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g]kfn kl/ro k|sfzs ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu k':ts M g]kfn kl/ro k|sfzs...

g]kfn kl/ro k|sfzs ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu k':ts M g]kfn kl/ro k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/ ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu ;~rf/u|fd, ltnuª\uf, sf7df8f}“, g]kfn. kmf]g g+= %(!(*(@, %(!(*() j]a M www.doib.gov.np k"0f{ kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f M @)^( j}zfv bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)&) j}zfv t];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)&@ j}zfv rf}yf] ;+:s/0f M @)&# j}zfv kf“rf} ;+:s/0f M @)&$ j}zfv kl/dflh{t 5}6f}“ ;+:s/0f M @)&% j}zfv kl/dflh{t ;ftf}“ ;+:s/0f M @)&^ c;f/ kl/dflh{t cf7f}“ ;+:s/0f M @)&& c;f/ kl/dflh{t gjf}“ ;+:s/0f M @)&* c;f/ kl/dflh{t b;f}“ ;+:s/0f M @)&( c;f/ kl/dflh{t P3f/f}“ ;+:s/0f M @)*) c;f/ ;jf{lwsf/© M ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu n]cfp6 l8hfOg M vu]Gb| sfsL{÷;'jf; /fO{ cfj/0f M k|jL0f >]i7 ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu d'b|s M u0f]z 6]«8 ln+s, afuahf/ N  /fli6«o ufg ;of}+ y'“uf km"nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf d]rL–dxfsfnL. k|s[ltsf sf]6Lsf]6L ;Dkbfsf] cf“rn jL/x¿sf /utn] :jtGq / c6n 1fge"ld zflGte"ld t/fO{ kxf8 lxdfn cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn ax'n hflt efiff wd{ ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn cu|ufdL /fi6« xfd|f] ho ho g]kfn.  kl/dflh{t P3f/f}“ ;+:s/0faf/] g]kfnsf] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;, ef}uf]lns, h}ljs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ eflifs ljljwtf, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs, / fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, sfg'gL Pj+ k/ / fi6« dfldnfnufotsf ljifox¿ ;d]6]/vf;u/L o'jfk':tfnfO{ d'n'ssf];du| kIfsf ;DaGwdf ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{p2]Zon]@)^( ;fnb]lv tTsfnLg ;"rgf ljefu -xfn ;"rgf tyf k|;f/ 0f ljefu_af6 g] kfn kl/ ro k': ts k|sfzg x'Fb}cfPsf]5. plNnlvt kIfx¿;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf]ljZj;gLotfsf nflu of] ;+:s/0fdf hfgsf/Lsf ;|f]tx¿nfO{ ;s];Dd ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5. o; k':tssf] kl/R5]b Psdf g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro, cjl:ylt, ljefhg, g]kfnsf]/fhgLlts ljefhg, ;+3, k|b]z /:yfgLo tx, g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t /;fwg, hg;+Vof, /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If0f, l;sf/cf/If0f, ;+/If0f If]q tyf hLjhGt'x¿sf af/]df ;d]l6Psf] 5. bf];|f] kl/R5]bdf g]kfnsf] ;ª\ lIfKt P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf, g]kfn gfds/0fsf cfwf/, g]kfn pkTosfsf] pTklQ, k|frLg g]kfn /ljleGg sfnv08 tyf /fhgLlts ljsf;qmdnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5. kl/R5]b tLgdf g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdsf af/]df n]lvPsf] 5 eg] kl/R5]b rf/df g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;dfj]z 5. To:t}, kl/R5]b kfFrdf g]kfnsf]cfly{s ljsf;, kl/R5]b ^ df g]kfnsf];fdflhs hLjg, hfltut ljljwtf, a;f]jf;, /xg;xg / e]ife"iffnufotsf ljifoj:t'b]lv ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf ;f+: s[lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿;d]t ;dfj]z  5g\. ;ftf}Fkl/R5]bdf g]kfnsf]efiff, ;flxTo /snfsf af/]df pNn]v 5 eg] kl/R5]b cf7df g]kfndf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, :jf:Yo, lzIff, v]ns'b, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/ ;;kmfO, oftfoft, pmhf{, l;FrfO, ;~rf//;"rgf k|ljlwnufotsf ljifo ;d]l6Psf 5g\. o; k':tssf] kl/R5]b gf}df g]kfndf cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tfsf] ljifonfO{ ;ª\lIfKtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5. bzf}F kl/R5]b g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf ljifodf 5. P3f/f}F kl/R5]bdf g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6n]dxTjk"0f{ :yfgx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5. o; ;+:s/0fsf]k':ts k|sfzg ug]{l;nl;nfdf /rgfTds ;'emfj k|bfg ug{'x'g] dfggLo ;~rf/tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdGqLHo", ;~rf/tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfnosf >Ldfg\ ;lrjHo"k|lt cfef/k|s6 ub{5'. k':ts tof/ug]{;Gbe{df ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xof]u ug{'x'g]lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, e"uf]n ljefusf k|fWofks 8f= s]bf/bfxfn, g] kfnL Oltxf;, ;+:s  [lt tyf k'/ftTj s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|fWofks 8f= dbg l/dfn, efiff ;Dkfbgdf pkk|fWofks 8f= rGb|dfg >]i7 / ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u ug{'x'g];"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefusf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5'  . wGojfb Û z+s/ g]kfn dxflgb]{zs ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu  kl/R5]b M Ps g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro !=! ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt ! !=@ ef}uf]lns ljefhg @ !=@=! w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg @ !=@=@ gbLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg !# !=@=# xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg !# !=# g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ljefhg -;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ !% !=#=! ;ª\3 !^ !=#=@ k|b]z !% !=#=# g]kfnsf :yfgLo tx !* !=$ g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ $% !=$=! e"ld $% !=$=@ g]kfndf e"ld;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf / e"pkof]u $* !=$=# jg %! !=$=$ vlgh %# !=$=% hn;|f]t %% !=$=^ tfn, s'08 / kf]v/Lx¿ %^ !=% g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof ^@ !=^ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, l;sf/ cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q tyf g]kfndf ;+/lIft hLjhGt'x¿ ^* kl/R5]b M b'O{ g]kfnsf] ;ª\lIfKt P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf @=! g]kfn Ps k|frLg d'n'ssf] ¿kdf &( @=@ g]kfn gfds/0fsf] cfwf/ *) @=@=!= efiffut cfwf/ *) @=@=@ hfltut cfwf/ *! @=# g]kfn pkTosfsf] pTklQ *! @=$ k|frLg g]kfn *# @=$=! uf]kfnj+zL zf;sx¿ *$ @=$=@ dlxifkfnj+zL /fhfx¿ *$  @=$=# ls/ftj+zL /fhfx¿ *$ @=$=$ lnR5lj sfn *% @=$=% k"j{dWo sfn *( @=$=^ l;d|f}gu9sf] s0ff{6s /fHo () @=$=& s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] v; dNn /fHo (! @=$=* slknj:t'sf] zfSo zfl;t /fHo (@ @=% dWosfn (# @=%=! dNn j+zsf] kl/ro (# @=%=@ dNnx¿sf] g]kfn cfudg ($ @=%=# dNn /fHosf] ljefhg ($ @=^ cfw'lgs sfn (^ @=^=! zfx j+zsf] kl/ro (& @=^=@ uf]/vf /fHosf] :yfkgf (* @=^=# k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg (( @=& /f0ffzf;g sfn !)