Medical Emergencies Notes (PDF)

Division 4 Medical Emergencies  neckvein I Neck vein  M Difination Amount of air duringnormalduite inspiration and expiration Tripoid position oh c CO2 we we  exist MO main cause Mx  Air inside M...

Division 4 Medical Emergencies  neckvein I Neck vein  M Difination Amount of air duringnormalduite inspiration and expiration Tripoid position oh c CO2 we we  exist MO main cause Mx  Air inside M Plurea Trauma Pneumothorax Medical Jas 1 what is the main cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema Smoking different between COPD and 2 what is asthma COPD Persist Asthma Episodic medications placed in 3 Give 3 nebulizer Ventolin 4 Give side effect of Ventolin and its dose Side effect Dose 1 tachycardia with 3mL NS 2 5 5m 2 tremors Anxiety Nebulizer 5 Give 1 disadvantide of inhaler Differlat to use 6 Mansion sitns of life threatening asthma Cynosis silent chest Alter mental status Bradycardia Symptoms of Pneumonia 7 Protective cough fever Crackles Shortness of breath Chest pain Hi from left side of heart It mmmm  GHEIM 411 GEILJIT 1 what arethe indications and contraindications and complication of thromblysis 1 Indications 319 MI plis stroke Pulmonary empolism 2 Contraindications 1074819 3 complication Hemorrhage Jay 2 what is the most dingerous infection Meningitis 3 what are the symptoms of meningitis 1 Fever 2 Headache 3 Neck stiffness Jo win sis com so ring secreation  m a A  i i É 11 É  moochiphin sympathetic Merao kind d lotus  insulin is wog i pooh and I I in  y as M DRA Y I 1 I Chapter 35 Hematology Hematology ´ The study of blood and blood-forming organs ´ Includes study of blood disorders: ´ Red blood cell disorders l ´ White blood cell disorders ´ Platelet disorders ´ Coagulation problems  1 50 Components of Blood (3 of 6) per deflates to 45 as so he P ´ Red blood cells is I sooo ´ Production 5000 Ood ´ Erythropoiesis formats ofRBC ´ Hemolysis ´ Sequestration wet ´ Laboratory analysis of red med blood cells ´ Red blood cell count emotion ´ Hematocrit ´ Hemoglobin he globin 13 5 16 male WE 11 S 14 female Components of Blood (4 of 6) ´ White blood cells ´ Margination 18 ´ Phagocytosis He 1 ´ White blood cell count 6  Components of Blood (5 of 6) ´ White blood cells ´ Leukopoiesis ´ Granulocytes ´ Neutrophil Idiot FIEF É ´ Basophil ´ Eosinophil Alerby ´ Lymphocytes ´ Monocytes set Components of Blood (6 of 6) ´ White blood cells ´ Immunity Lymphocytes ´ Subpopulation of lymphocytes known as T cells and B cells ´ T cells develop cellular immunity. ´ B cells produce humoral immunity. ix d W antib É B Production ´ Autoimmune disease ´ Alterations in the immune process GAMED ´ Inflammatory process 44 Components of Blood ´ Platelets is ´ Megakaryocytes ´ Thrombocytopenia 500000 ´ Thrombocytosis  we MY Hemostasis (1 of 3) ´ Controlling blood loss ´ Vascular spasms ´ Platelet plugs ´ Stable fibrin blood clots  Hemostasis (3 of 3) ´ Fibrinolysis ´ Thrombosis UM ´ Fibrinolytics ´ Medications affecting clot formation ´ Alter the enzyme on the platelet ´ Affect the coagulation cascade ´ Enhance clotting jW 09  wa Blood Products and Blood Typing (1 of 2) ´ Blood types ´ Antigens ´ A, B, AB, O ´ Rh factor ´ Anti Bodies ´ Anti A, Anti B ´ Universal donors O ´ Blood Group O Negative  w Ne Blood Products and Blood Typing (2 of 2) E y W  awol two kind of seats go Transfusion Reactions (1 of 2) acute´ Hemolytic reactions ah has ´ Signs and symptoms na blactic ´ Facial flushing, hyperventilation, tachycardia, hives, chest pain, wheezing, fever, chills, and cyanosis ´ Treatment ´ Stop transfusion, change all IV tubing, and initiate IV therapy with normal saline or lactated Ringer’s. ´ Consider furosemide, dopamine, steriods, antihistamines.  