsthalf of 20thcentury Howbehaviorchanges withStimuli Advantages Systematic Objective...

January15a 2025 Aristotle 384 322BCE Examinedperceptiona memory mentalimagery Wundt Titchenor 18705 psychbecamedistinctRield consciousmentalevents introspection Behaviorism Firsthalf of 20thcentury Howbehaviorchanges withStimuli Advantages Systematic Objective uselearninghistory Disadvantages Doesnotexplaineverything Behaviorhas a l mental cause Differentstimulicanproduce same differentresponse want Trancendental events observable reasonbackwards Subvocalspeech Readin mindtokeepinworking memory Methods for studying LabTasks Reactiontime RT Enver rate Recall Location of attention mousetracking eye controlextraneousvariables tracking to variables ability manipulate oftenin labsetting lacksecological validity casestudies  wdue to ng by p injurydamage or congenitaldifferences cases or rare unusual events PhineasGage qiiay.gg veryTechniques Neuroimaging if aggregation.it Event related potentials nmtiEio PET scans gnaritesqee.ge ii.it iii I hera seeing iiiiii Imran Objectrecognition Earlywordrecognitionexperimentsused adevicecalled a tachistoscope presentedvisualstimulus word for a specificcontrolledduration of time Presented a post stimulusmasknonwordjumbledletters Boffffydiately Datadriven starts w stimulus Features visualcortex hasneuron cells that fire at a highrate whenexposed tospecificstim WFiringpatterninterpreted thebrain to putall thefeaturestogether by wouldallow forsingleobjectrecognitionsystem serveas building blocks Focusingonfeaturesmightallowustoconcentrateon what iscommontoobjects w highvariability Samecombo of featurescouldlead toalternativeobjectrecognition indifferentsituations wordscan berecognizedevenwhenpresented for very brief periods 30 40 milliseconds wordfrequency repetition Top Down conceptdriven Starts w knowledge expectations wordsuperiority effect Betterat correctlyreportingif a letterwaspresentwhenshownawordinsteadw letter lowenformednesspredictswordrecognition Featurenets wordrecognition Features leveredelepairs words Featuredetectorsconnected to eachother neuralnetwork specificactivationlevel input increaseinactivationlevel onestronginputor multipleweakinputs Whendetectorreaches aspecificlevel responsethresholdthedefectorwill fire  ep exp wordfrequencyefree Repetition priming Word superiorityeffect bigramdetectors Responsetoambiguousstimuli RecognitionErrors Efficiency of bigramdetectorscanresult in errors from a bias towardcertainlettercombos CORN CORN TPAM TRAM calledoverregularization Feed Foward Feedback Featurenetworks do notonlyactivatedetectorsat highlevels feedforward higherdetectors alsoprovidefeedbacktolowerdetectors inhibitfiringdeactivate Mcclelland Rumelhartmodel anydetectoratanylevelcanactivateorinhibitother detectors Tcanactivate TIME butdetection of G or Awoulddeactivate career art feedback cart Featurenets tobjects Not just for recognizingletters objectsrecognitionbycomponents RBCmodel basicfeaturescalledgeons geometricions cubes cylinders spheresconesapyramids etc weanherecognized from nearly anyangle viewpointindependent can berecognizedpartiallyoccluded Facerecognition Highlyspecialized dependenton viewpoint upsidedownobjects decreaseinrecognition faces upsidedownasubstantialdecrease inrecognition inversion effect Dependent on holisticview Topcombined w diff bottom there is difficultyrecognizingdifference composite effect Attention concentration of mental activity thatallows limitedportion of info from memory involvedinnearlyeverycognitiveprocess Lounconsciouslyactivated wuses bottom up t top down processing selective Attention abilityto focus on one specificstimulus while tuningout others  I g or c sten g l Sk What do people notice wvoiceus.novoice 4Tonechange wGenderof voice volume piten their own name tococktailPartyexpect wordsof highsignificance Do not notice WActualwords switch togibberish switch to diff language Explanations Blockunwanted info promotedesiredinfo Errors Inattentional Blindness Not seeing astimulusin our visual field occurs in dailylives wean havedevastatingeffects Lesslikelytooccur inindividualsw ADHD Errors ChangeBlindness whenlookingat a scene