@ @=* /f0ffsfnkl5sf] /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd !)# @=*=! @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf] 36gfqmd !)$ @=*=@ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv @)#& ;fn;Ddsf b'O{ bzs !)^ @=*=# hgdt;ª\u|xb]lv hgcfGbf]ng;Dd !)* @=*=$ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / To;kl5sf] /fhgLlt !)* kl/R5]b M tLg g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd #=! g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd !@# #=!=! g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ !@# #=!=@ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& !@# #=!=# g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% !@$ #=!=$ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( !@$ #=!=% g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& !@$ #=!=^ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# !@^ #=!=& g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg !@& #=!=&=!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfx¿ !@* #=!=&=@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt df}lns  xs / st{Jo !@( #=!=&=# ;ª\3Lo zf;sLo :j¿k !#! kl/R5]b M rf/ g]kfnsf];fj{hlgs k|zf;g !#( $=! k|frLg sfn -lj=;+= !*@% cufl8_ !$) $=@ dWosfn -lj=;+= !*@%–@))&_ !$@ $=# cfw'lgs sfn -lj=;++= @))&–@)^#_ !$$ $=$ pQ/cfw'lgs sfn -lj=;+= @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd_ !$^ $=% g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf !$* kl/R5]b M kf“r g]kfnsf]cfly{s ljsf; !$( %=! g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; !%) %=!=! k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!#–@)!*_ !%) %=!=@ bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)!(–@)@@_ !%! %=!=# t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@@–@)@&_ !%! %=!=$ rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@&–@)#@_ !%@ %=!=% kfrf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#@–@)#&_ !%@ %=!=^ 5}6f“} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_ !%# %=!=& ;ftf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$@–@)$&_ !%# %=!=* cf7F}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ !%$ %=!=( gjf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_ !%% %=!=!) b;f}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_ !%^ %=!=!! P3f/f}“ lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ !%& %=!=!@ afx|f}“ lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ !%* %=!=!# t]/f}“ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_ !%( %=!=!$ rf}wf}“ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ !^) %=!=!% bL3{sfnLg ;f]r @!)) !^@ %=!=!^ kGw|f}“ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_ !^% %=@ cfly{s ljsf;sf kIfx¿ !&# %=@=! s[lif !&# %=@=@ pBf]u !&%  %=@=# Jofkf/ !&& %=@=$ ko{6g !&* %=@=% j}b]lzs /f]huf/ !*! %=#= cf=j= @)*)÷*! sf] ah]6 !*@ kl/R5]b M 5 g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs hLjg tyf ;+:s[lt ^=! g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs hLjg !*% ^=!=! hfltut ljljwtf !*^ ^=!=@ g]kfnsf ;"rLs[t cflbjf;L hghfltx¿ !(! ^=!=# a;f]jf;, /xg;xg / e]ife"iff !(@ ^=!=$ g]kfnsf ljleGg hft hfltx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro !($ ^=!=% g]kfnsf ljleGg hfthflt, ju{, ;d'bfo / ltgLx¿sf] pTyfgsf nflu /fHon] u/]sf Joj:yfx¿ !(( ^=!=^ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf @)) ^=@ g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts hLjg @)! ^=@=! g]kfndf dgfOg] k|d'v hfqf Pjd\ rf8kj{ @)@ ^=@=@ g]kfnsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljj/0f @!^ ^=@=# ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf ;f+:s[lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ @!^ ^=@=#=! ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf] ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbf @!& ^=@=#=@ ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ @!( ^=@=#=# ;Defljt ljZj ;Dkbf :ynx¿ @@) ^=@=$ /fli6«o ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg gLlt @@% kl/R5]b M ;ft g]kfnsf] efiff, ;flxTo / snf &=! efiff @#& &=!=! g]kfndf af]lng] d'Vo efiffx¿ @@* &=!=@ g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ @#) &=!=# efiff kl/jf/ @#@ &=!=$ s]xL efiffeflifsf lnlkx¿ @#% &=@ ;flxTo @#* &=@=! g]kfnsf k|d'v ;flxTos k'/:sf/x¿ @%( &=# rnlrq @^$ &=$ snf @%% &=$=! g]kfnL jf:t'snf / ltgsf ljz]iftf @%% &=$=@ g]kfnL lrqsnf / ltgsf ljz]iftf @%& &=$=# g]kfnL d"lt{snf / ltgsf ljz]iftf @^! &=$=$ g]kfnL sfi7snf / ltgsf ljif]ztfx¿ @^& &=$=% g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL uLt, ;ª\uLt / g[To snf @^( kl/R5]b M cf7 g]kfndf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; *=! lzIff @&! *=@ :jf:Yo @&# *=# v]ns'b @&% *=#=! g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'b @&% *=#=@ g]kfnsf 7'nf 3/]n' v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx¿ @&* *=#=# g]kfnsf] v]n ;ª\u|xfno @&* *=#=$ cGt/f{li6«o v]ns'bdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf @&( *=#=% cf]nlDks v]ndf g]kfn @&( *=#=^ blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf g]kfn @&( *=$ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO @*! *=% oftfoft @*@ *=%=! ;8s oftfoft @*@ *=%=@ xjfO{ oftfoft @*& *=%=# /]n oftfoft @*( *=^ phf{ @*( *=& l;“rfO @(( *=* ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw #)) *=( jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g #)$ *=!) lbuf] ljsf; #)%  kl/R5]b M gf} g]kfndf cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tf (=! cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tf #)& (=!=! 5fkf dfWod #)* (=!=@ 6]lnlehg #!! (=!=# /]l8of] k|;f/0f #!! (=!=$ cgnfOg ldl8of #!@ (=@= /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt #!# (=# ;~rf/;“u ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ #!$ kl/R5]b M bz g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw !)=! g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / o;sf d"n cfwf/x¿ #!( !)=@ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw M P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg ##! !)=# ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 / g]kfn ##) !)=$ ;fs{ / g]kfn ##@ !)=% g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ##% !)