Transfusion Reactions (2 of 2) common Np got É yes ´ Febrile nonhemolytic reactions ´ Signs and symptoms ´ Headache, fever, and chills ´ Treatment ´ Stop transfusion, change all IV tubing, and initiate IV therapy with normal saline or lactated Ringer’s. ´ Consider antihistamine and an antipyretic. ´ Observe closely to ensure reaction is nonhemolytic. Paracetamol 0.9 1  A Moai a Diseases of the Red Blood Cells (3 of 4) Mogle en n ite ca ´ Sickle cell disease du ´ Sickle cell crises will ´ Vaso-occlusive Cas no ´ Hematological ich le ´ Infectious ´ Management eats ´ Follow general treatment guidelines. c ´ Consider analgesics. o club 61006 wallets  A user and I cab ischemia Vaso Occlusive crises in Sickle cell diseasedue wear as you see 3 Sichsed k b y 2m  Diseases of the Red Blood Cells (4 of 4) concert ´ Polycythemia hi s number of RBC M ´ Overproduction of erythrocytes ´ Occurs in patients >50 years old or with secondary dehydration ´ Results in bleeding abnormalities ´ Epistaxis, spontaneous bruising, GI bleeding ´ Management ´ Follow general treatment guidelines. flout  and murder h PBS 1801000 350 too d too He 150,000 tooooo Diseases of the White Blood Cells (1 of 3) Deil 2 ´ Leukopenia/neutropenia ´ Too few white blood cells or neutrophils ´ Follow general treatment guidelines and provide supportive care. ´ Leukocytosis ´ An increase in the number of circulating white blood cells, often due to infection ´ Leukemoid reaction  Diseases of the White Blood Cells (2 of 3) bone marrow ´ Leukemia abnormal reproduces WBC ´ Cancer of hematopoietic cells µm ´ Initial presentation ´ Acutely ill, fatigued, febrile and weak, anemic ´ Often have a secondary infection ´ Management ´ Follow general treatment guidelines. ´ Utilize isolation techniques to limit risk of infection.  15 ooo Diseases of the Platelets platelets ´ Thrombocytosis and Thrombocytopenia Givehim ´ Thrombocytosis ´ An abnormal increase in the number of platelets ´ Thrombocytopenia ´ An abnormal decrease in the number of platelets ´ Management ´ Provide supportive care and follow general treatment guidelines.  MB Blood Clotting Abnormalities in male only blow (1 of 2) p ´ Hemophilia ebay ´ Deficiency or absence of a blood clotting factor faces ´ Deficiency of factor VIII causes hemophilia A. 2 other ´ Deficiency of factor IX causes hemophilia B. on ´ Deficiency is a sex-linked, inherited disorder. hasophill ´ Defective gene is carried on the X chromosome. ´ Signs and symptoms ´ Numerous bruises, deep muscle bleeding, and joint bleeding Trt Dive him factors 1 AB Plasma has no antibodies 2 0 Cell has no antigens Psychosis vs Neurosis  Neurosis Phobia OCN insidht Anxiety Psychosis First part of 4m Hallucination Delutions oJcp6g Mood chianfe Bipolar Both Mania Depressist leads to suscide Endogenous Reactive 6months 091 ‫القرآن هو عالج األمراض النفسية وليست املعاصي كاالغاني ونحوها‬ Chapter 31 Allergies and Anaphylaxis  Pathophysiology (1 of 2) ´ The Immune System ´ Pathogens Base via Wangi ´ Toxins ´ Cellular Immunity ´ Humoral Immunity cell fÉyjÉ s ´ Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) ´ IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM eosin mean an scans accra and shook GAMETE spiffing interns  Pathophysiology (2 of 2) ´ Immune Response 6 m ´ Exposure to antigen produces primary response with general s antibodies. ´ Immune system develops antigen-specific antibodies and memory. producer ´ Future exposures generate a faster secondary response. ´ a inhaltain Natural and Acquired Immunity 4 ´ Induced Active Immunity fate 58 8´ Active and Passive Immunity whom you Vaccinag 1 dfast 