but fail todetectchange in it occurs b c attention is a limitedresource Testusing flicker paradigm Betterat detectingchanges in Thechangeis a centralpart of the scene changeisquickor involvesmotion of some kind Explanations Limitedperception or limited memory Lateselection at 80ms unionearlybegins unattendestimulicaninfluenceperception priming Recievesprocessingbutblockedfrom consciousness or memory Early Evoked potentials forattended unattendedstimulus Noprocessingdoesnot enter consciousness SelectiveAttention primed liarepetition Stimulusbased primedbyexpectations expectationbased indicators cue warm up bydetectors Posner Snyder1975 measuredresponsetime to a pair of stimuli sameor different signal providingwarning neutral primed mislead highvalidity Fewmislead primedconditionmuchfasterthan neutral misleadconditionslower than natural Lowvalidity manymislead primedconditionfasterthan neutral misleadconditionsimilar toneutral Attentional Blink occurs at 200 500ms Takesaboutlooms forvisualstimuli to be processed ifsecondstimulusoccurs2200msboth are detectedas insimultaneous if secondoccurs after 500ms it is detected as separate Attentionas a spotlight whateveris in beam isrecievingextra processing Attentionmovesbeforeeyes do Directingisbased on needs or intentions prominent features ahighimportance or highlyinteresting notfocus onpredictabilityunexpectedthings culturet gender alsodetermines Eyetrackingshows where attention isfocused DIFF brain sites anow movement of attention orientingsystem Alertingsystem Executivesystem Neglectsyndromesupportsidea of spacebasedattention damage to right parietal lobes cannot seeobjects in left bield of vision  eudence PP 0s se Feature binding Objectshavemultiplefeaturesneededto beput togetherfor recognition tobindingproblem occursb c of parallelprocessing of each feature Attentionrequired tocorrectly bind properties featurestogether possiblebindingerror Featuresearch little attention effort needed speedof recognition notaffectedby of items in visual field combinedsearch much attention speed of recognitionis sloweras more distractorspresent Dividedattention occurswhen attemptingto two or more stimulitaskssimultaneously Alport et al 4972showed that dividedattentiondependsonspecificityof resources needed latasksrequiringdifferentresourceshave moresuccess w dividedattention walktconvo tasus relyonsameresourceswillexperienceslowerprocessing increased errors Diff resources are notalways better driving talking Responseselector Mental tool involved in initiatingresponsestostimuli Executivecontrolplaysrole individedattention function setgoalsprioritiesachoosestrategiesdirectfunctioningof cognitiveprocesses relieson pastexperiences sameresponses or inhibitsresponsesnot aligningwith end goal keepintendedgoalin mind ensuresorganizedmentalsteps monitorsprogressto nextstepin plan inhibitsautomaticresponses takes effort 6damage to prefrontal cortex disruptsexecutivecontrol perseveration error cannot switch taskmidway Goalneglect failuretoorganizebehaviortowardgoal lessexecutivecontrolneededaswegainmoreexperience Stroop effect peopletakelongertonamecolorof wordwhen itdoesnotmatchword'smeaning Acquisitionofmemories 3steps acquisition storage retrieval  e y Humanmemoryhasbeenlikened to a computer usesparanelprocessing create newsynapses as we learn Experiencehelpsexpectations Givemeaningtomemories Different motivationsto remember modelcomesfromAtkinson shrinken4968 Early modalmodelthreecomponents thatgaininfosendinfo toeachother sensorymemoryinfohadvery briefly4 3see maintainedinoriginal raw format usedis stored shorttermplacewhereinfoiscurrentlybeing Longtermplacethatholds all into onecanrememberbutnotusingin themoment updatedmodel Diminishedrole of sensory short term warningmemory placenotstatus short term limitedcapacity items wlimiteddurationrequiresmaintenance weasytogetinfo in out Long term Relativelyunlimitedcapacity unlimited notaffectedbywhatisbeing used requireseffort to store retrieve workingus Long term Basedon serial position effect ex free recall primacyeffect rehearsal Relieson LTM storagefacilitatedbymemory Recency effect relieson wa lastnewitemsnotdisplacedbynewitems