=^ g]kfn / rLg–ltAat ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ##( kl/R5]b M P3f/ g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgx¿ #$#  kl/R5]b M Ps g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro !=! ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofdf cjl:yt e"kl/jl] i7t d'ns ' xf] . g]kfn @^ l8u|L @@ ldg]6b]lv #) l8u|L @& ldg]6 pQ/L cIff+z / *) l8u|L $ ldg]6b]lv ** l8u|L !@ ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5. g]kfnn] ljZjsf] s'n e"efusf] )=)# k|ltzt, Pl;of dxfb]zsf] )=# k|ltzt / blIf0f Pl;ofsf] @=*@ k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5. g]kfn Pl;ofsf b'O{ ljzfn d'ns ' ef/t / rLgsf] lardf kb{5. of] ;d'b÷| aª\ufnsf] vf8Lb]lv sl/a !!@& ls=ld= 6f9f 5. g]kfnsf] If]qkmn !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=ld= cyf{t\ %^,*@& ju{dfOn 5. g]kfnsf] k"j–{ klZrd nDafO **% ls=ld= / pQ/–blIf0f rf}8fO ;/b/ !(# ls=ld= 5. o;sf] blIf0fdf ef/tsf] laxf/ / pQ/ k|bz ] /fHo, klZrddf ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 /fHo, k"jd{ f klZrd aª\ufn, l;lSsd /fHo / pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat kb{5. g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do bf]nvf lhNnfdf kg]{ uf}/Lzª\s/ lxdfnnfO{ sf6]/ uPsf] *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5. g]kfnsf] ;do lu|gljr dfgs ;doeGbf % 306f $% ldg]6 l56f] 5. of] ;do lj=;+= @)$@ ;fn j}zfv ! ut]bl] v nfu" ul/Psf] xf] . ljZjsf *,))) ld6/eGbf cUnf !$ r'r/' fdWo] g]kfndf cf7cf]6f kb{5g\. ^,))) ld6/ / ;f]eGbf cUnf r'r/' f !,#)) eGbf a9L 5g\. d':tfª Onfsfdf dfq o:tf nueu #)! r'r/' fx¿ /xs ] f 5g\. g]kfndf lxdfnosf ;fy;fy} sf];L, u08sL, s0ff{nLh:tf 7'nf gbLx¿ / /f/f, km]jf, uf];fOFs0' 8h:tf ;'Gb/ tfnx¿ 5g\. e":j¿ksf] ljljwtfsf ;fy} hnjfo' / df};dsf] cTolws ljleGgtfn] ubf{ pi0f (Tropical), cwf]i{ 0f (Mesothermal), ;"Id tfkLo (Micro thermal), 6fOuf / 6'G8«f k|sf/sf hnjfo' g]kfndf kfOG5g\. g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ef}lts :j¿kdf prfOut ljljwtfn] ef}uf]lns ljleGgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/s ] f] 5. ljZj dfglrqdf g]kfn ;u/dfyfsf] b]z, uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLsf] b]z / ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] emG8f ePsf] b]zsf] ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5. g]kfn kl/ro÷1 !=@ ef}uf]lns ljefhg !=@=! w/ftnLo :j¿ksf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg ljleGg cfwf/df ljleGg lsl;dn] ul/Psf] kfOG5. w/ftnsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] e"efunfO{ pQ/b]lv blIf0f;Dd qmdzM ltg a[xt\ k|b]zdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ lxdfnL k|b]z ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf pRr kj{t, tLj| 9fn, pRrtd r'r'/fx¿, ulx/f 3fF6L / vf]Frsf 9f8f le/o'Qm e"–:j¿k ePsf] tyf lg;, ;]n, :n]6, u|f]gfO6, Sjf/hfO6, r"g cflb r§fgaf6 lgld{t lxdfnL If]qn] g]kfnsf] !% k|ltzt e"efu ;d]6]sf] 5. sl/a @% b]lv %) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/–blIf0f rf}8fOleq km}lnPsf] lxdfnL k|b]z ;d'b| ;txb]lv sl/a #,))) ld6/dflysf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5. lxdfno g]kfnsf] pQ/kl§ dfq geO{ pQ/L g]kfn ;/xbaf6 blIf0flt/ lxdfnL z[ª\vnf b]lvg] g]kfnsf w]/} e"efu 5g\. h:t} M cGgk"0f{ / uª\ufk"0f{ lxdfnsf] pQ/kl§ dgfª, d':tfª cflb g]kfnsf If]q k5{g\. wjnflul/ r'/]g lxdfnosf] pQ/df d':tfª tyf 8f]Nkfsf e"efu k5{g\. tL If]qaf6 lxdfno blIf0flt/ b]lvG5. ljZjsf pRrtd / dgf]/d lxdfnL 6fs'/fx¿ g]kfnsf] lxdfno v08df 5g\. s~rghª\3f, hgs, pDas, dxfnª\u'/, /f]Njflnª, k'd/L, h'un, nfª6fª, u0f]z, ;]/fª, s'6fª, dgl;/L, k]/L, n'u'nf, bfdf]b/, gLnlul/, cGgk"0f{, wjnflul/, d':tfª, uf}td, kfnr'ª xduf, sflGh/f]jf, sflGt, uf]/vf, rfª\unf, r08L, gfnfsª\s/, u'/fF; k"j{b]lv qmdzM klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf k|l;4 @* lxdz[ª\vnf x'g\. oL z[ª\vnf clwstd ef]6 2÷g]kfn kl/ro  df5fk'R5«] lxdfn, u08sL -ltAat_sf ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf /x]sf 5g\. lxdfnL k|b]z gbLgfnfx¿sf sf/0f s}og\ 7fpFdf ljz[ª\vlnt ePsf]5. lxdfnL If]qsf] cfly{s ultljlw ;Lldt 5. pAhgL Go"g x'g] x'Fbf s[lif guGo eP klg ofs, e]8f, Rofª\u|f, 3f]8f cflb kz'kfng / h8La'6Ldf of] If]q ;DkGg 5. pmgsf un}Frf, /f8L, kfvL a'Gg] 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ /x]sf] kfOG5. ko{6g pBf]u, h8La'6L / kof{j/0f ;Dkbf oxfFsf dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g\. of] If]q cNkfOg / cfs{l6s hnjfo' If]qcGtu{t k5{. ;u/dfyfnfO{ lj=;+= !(() -!(## O=;+=_ df Michale Karga n] Third Pole sf]pkdf lbPsf lyP. prfO / kj{tsf] cjl:yltcg';f/ hnjfo' km/s k5{. ;f]n'v'Da'sf] $,$)) ld6/ prfODff /x]sf] r'ªs'ª ufpFdf cfn' kmN5. @,*)) ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] d':tfªsf] hf]d;f]ddf b'O{ ;o ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'G5. o:tf pRr lxdfnsf v]tLof]Uo hldg ;f]n'v'Da', dgfª, d':tfª / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf kfOG5. wjnflu/L lxdfn, u08sL g]kfn kl/ro÷3 sl/a %,))) ld6/dfly ^ b]lv !@ dlxgf;Dd lxpF /xG5. nueu $,))) ld6/dflysf e"efudf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] jiff{ofddf klg t';f/fkft x'G5. $,)))– %,))) ld6/;Dd xf]rf] emfª emf8L -h8La'6L_ kfOG5. d':tfª / 8f]Nkfdf k|fs[lts jg:klt ljz]if sf/0fn] @,*)) ld6/ prfO;Dd klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5. sl/a !@ k|ltzt pRr lxdfnL If]q dg;'gL r/gsf nflu pko'Qm 5. c¿ e"efu 7f8f] le/, 9'ª\u] / 7G8f x'Fbf r/gsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g. 3fF; k'gM knfpg ;do nfUg] ePsfn] clws r/gaf6 hf]ufpg r/g Joj:yfkg oxfFsf] d"n cfjZostf xf] . df6f] / hnjfo'sf b[li6n] Ps k|ltzteGbf sd hldg dfq} v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5. oftfoftsf] cfjZos Joj:yf cem;Dd klg x'g g;s]sf sf/0f pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug{ sl7gfO x'g] u/]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] nueu !(=& k|ltzt -@,*((,%)) x]S6/_ cf]u6\g] pRr kj{tsf] blIf0fdf dWokj{t / pQ/df pRr lxdfn k5{. o; If]qsf ;a}h;f] d'Vo pkTosf lxdfgLu|:t (Glaciated) 5g\. gbLn] lkFw s6fg a9L u/]sf] kmn:j¿k gbL 9nfg (Gradient) n] uN5]8f / uN5L (Canyons) ag]sf 5g\. 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkf] / pkTosfsf] km]b;Dd @,))) ld6/eGbf a9L prfOsf] leGgtf 5. o;}n] oxfFsf] Pp6} 9nf]df pi0f, pkf]i0f / Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f Pjd\ lr;f] zLtf]i0f af]6la?jf kfOG5g\. of] If]qsf] %) k|ltzt efu s'g} klg v]tLsf nflu sfd nfUb}g. afFsL %) k|ltzt e"efudWo] #$ k|ltzt e"efudf v]tLsf nflu ckof{Kt kftnf] df6f] 5 eg] !