1 Slow someone in vac was Lifetime it give2 antibodies short time gene 2 vital as yation 3 Throw 3 plasma Ib vaccine  O Son za n M 0 S C hatozesna immune n Bronchoconstraction factor Allergies (2 of 2) M Ns ´ Allergen ´ Exposure generates secondary response. ´ Large quantities of IgE are released. ´ Allergen binds to IgE, causing chemical release. ´ Release is “allergic reaction.” ´ Includes histamines, heparin, and other substances that are designed to minimize the body’s exposure to an antigen. ´ Histamine causes bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, c increased gastric motility, and increased vascular permeability. ´ Angioneurotic edema. IT're we Anaphylaxis (1 of 2) my ´ Causes Anaphylaxis (2 of 2) MM FB ´ Causes ´ Injections o ´ Most anaphylaxis results from injected allergen. ´ Allergen rapidly distributes throughout the body, resulting in massive histamine release. ´ Parenteral penicillin injections and insect stings. ´ Affects cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and integumentary systems. ´ Significant plasma loss through increased vascular permeability. ´ Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Sink bin can lead to anaphylaxis Assessment Findings in Anaphylaxis (1 of 2) ´ Focused History and Physical Exam ´ Focused History ´ SAMPLE and OPQRST History ratial sins ´ Rapid onset, usually 30–60 seconds following exposure. ´ Speed of reaction is indicative of severity. ´ Previous allergies and reactions. ´ Physical Exam ´ Presence of severe respiratory difficulty is key to differentiating anaphylaxis from allergic reaction.  i Pti at any two come Im together MY sepia outta z 3 4 1 Seconds fancy  Symptoms of Anaphylaxis t Allergan IgE tour kind staffers Funded fedae petition alkane peripheral and I Boding how 9 IBP ma I'padded Aodh Management of Anaphylaxis (3 of 3) mo ´ Administer medications: ´ Oxygen ´ Epinephrine 0.51M in front of thigh ´ Antihistamines ´ Corticosteroids or IV ´ Vasopressors ´ Beta-agonists ´ Other agents ´ Psychological support. Chapter 34 Toxicology and Substance Abuse  Poison Control Centers ´ Poison Control ´ National network of specially trained providers. ´ Typically regional or statewide. ´ Accessed by telephone. ´ Contact poison control early. µ ´ Assist in determining potential toxicity. memo ´ Advise on prehospital treatment. ´ Advise the receiving facility and medical direction.  food M Routes of Toxic Exposure 1 (1 of 4) router Most common rule us ´ Ingestion ´ Common agents: ´ Household products ´ Petroleum-based agents ´ Cleaning agents ´ Cosmetics ´ Drugs, plants, or foods ´ Absorption occurs in the stomach and small intestine. Most ate ID o'd  Routes of Toxic Exposure (2 of 4) ´ Inhalation T ´ Common agents: Is EMS 2 9 ´ Toxic gases, vapors, fumes, aerosols 4.1 ´ Carbon monoxide, 1 ammonia, chlorine ´ Tear gas, freon, nitrous oxide, methyl chloride ´ Carbon tetrachloride ´ Absorption occurs via the capillary- alveolar membrane in the lungs. Routes of Toxic Exposure (3 of 4) ´ Surface Absorption ´ Common agents: ´ Poison ivy, oak, or I sumac ´ Organophosphates a ´ Absorption occurs through capillaries in the skin. Routes of Toxic Exposure (4 of 4) ´ Injection w̅ ´ Common agents: ´ Animal bites or stings mg ´ Intentional injection of illicit drugs ´ Substance enters directly into the body through a break in the skin.  Principles of Toxicologic Assessment and Management tem ´ Standard Toxicologic Emergency Procedures g ´ Recognize a poisoning promptly. ´ Assess the patient thoroughly to identify the toxin and measures required to control it. ´ Initiate standard treatment procedures. 