Biology Past Paper Questions PDF

### 1. Know the steps of the scientific method **Answer:** Observe, question, hypothesize, experiment, analyze, conclude. ### 2. Know what the smallest unit of matter is **Answer:** Atom. ### 3. Know what the smallest unit of life **Answer:** Cell. ### 4. Know how to determine the...

### 1. Know the steps of the scientific method **Answer:** Observe, question, hypothesize, experiment, analyze, conclude. ### 2. Know what the smallest unit of matter is **Answer:** Atom. ### 3. Know what the smallest unit of life **Answer:** Cell. ### 4. Know how to determine the number of covalent bonds and ionic bonds that can form for different elements **Answer:** Covalent bonds: Shared electrons. Ionic bonds: Transferred electrons. ### 5. Know the subatomic particles that make up the atom and their charges **Answer:** Protons (+), neutrons (neutral), electrons (-). ### 6. Know what the process of polymerization is **Answer:** Joining monomers to form polymers. ### 7. Know what the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates and their main functions Monomers—monosaccharides - **produce and store energy**; polymer - polysaccharides - **structural support to cells and tissue**; ### 8. Know what the monomers and polymers of proteins are and their main functions **Answer:** Monomers—amino acids - **Break down food.** **Grow and repair body** polymers—protein - **help make up proteins by bonding numerous amino acids together** ### 9. Know what special subgroup of proteins are responsible for doing chemistry of living things **Answer:** Enzymes. ### 10. Know what the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids are and their main functions **Answer:** Monomers—nucleotides; polymers—DNA/RNA; function—store genetic info. ### 11. Know the main classes of lipids **Answer:** Fats, oils, waxes, steroids. ### 12. Know what the phospholipid is used for and what makes it a unique molecule **Answer:** Cell membrane; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail. ### 13. Know what the functioning part of an enzyme is called **Answer:** Active site. ### 14. Know what enzymes work on **Answer:** Substrates. ### 15. Know what the main parts of the cell theory are **Answer:** All living things made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells arise from pre-existing cells. ### 16. Know what the cell membrane is made out of **Answer:** Phospholipid bilayer. ### 17. Know what the fluid inside the cell is called **Answer:** Cytoplasm. ### 18. Know what the genetic structures in the cell are called and what organelle they are found in **Answer:** DNA, found in the nucleus. ### 19. Know what ribosomes do **Answer:** Make proteins. ### 20. Know what the role of the Smooth ER is **Answer:** Lipid synthesis, detoxification. ### 21. Know what the role of the Rough ER is **Answer:** Protein synthesis. ### 22. Know what the mitochondria does **Answer:** Powerhouse, ATP production. ### 23. Know what the chloroplast does **Answer:** Photosynthesis. ### 24. Know what the Golgi bodies do **Answer:** Package and transport proteins. ### 25. Know what the lysosome does **Answer:** Breaks down waste. ### 26. Know what the nucleolus does **Answer:** Makes ribosomes. ### 27. Know what a vacuole is used for **Answer:** Storage. ### 28. Know what the flagellum does **Answer:** Movement. ### 29. Know what the cytoskeleton does **Answer:** Structure, movement. ### 30. Know the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes **Answer:** Pro—no nucleus, small; Eu—nucleus, complex. ### 31. Know the differences between animal and plant cells **Answer:** Plant—cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole. ### 32. Know what passive transport is **Answer:** No energy, down gradient. ### 33. Know what osmosis is **Answer:** Water diffusion. ### 34. Know what active transport is **Answer:** Energy needed, against gradient. ### 35. Know what hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic mean **Answer:** Hypertonic—water out; hypotonic—water in; isotonic—balanced. ### 36. Know what an autotroph (producer) is **Answer:** Makes own food. ### 37. Know what a heterotroph (consumer) is **Answer:** Consumes others for food. ### 38. Know the main purpose of photosynthesis is **Answer:** Converts light to glucose. ### 39. Know what organelle photosynthesis occurs in **Answer:** Chloroplast. ### 40. Know what pigment is used in the chloroplast to capture light **Answer:** Chlorophyll. ### 41. Know what chemosynthesis is and how it is similar to photosynthesis **Answer:** Energy from chemicals, not light. ### 42. Know what the 2 main steps of Photosynthesis are **Answer:** Light-dependent, Calvin cycle. ### 43. Know what NADPH is used for **Answer:** Carries energy. ### 44. Know which organelle cellular respiration occurs in **Answer:** Mitochondria. ### 45. Know what the three steps are of Cellular Respiration **Answer:** Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC. ### 46. Know what the main purpose is of Glycolysis **Answer:** Breaks glucose into pyruvate. ### 47. Know what the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle is **Answer:** Produces energy carriers (NADH, FADH2). ### 48. Know what NADH is used for **Answer:** Carries electrons. ### 49. Know what the main purpose of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is **Answer:** Produces most ATP. ### 50. Know what type of fermentation process plant cells use **Answer:** Alcoholic. ### 51. Know what type of fermentation process animal cells use **Answer:** Lactic acid. ### 52. Know the chemical equation for photosynthesis **Answer:** 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. ### 53. Know the chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration **Answer:** C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP. ### 54. Know the stages of the Cell Cycle and what happens during each (Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis) **Answer:** Interphase (growth/DNA replication), Mitosis (nuclear division), Cytokinesis (cell splits). ### 55. Know the stages of Mitosis and what happens during each (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) **Answer:** Prophase (chromosomes condense), Metaphase (align in middle), Anaphase (pull apart), Telophase (nuclear envelope reforms).