^ k|ltzt e"efun] dfq v]tL wfg]sf] 5. o:tf] @,)),))) x]S6/ hldgdf klg $) k|ltztdf dfq /fd|/L v]tL ug]{ ul/G5. lxdfnL If]qdf tfKn]h'ª, ;ª\v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', bf]nvf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, d'u', x'Dnf, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, afh'/f, aemfª, bfr'{nf wflbª, /fd]5fk, uf]/vf, ?s'd -k"j{_ / DofUbL u/L @! lhNnf kb{5g\. lj=;+= @)&* sf]hgu0fgf cg';f/^=)* k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]jf;  ub{5g\. lxdfnL k|b]znfO{ ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0fn] lgDglnlvt ltg pkIf]qdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M tflnsf g+= !=! lxdz[ª\vnf / k|d'v lxd6fs'/fx¿ qm=;+= lxdz[ª\vnf k|d'v 6fs'/f prfO -ld=_ s~rghª\3f 8586 1 s~rghª\3f s'Des0f{ 7710 ls/ftr'nL 7365 4÷g]kfn kl/ro  hf]ª;fª 7483 2 hgs hgs 7035 ;u/dfyf 8848.86 nf]K;] 8516 3 dxfnª\u'/ dsfn' 8463 rf]cf]o 8201 g'K;] 7855 4 /f]njflnª uf}/Lzª\s/ 7134 5 h'un h'un 7050 nfª\6fª ln?ª 7234 6 nfª6fª nfª\6fª /L 7205.5 7 u0f]z u0f]z 7429.3 8 ;]/fª -z[ËL_ rfd/ 7187 dgf:n' 8163 9 dgl;/L lxdfnr'nL 7893 lxdn'ª 7126 10 k]/L /Tgfr'nL 7035 11 gLnlul/ gLnlul/ pQ/L 7061 cGgk"0f{ k|yd 8091 12 cGgk"0f{ u+ufk"0f{ 7455 ltlnrf] 7134 wjnflul/ 8167 13 wjnflul/ r'/]/ -k"jL{_ 7371 clk 7132 14 u'/fF; ;}kfn 7031 ;|f]t M g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns e"uf]n, /fds'df/ kf08], ljBfk':ts e08f/, @)$$ d'Vo lxdfnL If]q lxdfnocGtu{tsf pRrtd r'nLx¿s]lGb|t d'Vo lxdfnodf *,))) ld6/eGbf cUnf r'nLx¿ k5{g\. t6jtL{ lxdfnosf] blIf0f /x]sf a[xQ/ lxdfnL z[ª\vnfdf ^,))) ld6/eGbf cUnf !,#!! r'r'/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\. g]kfn kl/ro÷5 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf / t];|f] pRr lxdlzv/ s~rghª\3fsf cltl/Qm Nxf]T;], dsfn', rf]–cf]o', wjnflul/, dgf:n', cGgk"0f{;d]t ljZjsf b'O{ bh{g r'nLdWo] g]kfndf sl/a 8]9 bh{g r'r'/f /x]sf 5g\. s~rghª\3f, v'Da', dxfnª\u'/, /f]Njflnª, u0f]z, uf]/vf, cGgk"0f{, wjnflul/, sfl~h/f]jf, clk / ;}kfn lxdz[ª\vnfcGtu{t ljZjsf !) ;jf]{Rr lzv/x¿dWo] cf7cf]6f lxdlzv/ kb{5g\. leqL lxdfnL If]q d'Vo lxdfnoaf6 pQ/ / ltAat t6jtL{ If]qaf6 blIf0flt/ of] If]q /xs ] f] 5. gbLlgld{t pkTosfx¿ pRr lxdfnL If]qdf lgs} /xs ] f 5g\. oxfF k'/fª\u, x'Dnf, d'u,' nfªu', a'9L vf]6fª, s]?ª, Gofgd, /fª] u\ ;f/, v'Da', sdf{ cflb lxdj]li7t pkTosfx¿ 5g\. pQ/df cUnf lxdfno / blIf0fdf xf]rf kj{tsf lardf /xs ] f oL pkTosf @,$))–%,))) ld6/;Ddsf prfOdf /xs ] f 5g\. st}st} ulx/f] vf]r F / a]; F L /xs ] f 5g\. x'Dnf, h'Dnf, d'u,' 8f]Nkf, d':tfª / dgfª j[li65fofdf kg]{ x'bF f jiff{ Hofb} sd x'G5. o; e]udf z'is hnjfo' kfOG5. of] kj{tLo If]qdf lr;f] zLtf]i0f sf]0fwf/L jg x'g] x'Fbf 8fn]3fF; k|foM kfOFb}g. oxfFsf afl;Gbf vfBfGg, n'uf / cGo ;fdfgsf] 9'jfgL vRr/, 3f]8f, rf}F/L cflb hgfj/af6 ug]{ ub{5g\. hf}, ux'F, sf]bf] / cfn' #,))) ld6/ prfO;Dd kmN5. lxpFbdf 7G8f x'g] x'Fbf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]jf; of] If]qdf lgs} kftnf] 5. lxpFbsf] lr;f] 5Ngsf nflu a]F;L emg]{ tyf cGo df};dL k|s[ltsf] a;fOF;/fO -Seasonal Migration_ a9L x'G5. ;LdfGt lxdfnL If]q of] cGt/lxdfnL z[ª\vnf ltAatsf] ;dfgfGt/ lsgf/L If]q sl/a !#) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5. ;/b/ ^,))) ld6/ prfOb]lv sl/a &,))) ld6/;Dd /x]sf] ltAatL k7f/sf] ;d:ynL If]q uª\uf / ;fª\u kf] -a|Xdk'q_ sf] kfgL9nf] If]qsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5. pRr lxdz[ª\vnf l5rf]nL cfPsfn] of] If]qsf gbL -sfnLu08sL, c?0f cflb_ lxdfnoeGbf klg k'/fgf dflgG5g\. dgfª, d':tfªdf 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tL 5g\ / ef]6 lg:sg] e~Hofªx¿ lgs} k5{g\. l6ktfnf -tfKn]h'ª_, kf]k6L÷xl/of3fF6L -;+/tjf;of_, gfªkf -;f]n'v'Da'_, k"jL{ 5\of5', /;'jfu9L, Uofnf -uf]vf{  _, d':tfª 3fF6L, n'u'jf -dgfª_, gfDhfnf -d'u'_, of/L -x'Dnf_, l6+s/-bfr'{nf_ dxTjk"0f{ e~Hofªx¿ x'g\. j[li65fofdf kg]{ ePsfn] of] If]q d"ntM lxdfnL d?e"ldsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5. o;nfO{ 6]ly; lxdfn klg elgG5. 6÷g]kfn kl/ro  tflnsf g+= !=@ g]kfnsf k|d'v lxdlzv/ / ltgsf] prfO qm= prfO lxdlzv/ lxdz[ª\vnf lhNnf÷k|b]z ;+= -ld6/_ ! ;u/dfyf *,*$*=*^ v'Da'÷ dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷sf];L @ s~rghª\3f *,%*^ s~rghª\3f tfKn]h'ª÷sf];L # Nxf]T;] *,%!^ v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷sf];L $ dsfn' *,$^# s'Des0f{ ;ª\v'jf;ef÷sf];L % rf] cf]o' *,@)! v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷sf];L ^ wjnflul/ *,!^& wjnflul/ DofUbL÷d':tfª÷u08sL & dgf:n' *,!^# u0f]z uf]/vf÷u08sL * cGgk"0f{ *,)(! cGgk"0f{ sf:sL÷u08sL ( g'K;] &,*%% v'Da' ;f]n'v'Da'÷sf];L !) zflGt lks &,%(! v'Da' ;f]n'v'Da'÷sf];L !! nfª6fª ln?ª &,@#$ nfª6fª /;'jf÷afudtL !@ u0f]z lxdfn &,!^# u0f]z uf]/vf, wflbª÷afudtL !# k'df]/L &,!^! v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷sf];L !$ uf}/Lzª\s/ &,!#$ /f]Njflnª bf]nvf÷afudtL !% ckL &,!#@ u'/fF; bfr'{nf÷;'b"/klZrd !^ df5fk'R5«] ^,((# cGgk"0f{ sf:sL÷u08sL !& ;}kfn &,)#! clk ;}kfn aemfª÷;'b"/klZrd !* sfl~h/f]jf ^,**# sfl~h/f]jf 8f]Nkf÷s0ff{nL !( cdfbAnd ^,*!@ v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷sf];L h'un @) ^,%#% h'un l;Gw'kfNrf]s÷afudtL -e}/j 6fs'/f_ @! e[s'6L ^,#^$ bfdf]b/ d':tfª÷u08sL @@ lxdr'nL &*(# dgl;/L uf]vf{÷nDh'ª\u g]kfn kl/ro÷7 -v_ kxf8L k|b]z pQ/df lxdfn / blIf0fdf t/fO{lar /x]sf] dWoefu k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd cUnf–xf]rf kxf8x¿, km/flsnf–;fF3'/f pkTosf, b"g, a]F;L tyf 6f/ / u/fo'Qm kfvfx¿n] 3gLe"t 5. blIf0fdf ;d'b| ;txb]lv sl/a #)) ld6/b]lv pQ/df #,))) ld6/;Ddsf e"efux¿ cf]u6]/ &% lsnf]ld6/b]lv !@% lsnf]ld6/;Dd rf}8f eO{ lj:tfl/t ePsf 5g\. ;a}eGbf a9L e"efu o; k|b]zn] cf]u6]sf] x'Fbf g]kfnnfO{ kxf8L d'n's klg elgG5. oxfF ljz]iftM lg;, :n]6, e]n / u|]gfO6 h:tf r§fgx¿ kfOG5g\. o; If]qdf Onfd, kfFry/, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ª\uf, sfe|]knf~rf]s, g'jfsf]6, tgx'F, ndh'ª, sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kj{t, kfNkf, u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, afun'ª, Ko'7fg, /f]Nkf, ?s'd -klZrd_, ;Nofg, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, c5fd, 8f]6L, 88]nw'/f / a}t8L u/L @* cf]6f lhNnf kb{5g\. lj=;+= @)&* sf]hgu0fgf cg';f/$)=# k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof kxf8L If]qdf a;f]jf;  ub{5g\. kxf8L k|b]znfO{ lgDg ltg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M r'/] kj{t >]0fL g]kfnsf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] lxdfno kj{tdfnfeGbf lgs} kl5 ljsl;t ePsf] ;d'b| ;txb]lv ^!) b]lv !