5 ´Protect rescuer safety. ´Remove the patient from the toxic environment. ´Support ABCs. ´Decontaminate the patient. ´Administer antidote if one exists. or Early contact with Poison center  General Treatment (1 of 4) suer ´ Initiate supportive treatment. Mf ´ Decontamination ´ Reduce intake of the toxin. ´ Remove the individual from the toxic environment. 2 ´ Reduce absorption of toxins in the body. ´ Use gastric lavage and activated charcoal. 3 ´ Enhance elimination of the toxin. ´ Use cathartics. cab did other  General Treatment (2 of 4) Me ´ Antidotes at ´ Useful only if the substance is known. ´ Rarely 100% effective. ´ Must be used in conjunction with other therapies to ensure effectiveness. EE  paracetamol A 158 toxicat a bedan 7.48 1 I'd 32 res arrest Ingested Toxins (3 of 3) ´ Management ´ Contact poison control/medical direction. ´ Prevent aspiration. I ´ Administer fluids and drugs. ´ IV access ´ Use of D50W, naloxone, and thiamine ´ Decontamination M ´ Do NOT induce vomiting. Specific Toxins ´ Toxidromes ´ Similar toxins typically have similar signs and symptoms. ´ In some cases it may be difficult to identify a specific toxin.  feat sympathtic g I was I usefor dLar Continued  Pinpoi Antidote Tach Atropine.gg TPSN BsMpathtic nervous system A Continued  II A OCEB Antidote Naloxone Continued  am Carbon Monoxide (1 of 2) I ´ Exposure M ´ Inhaled colorless, odorless gas ´ Poorly ventilated heating systems ´ Confined spaces ´ Signs and Symptoms ´ Headache ´ Nausea and vomiting ´ Confusion or other altered mental status ´ Tachypnea 100 SPO2 Skin color  Carbon Monoxide (2 of 2) ´ Management ´ Ensure rescuer safety. ´ Remove the patient from the contaminated area. ´ Initiate supportive measures. ´ High-flow, high- concentration oxygen M ´ Hyperbaric therapy ge sic symptoms 2 Pregnancy III 394 hemoglobin bind with co  I usually use water Caustic Substances (2 of 2) too both ´ Signs and Symptoms ´ Facial burns ´ Pain in the lips, tongue, throat, or gums _tiffiration ´ Drooling, trouble swallowing a WE ´ Hoarseness, stridor, or shortness of breath ´ Shock from bleeding, vomiting Lyrnixswallowing ´ Management ´ Perform standard toxicologic emergency procedures. ´ Maintain an adequate airway. a Protein mix 2 effs with a little milk  Bleeds a Snakebites w Kip and afar ´ Pit Viper Bites vascular to his son Dahem ´ Venom destroys proteins and other tissue components. ÉÉ som e I´ I Coral Snake Bites neurotoxic ´ Venom is a neurotoxin that results in paralysis. system effect FDover mensusculag Most important intervention in snakebites istransport  was Pit Viper Bites (2 of 2) vessels ´ Treatment ´ Keep the patient supine. ´ Immobilize the injured limb and maintain it in a neutral position. ´ Apply high-flow, high-concentration oxygen. ´ Establish IV access. ´ Transport. ´ DO NOT apply constricting bands, ice, cold packs, tourniquets, or electrical stimulation to the wound. cut ora.gg 51901881 yo was cult Ji x diabetic a S 9 Continued  How can eliminate absorb toxins 1 1 Inducing vomiting Not use now Inducing diarrhea Not use now 2 3 Activated charchol Alcohol Gazolin but not in Benzene Affine 4 Gastric lavage first 1 hour by that nasogastric tube uses of hyperbaric therapy 2 what are 1 Focal neurlodil symptoms 2 Pregnancy hemoglobin bind withco 3 More than 40 of 3 what is the most important intervenation in snakebites Transport immediately Chapter 33 Urology and Nephrology Anatomy and Physiology (3 of 7) MY kidney network A f ´ Nephrons Primeeship o ´ Glomerulus ´ Bowman’s Capsule capillary collectingports ´ Proximal Tubule ´ Loop of Henle t.me bereading andacadesports ´ Distal Tubule ´ Collecting Duct  Anatomy and Physiology (6 of 7) ´ Tubular Handling of Water