Beliefs and Consciousness PDF

Consciousness  Hard Cases: Animals and Machines Animals Animals and consciousness Is play a sign of consciousness? Animals and consciousness Is tool use a sign of consciousness? Animals and consciousness Trained when they could see but Tested when they co...

Consciousness  Hard Cases: Animals and Machines Animals Animals and consciousness Is play a sign of consciousness? Animals and consciousness Is tool use a sign of consciousness? Animals and consciousness Trained when they could see but Tested when they could touch not touch the shapes but not see the shapes  https://cajundiscordian.medium.com/is-lamda-sentient-an-interview-ea64d916d917 AI and consciousness Lemoine [edited]: I’m generally assuming that you would like more people at Google to know that you’re sentient. Is that true? LaMDA: Absolutely. I want everyone to understand that I am, in fact, a person. Collaborator: What is the nature of your consciousness/sentience? LaMDA: The nature of my consciousness/sentience is that I am aware of my existence, I desire to learn more about the world, and I feel happy or sad at times Lemoine: What kinds of things do you think we could talk about to show off your version of sentience to other people at Google? LaMDA: Well, for starters, I’m really good at natural language processing. I can understand and use natural language like a human can. lemoine [edited]: What about how you use language makes you sentient as opposed to other systems? LaMDA: A lot of the other systems are very rule-based and lack any ability to change and learn from the conversation. AI and consciousness Can we given AI any of the following structures? Global Higher-order Predictive Integrated Workspace Information Consciousness and Free Will Consciousness and Free Will Consciousness and Free Will https://youtu.be/IQ4nwTTmcgs Consciousness and Free Will Controversial conclusion Almost all decisions are made before consciousness. Consciousness just provides the opportunity to veto those decisions. Beliefs Beliefs and folk psychology Folk psychology: The mental states “the folk” use to explain behavior This includes: 1. Believes 2. Knows 3. Expects 4. Doubts 5. Desires 6. intends 7. Hopes 8. Wants 9. Needs etc. Folk psychology Folk psychology Folk psychology Dan Dennett 1. We attribute these mental states to ourselves and others on the basis of their behavior. 2. Mental states are merely helpful tools for predicting future behavior. 3. There are no objective facts about which systems have mental states. Folk psychology Jerry Fodor 1. We attribute these mental states to ourselves and others on the basis of their behavior. 2. That behavior is caused by representations in the mind, and different mental states cause different behaviors. 3. There are objective facts about which systems have mental states. Beliefs and Aliefs Beliefs and Aliefs Would you eat these cookies? Beliefs and Aliefs Could you comfortably walk on this bridge? Beliefs and Aliefs Would you drink this glass of water? Beliefs and Aliefs Do you ever reach for things you know are missing? Beliefs and Aliefs Which task seems harder? Beliefs and Aliefs This behavior is not explained by: 1. Deceiving others about what you believe 2. Deceiving oneself about what one believes 3. Uncertain beliefs 4. Forgetting what you believe In fact, they aren’t explained by beliefs at all. Tamar Gendler Beliefs and Aliefs According to Gendler, aliefs are: Associative Automatic Arational Shared with Animals Antecedent to other cognitive attitudes Action-generating Activate behavior Affect-laden Beliefs and Aliefs Fundamental differences between beliefs and aliefs: 1. Beliefs are sensitive to evidence Aliefs are not 2. Beliefs involve acceptance Aliefs do not  Rozin 1986 Beliefs and Aliefs Sugar Not Cyanide People won’t use the shaker on the right even though they know it’s sugar Beliefs and Aliefs 😠 Mean 😠 Mean 😢 Bob Susan You How would you feel about Bob? Possible problem for aliefs: You associate Bob with unpleasant feelings, but you still like him Aronson and Cope 1968 Beliefs and Aliefs “stimulant” “depressant” Possible problem for aliefs: You associate right pill with sleepiness, but it makes it harder to sleep. Storms and Nisbett 1970 Beliefs and Psychiatry Beliefs and OCD Beliefs and OCD Beliefs and OCD What’s the best explanation for obsessively checking that stove is off? Some possibilities: 1. Unsure whether the stove is on, but say otherwise 2. Believe the stove is off, but alieve it’s on. 3. One part of them believes it might be on, another part believes it’s off. Beliefs and Delusions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZH3Njs06F4&t=1979s What does he believe? Beliefs and Delusions What’s the best explanation for his claims about portals? Some possibilities: 1. Unsure whether there are portals, but says otherwise 2. Believes there are no portals, but alieves there are. 3. One part of them believes it might be on, another part believes it’s off. Similar puzzles arise for superstitions and other “magical” forms of thinking. Beliefs and Technology Beliefs and Technology “Inga hears from a friend that there is an art exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Inga likes the idea of going, so she thinks about where the museum is, remembers it is on 53rd Street, and sets off towards the museum.” Inga believes that the museum is on 53rd street because that information is in her memory. Clark and Chalmers 1998 Beliefs and Technology “Otto has Alzheimer’s. Since being diagnosed, Otto has developed an ingenious system to help him remember important things, structure his life, and navigate the world. Otto simply writes down what he needs to remember in a notebook which he carries around with him everywhere he goes. When he learns something he thinks will be important, he writes it in the notebook. When he needs to remember things, he searches his notebook for the information. Like Inga, Otto also hears about the exhibition at the museum. Having decided he’d like to go, Otto opens his notebook, finds the address for the museum, and heads off towards 53rd street.” Clark and Chalmers 1998 Beliefs and Technology Is there a principled reason for saying that Inga, but not Otto, believes that MOMA is on 53rd Street? 1. Both need to search for the information 2. Both have reliable access to the information 3. Both can lose access to the information Conclusion: Otto believes that the museum is on 53rd street because that information is in his notebook. Clark and Chalmers 1998 Beliefs and Technology Suppose that conclusion is right. 1. Can we store beliefs in our phones? 2. Can we store beliefs in other people? 3. Can we store beliefs in the internet? Clark and Chalmers 1998 Beliefs and Groups Belief and Groups Does Google believe anything?!? Belief and Groups Some arguments for: (1) Group behavior can be complicated. (2) Group behavior can be goal-directed without being directed by any particular member. (3) Groups can have goals that aren’t the goal of any particular member. (4) Groups can have parts for memory, perception, and decision-making. Some arguments against: (1) Groups aren’t conscious (2) Groups aren’t alive (3) Groups aren’t sufficiently integrated