*&@ ld6/sf] prfO;Dd ePsf] kj{tdfnfnfO{ r'/] kj{t elgG5. o;nfO{ ;fdfGotM r'l/of jf r'/] kj{t elgG5. afx\o lxdfno elgg] of] kj{t lzjflnssf] gfdn] ;d]t k|l;4 5. of] gjLgtd\ kj{t xf] . g]kfnsf] klZrddf cUnf] / k"j{df xf]rf] x'Fb} lanfPsf] r'/] dxfsfnLb]lv sf];L;Dd 5'§} >]0fL eP/ km}lnPsf] 5. sf];Lk"j{ y'DsLsf] ¿kdf df]/ª / emfkfsf] pQ/df d}gfr'nL, r'nfr'nL 5g\. r'/] kj{t >]0fLsf w]/} efu hª\unn] 9fs]sf] 5. bfª, b]pv'/L, /fKtL, lrtjg cflb pkTosf b"g cjf]Ggt (Synclinal) k|s[ltsf efu 5g\. oxfF pkf]i0f hnjfo' kfOG5. of] If]qn] !@=& k|ltzt -!,*&(,))) x]S6/_ 9fs]sf] 5. hnfwf/ If]qsf] prfO leGgtf &)) ld6/eGbf sd 5. oxfFsf] df6f] jiff{sf] kfgL yfDg ;Sg] vfnsf] 5}g. of] If]qdf x\jfQ af9L cfPh:tf] jiff{df vf]nfx¿ aU5g\. jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] r'/] kj{t >]0fL cToGt ;+j]bgzLn dflgPsf] 5. ;txL 9'ª\ufn] lzjflns If]qsf] kj{tLo e"efunfO{ lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5. of] z[ª\vnf sdhf]/ Pjd\ cl:y/ 5. sl/a (# k|ltzteGbf a9L e"efu Hofb} 7f8f] / cK7]/f] ePsfn] v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g. lzjflns If]qdf v]tL x'g ;Sg] hldg sl/a @$ k|ltzt -%,@(,^)) x]S6/_ 5. b"g pi0f If]q eP klg oxfFsf] df6f] t/fO{eGbf leGg 5. of] If]qdf kmnkm"n / t/sf/L sd} x'G5. o; 8÷g]kfn kl/ro If]qdf cltqmd0fn] jgljgfz, e"Ifo / k|fs[lts jftfj/0f vnalng k'u]sf] 5. lzjflns If]qsf] blIf0f Pp6f nfdf] k]6L k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] 5. of] If]q afn'jf, sª\s8, 9'ª\uf / v's'nf v;|f kbfy{n] ag]sf] 5. v's'nf] r§fgn] ag]sf] efa/df ;fnsf] jghª\un kfOG5. ulx/f] 3fF6Ldf gbLn] y'kf/]sf df6fsf] efun] ag]sf d}bfgx¿ uª\uf d}bfgs} c+zsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\. dxfef/t >]0fL k"j{–klZrd km}lnPsf] ;d'b| ;xtb]lv sl/a !@,))) lkm6;Dd prfOsf] of] kxf8L efu g]kfnsf] dxŒjk"0f{ efu xf] . of] efu ;]n, :ofG8:6f]g, nfOd:6f]g, dfa{n, :n]6h:tf r§fgo'Qm 5. 7'nf7'nf rf/ gbL s8f r§fg] kxf8 5]8]/ au]sf 5g\. s0ff{nLn] lr;fkfgLdf, sfnLu08sLn] b]j3f6df, lqz"nLn] h'u/Ldf / sf];Ln] rt/fdf 5]8f] agfPsf] 5. xf]rf] lxdfno (Lesser Himalaya) sf] gfdn] klg of] kj{t lrlgg] u5{. oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL /d0fLo / :j:Yos/ x'g] x'Fbf dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLnfO{ g]kfnsf] Hill-Station klg elgG5. ;}n'ª\u, 6\ofDs], h}ys, km"nrf]sL, lzjk'/L, l5Ds]Zj/L, bfdg, :ju{åf/L, ;flsg] 8fF8f, vf]Fr cflb oxfFsf k|d'v lzv/ x'g\. k"jL{ g]kfnsf t'ngfdf klZrdsf] efu a9L 7f8f] 5. dWoe"ld >]0fL dxfef/t kj{t >]0fL / lxdfno kj{t >]0fLx¿sf lardf /xs ] f 7'nf–7'nf 6f/, a]; + L / pkTosfx¿nfO{ dWoe"dL elgG5. o;cGtu{t sf7df8fF,} kf]v/f, lqz'nL, kfFrvfn, df8L h:tf pkTosfx¿ kb{5g\. g]kfnsf rd]lnof -;'b/" klZrd_, lqz"nL -dWo_, ;'gsf];L / c?0f tyf tdf]/ gbLåf/f lgld{t 7'nf pkTosf Pjd\ ;dy/ / pj{/If]q dWoe"ldcGtu{t k5{g\. oxfF t'lDnª6f/ -;ª\vj' f;ef_, ?Dhf6f/ -cf]vn9'ªu\ f_, a]N6f/ -pbok'/_ dª\un6f/ -sfe|k] nf~rf]s_, v'dn6f/ -nlntk'/_, a§f/ -g'jfsf]6_, ;Nofg6f/ -wflbª_, v}/g] L6f/ -tgx'_F , rf}/hxf/L6f/ -?s'd_ h/fof]6f/ -ef]hk'/_, v/fgL6f/ -g'jfsf]6_ / kfn'ª6f/ -uf]vf{_ h:tf 6f/ klg 5g\. dWokj{tLo If]qn] g]kfnsf] @(=% k|ltzt -$,#%),#)) x]S6/_ hldg 9fs]sf] 5. oxfFsf] hnjfo' jif}{le/ s[lifsf nflu pko'Qm 5. tfkqmd g a9L g 36L dWod k|sf/sf] 5. hg;ª\of j[l4n] ubf{ e"lddfly a9L rfk k/]sf] 5. oxfF *& k|ltzt v]tLof]Uo e"ld kj{tLo kfvfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\. dWokxf8L e"ldsf] u/fv]tL k|ljlw g} :yflkt k|ljlw xf] . s[lif, jg / jfuafgLaf6 o;nfO{ ;3fp x'g]u/]sf] 5. dWokxf8df lk|SoflDa|og (Precambraian), kmfOnfO6;\ (Phyllites), Sjf6{hfO6;\ (Quartzites), ce|v, lzi6 / u|g ] fO6 (Granite) h:tf ljljw r§fg kfOG5g\. dWokxf8sf] blIf0f lsgf/fdf k|foM dxfef/t n]sh:tf p7]sf (Uplifted) kj{t g]kfn kl/ro÷9 5g\. of] efu Ct'Ifo ePsf u|g] fO6, r'g9'ªu\ f, 8f]nf]dfO6, ;]n, :ofG8:6f]g, :n6] / Sjf6{hfO6n] ag]sf] 5. lzjflns h:tf] e"Ifosf] k|efj 5}g. o; If]qsf s8f r§fg e"kfiff0f ePsf efu 7f8f] le/ -#% l8u|L 9nf]eGbf a9L_ / kftnf] df6fn] 9fs]sf] x'gfn] v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g. kxf8L k|b]zdf ls/fFt -/fO{, lnDa"_, tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, afx'g, If]qL, g]jf/ cflb ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]jf; u5{g\. kxf8 cfkmF}df ljljwtfo'Qm ePsfn] oxfFsf] 3/ lgdf{0f, njfOvjfO, k];f cflbdf leGgtf kfOG5. kmnkm"n v]tL / h8La'6Lsf nflu a9L pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfOG5. kxf8sf blIf0f kfvfdf a:tL / v]tL w]/} e]l6G5g\. o; e]sdf Onfd, wgs'6f, r}gk'/, ef]hk'/, cf]vn9'ª\uf, r/Lsf]6, ag]kf, sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, h'Dnf, ;Nofg, l;nu9Lh:tf ;fgf7'nf a:tL 5g\. kxf8L If]qsf] s'n a:tLdWo] !,))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf !^=#& k|ltzt, !))!–@,))) ld6/;Dddf %(=) ( k|ltzt / o;eGbf dfly #,))) ld6/;Dddf !(=(( k|ltzt a:tLx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5. ;jf{lws a:tLx¿ !))!–@))) ld6/;Dddf s]lGb|t 5g\. cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf kxf8L If]q d"ntM kmnkm"n / vfBfGgsf nflu pko'Qm If]q xf] . wfg, ds}, ux'F / u]8fu'8Ldf of] If]q ljljwtfo'Qm pTkfbgzLn If]q eP klg pj{/ e"ldsf] sdLn] ubf{ vfBfGg cefj x'g] ub{5. sf7df8f}F pkTosf sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/ u/L ltg lhNnf sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\. ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts tyf k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t Ps 5'§} klxrfg af]s]sf] sf7df8f}F+ pkTosf ;d'b|L ;txaf6 sl/a !##& ld= prfOdf /x]sf] 5. lj=;+= @)&* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ sf7df8f}F+ pkTosfdf s'n hg;ª\Vofsf]!)=# k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof a;f]jf;  /x]sf] 5. tflnsf g+= !=# kxf8L k|b]zdf cjl:yt d'Vo pkTosfx¿ pkTosf prfO -dL=_ lhNnf sf7df8f}F !##& sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/ lqz"nL %&( g'jfsf]6 kf]v/f *!( sf:sL kfFrvfn *&! sfe|]knf~rf]s ag]kf !%%$ sfe|]knf~rf]s kf6g !%#$ a}t8L 10÷g]kfn kl/ro  w'lga];L *%) wflbª bfª ^^# bfª ;'v]{t ^^$ ;'v]{t pbok'/ #^) pbok'/ ;|f]t M g]kfn kl/ro, @)&( -u_ t/fO{ k|b]z kxf8L efub]lv blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] ;Ldf;Dd k"j–{ klZrd km}lnPsf] g]kfnsf] ;dtn e"efu t/fO{ k|bz ] xf] . o;nfO{ dw]; klg elgG5. o; k|bz ] sf] rf}8fO @% lsnf]ld6/bl] v #) lsnf]ld6/;Dd 5. t/fO{sf] l;/fg efa/ / r'/] xf] . pQ/af6 blIf0flt/ xf]rf] x'bF } hfg' t/fO{sf] nIf0f xf] . of] If]q pi0f If]q xf] . oxfFsf] hldg k|foM ;dyn 5. ;g\ !