and Electrolytes ´ Diuresis and Antidiuresis ´ Tubular Handling of Glucose and Urea I 1 ´ ´ BUN and Creatinine 0 Renal failure Control of Arterial Blood Pressure while PHI ´ The Renin-Angiotensin System ´ Control of Erythrocyte Production ´ Erythropoietin MAT Y 70 no filtioam in Glomerular 3 Acute Renal Failure (1 of 6) ma WWII ´ Pathophysiology Ts A 0 ´ Prerenal Acute Renal Failure blood Supply ´ Dysfunction before the level of kidneys to kidneys ´ Most common and most easily reversible ´ Renal Acute Renal Failure infects as Is ´ Dysfunction within the kidneys themselves NO obstructs ´ Postrenal Acute Renal Failure ´ Dysfunction distal to the kidneys Acute Renal Failure (2 of 6)  Acute Renal Failure (4 of 6) no ´ Physical Assessment ´ Altered Mental Status ´ Hypertension ´ Tachycardia ´ ECG Indicative of Hyperkalemia VA ´ Pale, Cool, Moist Skin hall tented m T all wave tented Larde a wave J mean in hyperkalemia hyperkalemia tr wa u read vet Death  Chronic Renal Failure (7 of 8) ´ Long-Term Management ´ Renal Dialysis 9 ´ Hemodialysis ´ Common complications MM ´ Headache I ´ Muscle Cramps ´ Cardiac arrhythmias ´ Bleeding ´ Hypertension ´ Anemia arteriovenous stula n Chronic Renal Failure (8 of 8) ´ Long-Term Management 2 ´ Renal Dialysis ´ Peritoneal dialysis ´ Common complications  Urinary Tract Infection (1 of 3) wa ´ Pathophysiology ´ Risk Factors shorter urethra ´ Increased risk in female or catheterized patients C ´ Sexual activity Tak Frization ´ Lower and Upper UTIs ´ Urethritis ´ Cystitis nodded I ´ Prostatitis ´ Pyelonephritis ´ Community-acquired vs. nosocomial infections haddo and  C 1 A Odawa de des Urinary Tract Infection (2 of 3) mot male supposed c S 8 include a solos at ´ Assessment sua fora l im ´ Focused History included ´ Abdominal pain ´ Frequent, painful urination mm ´ A “burning sensation” associated with urination His ´ Difficulty beginning and continuing to void ´ Strong or foul-smelling urine ´ Similar past episodes Female fever  1 What are the clinical Picture of Renal colic 1 Sudden onset 2 Severe Pain 3 Risht and lift loin Join and testes 4 Radition to 5 Associated with Dysuria Trt Voltarin 75m IM 3mL set lidney relive 20 of Courtic output Pressure ffifg aesff.bg Hydrostatic I ix 48O diluas ofull.tl ofstomach andinstin Very heavy Vomiting O y hema call like fluid plasma Shaecat WE he a 90 It list lost alias collection A flu d i odour mis  my common  A antedate 5Tintlaas weeks epigastric after meals ME Black sht sa.de Odts magnolia Famine  Noo 6 9 Miao were pvo can 8 cops 14 0 I 2 3 4  d iability as poll gas Haas son room area Mrs 1 Absdua coffigan no got us sod 2 sodomid black 3 pain  w constipation it tho of stonia A inelain do area men is Subical  finger like projuca Small bro Bloch an id neck will lead as bsac swag and may out An area gyp sa of inasaind observe me send ou 6000 desai  a rebound referred the ages radiated as tight ilieue pegon common in seawe to  s s d compare bile 999 a re cover start s y the 2 and3 IS yegg digest fans acid no Enigma A gall Bl add a s i bile d o d infection wid of sand and go as I Second para of Denton and 0 I opsaoucan een hall gall sector bi to winsuch cssedema Mfa comms supper soon on ya and case do 1 soul 5e dans coed ga insta pm o un a sa coesiaX Bloch a a sphinan ii i doo Mu da ox gg It at e tang or Spies food 1 What are the clinical Picture of appendicitis 1 Ritht lower abdominal pain 2 Radiate to umbilical 3 Rebound tenderness 4 Nausea 5 Vomiting 6 Fever varice Where are the locations of 2 1 Leds Esophagus 2 3 Angus 3 where are locations of radiation Upper ridht abdomin Gallbladder Pancreas 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