(^) ;Dd of] If]qdf yf¿x¿sf] afx'No lyof] . cf}nf] pGd"ngkl5 b"g pkTosf kxf8nufot cGo If]qsf hgtfsf] klg s]Gb|:yn eO{ of] If]q ax'hftLo If]q aGof] . ;d'bL| ;txaf6 ^) b]lv ^)) ld6/sf] prfOdf /xs ] f] 5. o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGge08f/ klg dflgG5. o; If]qcGtu{t emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /ft} x6, af/f, k;f{, gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf klZrd_, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t,' afFs,] alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ u/L !* lhNnf kb{5g\. lj=;+= @)&* sf hgu0fgf cg';f/ t/fO{df %#=^ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof a;f]jf; ub{5g\. t/fO{ k|bz ] nfO{ lgDg ltg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M vf; t/fO{ b]zsf] blIf0fL efudf blIf0ftkm{ xf]lrFb} uPsf] e"efunfO{ vf; t/fO{ elgG5. ldlxg kfFuf] df6fn] ag]sf] of] If]q pj{/ /x]sf] 5. lrtjgsf] blIf0fdf ;f]d]Zj/ kj{tdfnf / b]pv'/Lsf] blIf0fdf 8'G8'jf kj{tdfnfn] sf6]sfn] vf; t/fO{nfO{ ltg efu -k"jL{, dWo / klZrd_ df afF8\g] klg ul/Psf] 5. emfkf, df]/ª, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{sf] blIf0f, gjnk/f;Lsf] klZrd blIf0f, ¿kGb]xL / slknj:t'sf] blIf0f / afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/sf] blIf0fL If]qnfO{ g]kfnsf] vf; t/fO{ elgG5. efj/ If]q vf; t/fO{sf] pQ/ / r'/] kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fdf ;d'b|L ;txb]lv #*) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd km}lnPsf] ;fF3'/f] k]6LnfO{ efj/ If]q elgG5. * b]lv !) dfOn;Dd rf}8fO ePsf] efj/ k|b]zn] d'n'ssf] s'n If]qkmnsf] $=% k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5. g]kfn kl/ro÷11 leqL dw]; r'/] / dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLsf] lardf ;d'b| ;txb]lv ^!) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd rf/}lt/ kxf8 kj{tn] 3]l/O{ km}lnPsf ljzfn kmfF6nfO{ leqL dw]; jf b"g If]q elgG5. #@ b]lv ^$ ls=ld=;Dd nDafO / !^ ls=ld= ;Dd rf}8fO ePsf] of] If]qn] d'n'ssf] s'n If]qkmnsf] *=% k|ltzt e"efu ;d]6]sf] 5. leqL dw];nfO{ rf/ If]qdf afFl8Psf] 5. o;df pbok'/ / l;Gw'nL pkTosfnfO{ k"jL{ leqL dw];Ù dsjfgk'/, lrtjg / gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{_nfO{ dWo leqL dw];Ù bfª b]pv'/LnfO{ klZrdL leqL dw]; / ;'v]{t pkTosfnfO{ dWoklZrd leqL dw]; elgG5. tflnsf g+= !=$ lhNnfx¿sf] juL{s/0f tfKn]h'ª, ;ª\v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', bf]nvf, lxdfnL l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, @! lhNnfx¿ h'Dnf, d'u', x'Dnf, sflnsf]6, afh'/f, aemfª, lhNnf bfr'{nf, wflbª, /fd]5fk, uf]vf{, ?s'd -k"j{_, DofUbL kfFry/, Onfd, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, cf]vn9'ª\uf, vf]6fª, sfe|]knf~rf]s, g'jfsf]6 kxf8L ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kj{t, afun'ª, @* lhNnfx¿ kfNkf, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL, ?s'd -klZrd_ lhNnf /f]Nkf, Ko'7fg, ;Nofg, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, 8f]6L, c5fd, a}t8L, 88]nw'/f leqL dw];sf pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, l;Gw'nL, gjnk/f;L & lhNnfx¿ -ab{3f6 ;':tfk"j{_, bfª, ;'v]{t lhNnf emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff, t/fO{sf dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, gjnk/f;L !* lhNnfx¿ -ab{3f6 ;':tfklZrd_, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t', lhNnf afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf # sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/, eQmk'/ lhNnfx¿ lhNnf ;|f]t M :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ 12÷g]kfn kl/ro !=@=@ gbLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg -s_ sf];L If]q k"j{df s~rghª\3f lxdfnb]lv klZrddf nfª6fª lxdfn -uf];fO:yfg_ larsf] efunfO{ sf];L gbL k|0ffnL If]q elgG5. of] lxdfnL k"j{ufdL gbL xf] -antecedent river_. tdf]/, c?0f, lnv', b"wsf];L, tfdfsf];L, ;'gsf];L / OGb|fjtL ldn]/ ;Ktsf];L gbL ag]sf] 5. of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] gbL xf] . of] gbLsf] s'n &@) ls=ld= dWo] @)) ls=ld= g]kfndf kb{5. nfdf] x'g'sf ;fy} hnk|jfx Ifdtf cf};t !,%)) M3 -rt/f_ So'las ld6/ k|lt;]s]G8 /x]sf] 5. o; gbLaf6 @@,))) d]ufjf6;Dd ljB't\ lgsfNg ;lsg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5. g]kfnsf] sf];L gbL k|0ffnLsf] k|efj If]q #!^)) jif{;Dd 5 -ah|frfo{ / cGo @))&_. sf];L k|b]zsf] k|efj If]q emG8} ^) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5. ;Ktsf];L gbLsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;xfos gbL c?0f xf] eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] gbL lnv' xf] . -v_ u08sL If]q k"j{df nfª6fª lxdfnb]lv klZrddf wjnflul/ lxdfn;Ddsf] u08sL gbL k|efljt If]qnfO{ u08sL k|b]z elgG5. u08sL gbLsf ;ft k|d'v ;xfos gbLx¿ lqz"nL, a'9Lu08sL, b/f}FbL, dfbL, d:of{ª\bL, ;]tL / sfnLu08sL x'g\. uf08j Clifsf] gfdaf6 gfds/0f ul/Psf] dflgPsf] o; gbLnfO{ lrtjg lhNnfdf cfPkl5 -b]j3f6eGbf tn_ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] gfdn] lrlgG5. of] gbL g]kfnsf] sl/a dWoefudf pQ/–blIf0f eP/ aUb5. h;sf] k|jfx If]q ##,))) ju{ ls=ld= eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5. sl/a ##* ls=ld= nfdf] o; gbLsf] ljB't\ Ifdtf sl/a @!,))) d]=jf= /x]sf] dflgPsf] 5. o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿dWo] sfnLu08sL ;a}eGbf 7'nf] / b/f}FbL ;a}eGbf ;fgf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] of] gbLn] k|lt;]s]08 cf};t !&!# So'=ld= kfgL k|jfx ub{5. -u_ s0ff{nL If]q k"j{df wjnflul/ lxdfnb]lv klZrddf Jof; lxdfnlarsf] e"–efunfO{ s0ff{nL gbL k|efljt If]qnfO{ s0ff{nL k|b]z elgG5. s0ff{nL gbLsf ;ft k|d'v ;xfos gbLx¿ x'Dnf s0f{fnL, d'u' s0ff{nL, 7"nL e]/L, ;fgL e]/L, ltnf, a'9Luª\uf / ;]tL gbL x'g\. o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL klg elgG5. of] gbL ef/tdf k'u]kl5 3f3F/f / ;/o" gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5. of] gbL sl/a $@,))) j=ls=ld= If]qkmn ;d]6]/ aUb5. g]kfnleq sl/a %)& ls=ld= nfdf] o; gbLsf] ljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf #@,))) d]=jf= /x]sf] dflgPsf] 5. of] gbLsf] cf};t hnk|jfx Ifdtf k|lt;]s]G8 !#!^ So'=ld= /x]sf] 5. g]kfn kl/ro÷13 !=@=# xfjfkfgLsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ ef}uf]lns agfj6 / prfOsf cfwf/df kfFr k|sf/sf xfjfkfgLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ pkf]i0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL (Sub Tropical Monsoon Climate) cw{pi0f / pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL elgg] o:tf] xfjfkfgL g]kfnsf] t/fO{, efa/, b"g / r'/] If]qsf] !,@)) ld6/ -$,))) lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOG5. u|Lidofddf oxfFsf] tfkdfg #* b]lv $@ l8u|L ;]lG6u|8] ;Dd k'Ub5 eg] zLtsfndf !% b]lv % l8u|L;Dd cf]ln{G5. jiff{ Ct'df lxGb dxf;fu/sf] aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 cfpg] dg;'gL xfjfn] jiff{ u/fpg] ub{5. jiff{ ;fdfGotf k"ja{ f6 klZrd 36\b} hfg] / pQ/af6 blIf0f a9\b} hfg] ePaf6 k"jL{ t/fO{eGbf klZrdL t/fO{ k|bz ] df clws udL{ x'G5. ljif]ztM e}/xjf, g]kfnuGh tyf s}nfnLnufotsf t/fO{ If]qdf clws udL{ x'G5. o;}u/L bfª, ;'vt{] h:tf leqL dw];df klg udL{ w]/} g} x'G5. -v_ Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL (Warm Temperate Climate) r'/] kxf8 / dxfef/t kj{tsf] !,@)) b]lv @,!)) ld6/ -$,)))–&,))) lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] o; k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgLdf u|Lidofddf Gofgf] x'G5 eg] lzlz/df a9L 7G8f x'G5. u|Lid Ct'df tfkqmd @$ b]lv #! l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'U5 eg] lxpFbdf ) l8u|L ;]= ;Dd cf]ln{G5. g]kfndf kfgL kfg]{ dg;'gL xfjf blIf0fL efuaf6 aUg] x'Fbf blIf0fsf] le/fnf] 7fpFdf @%) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 eg] pQ/tkm{sf] le/fnf] kfvfdf !)) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5. -u_ 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL (Cool Temperate Climate) dxfef/t kj{t z[ª\vnfsf] @,!)) b]lv #,#%) ld6/ -&,)))–!!,))) lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] o:tf] xfjfkfgLdf u|Lid Ct'df Gofgf] x'G5 eg] lxpFbdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5. oxfFsf] tfkqmd u|Liddf !%) b]lv @)) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'Ub5 eg] lxpFbdf )) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd cf]ln{G5. oxfF jif{df !) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd kfgL kb{5 eg] lxpFbdf lxpF jlif{G5. Go"g tfkqmd / Go"g jiff{sf] sf/0fn] oxfF v]ltkftL cToGt} sd x'G5. oxfFsf] hghLjg si6s/ eP klg :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] o:tf] xfjfkfgL pko'Qm dflgG5. -3_ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL (Alpine Climate) g]kfndf ;d'b|L ;txb]lv #,#%) b]lv %,))) ld6/ -!!,)))–!^,))) lkm6_ prfO;Ddsf] lxdfnL If]qsf] 7G8f xfjfkfgLnfO{ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL elgG5. oxfFsf] tfkqmd r}t, j}zfv, h]7df !)) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'Ub5 eg] c¿ ;dodf -( dlxgfhlt_ ) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf tn g} /xG5. oxfF jiff{df 14÷g]kfn kl/ro #) ldlnld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5. oxfF v]tLkftL x'Fb}g, t/ oxfFsf 7'nf lxdfnL kmfF6x¿df kz'r/g u/fOg] x'Fbf of] 7fpF kz'kfng / ko{6sLo ultljlw ;~rfngsf nflu pko'Qm 5. -ª_ w|'jLo jf lxdfnL xfjfkfgL (Tundra Climate) lxdfnL If]qsf] cToGt} lr;f] / z'is xfjfkfgLnfO{ lxdfnL, w|'jLo jf 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL elgG5. oxfF ;Fw}h;f] lxdkft eO/xG5 eg] jiff{sf ¿kdf lxpF g} kb{5. %,))) xhf/ dL= -!^))) lkm6_ eGbf dflysf] e"efusf] tfkqmd z"Go l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf sd x'g] xF'bf oxfF dWofXgkl5 lxpFsf] eLif0f x'/L rNb5. oxfFsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ lxdfnL d?e"ld hnjfo' klg eGg] ul/G5. !=# g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ljefhg -;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ !=#=! ;ª\3 ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L ltg txsf] x'g] Joj:yf 5. ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] PsfOsf] ¿kdf /xg] ;ª\3Lo txnfO{ ;ª\3sf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5. ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfdn] klg lrlgG5. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cg';"rL % df ;ª\3sf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] 5. To;}u/L cg';"rL & df ePsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rL / cg';"rL ( adf]lhdsf] ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/ ;"rLsf] k|of]u klg ;ª\3dfkm{t x'g] ub{5. ;fy}, cjlzi6 clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. !=#=@ k|b]z ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;ª\3Lo PsfOdf ljefhg ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] If]q / :j¿knfO{ k|b]zsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL $ adf]lhd & k|b]z / ;DalGwt k|b]zdf /xg] lhNnfx¿sf] af/]df :ki6 u/]sf] 5. h;cg';f/ ;ft k|b]znfO{ lgDg adf]lhd ;ª\lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M sf];L k|b]z o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ ef/tsf] klZrd a+ufn / l;lSsd /fHo, blIf0ftkm{ laxf/ /fHo, pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat tyf klZrdtkm{ dw]; k|b]z / afudtL k|b]z kb{5g\. sf];L k|b]zdf tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, Onfd, ;ª\v'jf;ef, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6fª, ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'ª\uf, pbok'/, emfkf, df]/ª / ;'g;/L u/L !$ lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf tfKn]h'ª -#,^$^ j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf t]x|y'd -^&( j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\. xfn o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL lj/f6gu/ -df]/ª_ /x]sf] 5. g]kfn kl/ro÷15 /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf !!,(!,%%^ kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof $(,^!,$!@ -k'?if @$,!&,#@* / dlxnf @%,$$,)*$ /x]sf] 5. hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, /fO{, lnDa", yf¿, n]Krf, tfdfª, u'?ª, d]r], sf]r], ofbj, /fhj+zLnufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, d}lynL, ls/fFtL, tfdfª, lnDa", u'?ª, n]Krf, du/ / yf¿ efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\. dw]; k|b]z o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ sf];L k|b]z, blIf0ftkm{ ef/t, pQ/tkm{ sf];L k|b]z / afudtL k|b]z / klZrdtkm{ afudtL k|b]z /x]sf 5g\. dw]; k|b]zdf ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f / k;f{ u/L cf7 lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf ;Kt/L -!,#^# j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf dxf]Q/L -!,))@ j=ls=ld=_ x'g\. o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL hgsk'/ -wg'iff_ /x]sf] 5. /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf !!,%^,&!% kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof ^!,!$,^)) -k'?if #),^%,&%! / dlxnf #),$*,*$( /x]sf] 5. hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf ofbj, u'Ktf, bf;, yf¿, /fhj+zL, d';ndfg nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5, eg] d}lynL, alHhsf, cjwL, pb"{, lxGbL, yf¿ / g]kfnL cflb efiff af]lnG5g\. afudtL k|b]z o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ sf];L k|b]z, klZrdtkm{ u08sL k|b]z, pQ/df rLg / blIf0ftkm{ dw]; k|b]z / ef/t /x]sf 5g\. afudtL k|b]zdf bf]nvf, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, sfe|]knf~rf]s, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, eQmk'/, nlntk'/, sf7df8f}F u/L !# lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf l;Gw'kfNrf]s -@,%$@ j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf eQmk'/ -!!( j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL x]6f}F8f -dsjfgk'/_ /x]sf] 5. /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf !%,&),(@& kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof ^!,!^,*^^ -k'?if #),$*,^*$ / dlxnf #),^*,!*@ /x]sf] 5. hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf tfdfª, a|fx\d0f, If]qL, g]jf/nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, g]jf/L, tfdfª efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\. u08sL k|b]z u08sL k|bz ] sf] k"jt{ km{ afudtL k|bz ] , klZrdtkm{ s0ff{nL k|bz ] / n'lDagL k|bz ] , pQ/df rLg / blIf0ftkm{ n'lDagL k|bz ] / ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHo;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5. 16÷g]kfn kl/ro u08sL k|b]zdf uf]/vf, ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, dgfª, d':tfª, kj{t, :ofª\hf, DofUbL, afun'ª / gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tfk"j{_ u/L !! lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf uf]vf{ -#,^!) j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf kj{t -$($ j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/f -sf:sL_ /x]sf] 5. /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf ^,^@,$*) kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof @$,^^,$@& -k'?if !!,&),*## / dlxnf !@,(%,%($ /x]sf] 5. hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, u'?ª, du/nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, u'?ª, du/ efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\. n'lDagL k|b]z o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ u08sL k|b]z, klZrdtkm{ s0ff{nL k|b]z / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z pQ/tkm{ u08sL k|b]z / s0ff{nL k|b]z / blIf0ftkm{ ef/t kb{5. n'lDagL k|b]zdf gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf klZrd_, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t', kfNkf, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL, ?s'd -k"jL{ efu_, /f]Nkf, Ko'7fg, bfª, afFs] / alb{of u/L !@ lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf bfª -@,(%% j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf gjnk/f;L ab{3f6 ;':tfklZrd -^#$=** j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL efn'jfª -bfª_ /x]sf] 5 /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf !!,$!,()@ kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof %!,@@,)&* -k'?if @$,%$,$)* / dlxnf @^,^&,^&) /x]sf] 5. hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, du/, yf¿, tfdfª, g]kfn, d';ndfgnufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; 5 eg] g]kfnL, yf¿, cjlw, ef]hk'/L, pb"{, du/ efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\. s0ff{nL k|b]z s0ff{nL k|bz ] sf] k"jt{ km{ u08sL k|bz ] / n'lDagL kb{5. klZrdtkm{ ;'b/" klZrd k|bz ] / rLg, pQ/tkm{ rLg / blIf0ftkm{ n'lDagL, ;'b/" klZrd k|bz ] /xs ] f] 5. s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ?s'd -klZrd_, ;Nofg, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, d'u', x'Dnf, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v / ;'v]{t u/L !) lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. o; k|bz ] sf] 7'nf] lhNnf 8f]Nkf -&,**( j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf ?s'd klZrd -!,@!#=$( j=ls=ld=_ /xs ] f 5g\. o; k|bz ] sf] /fhwfgL jL/G] b|gu/sf] ;'vt{] df /xs ] f] 5. /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf #,^^,@%% kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof !^,**,$!@ -k'?if *,@#,&^! / dlxnf *,^$,^%! /x]sf] 5. hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, 7s'/L, If]qL, z]kf{, u'?ª, du/nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, u'?ª, du/ efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\. g]kfn kl/ro÷17 ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ s0ff{nL k|b]z / n'lDagL k|b]z, klZrdtkm{ ef/t, pQ/tkm{ s0ff{nL k|b]z / rLg tyf blIf0ftkm{ ef/t kb{5. ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf afh'/f, aemfª, 8f]6L, c5fd, bfr'{nf, a}t8L, 88]nw'/f, s~rgk'/ / s}nfnL u/L ( lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf aemfª -#,$@@ j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf a}t8L -!,%!( j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\. o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL uf]bfj/L -s}nfnL_ /x]sf] 5. /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf %,&&,!)@ kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof @^,($,&*# -k'?if !@,&@,&*^ / dlxnf !$,@!,((& /x]sf] 5. hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, 7s'/L, yf¿ hfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 eg] 8f]6]nL, v;, yf¿ efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\. !=#=# g]kfnsf :yfgLo tx g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnnfO{ &%# :yfgLo txdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5. h;cg';f/ dxfgu/kflnsf ^, pkdxfgu/kflnsf !!, gu/kflnsf @&^ / ufpFkflnsf $^) /x]sf 5g\. tflnsf g+= !=% dxfgu/kflnsf @)&* :yfgLo tx kl/jf/sf] jflif{s hDdf kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof cf};t n}ª\lus cg'kft hg;ª\Vof hg3gTj hg;ª\Vof cfsf/ j[l4b/ -Ü_ sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf 238966 862400 3.61 103.33 -1.18 17440 nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf 77159 294098 3.81 99.57 0.30 8142 e/tk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf 96591 369268 3.82 93.97 2.64 853 kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf 140459 513504 3.66 93.04 2.33 1106 jL/uGh dxfgu/kflnsf 47114 272382 5.78 109.22 1.18 2062 lj/f6gu/ dxfgu/kflnsf 56919 243927 4.29 99.98 1.23 3168 ;|f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)&* tflnsf g+= !=^ pkdxfgu/kflnsf @)&* hDdf hg;ª\ kl/jf/sf] n}ª\lus cg'kft jflif{ :yfgLo tx s hg;ª\ kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof Vof j[l4b/ hg3gTj Vof cf};t cfsf/ -Ü_ w/fg pkdxfgu/kflnsf 42396 166531 3.93 88.98 1.82 866 18÷g]kfn kl/ro O6x/L pkdxfgu/kflnsf 50350