NCMB311 PRELIM.pdf

NCMB311: Exam Week 06 BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022...

NCMB311: Exam Week 06 BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 Bachelor of Science in Nursing 3YA Professor: Adelynne Joie B. San Diego, RN, MAN Prelim Topics: Task of Nursing Research (IDEEPC) Introduction of Nursing Research and Research Identification – assess situation that needs clarification Process Description – determine relationship between and among Purpose and Role of Nurse in Research variables investigated Phases of Research Process and Literature Review Exploration – answer the what question Research Approach and Methods and Writing Explanation – answer the question why and seek Research Introduction clarification Developing Research Question, Hypothesis and Study Prediction and Control – projects situation or events and Framework minimize effects INTRODUCTION OF NURSING RESEARCH AND RESEARCH Research Process PROCESS - When we hear the word research and research process it Research invokes feelings of apprehension and anxiety. Undertaking - Referred to as empirical research and is synonymous with research is similar to undertaking a journey; it has a point the conscious application of a structured method. In of origin, route and final destination. which it follows a rigorous step in order to solve a problem Steps in the Research Process or develop something new and to improve our knowledge. (Cronin, Coughlan and Smith, 2015) - Since human knowledge is changing and expanding, there 1) Developing a Researchable Topic are three type of knowledge as identified by - Identifying the research problem/topic of interest epistemologist: - Reviewing the literature Propositional knowledge – it includes the knowledge - Devising a research question/Hypothesis of theories, facts and laws. For example, when we say 2) Organizing your Research we know each chord on a guitar denotes a musical - Selecting a methodology note we are speaking of propositional knowledge - Identifying the population and selecting a sample Procedural knowledge or the knowledge of how to do - Planning the method of data collection something – this type of knowledge can be developed - Respecting ethical principles through doing - Demonstrating rigour/trustworthiness Personal knowledge or personal knowing – in this type 3) Gathering and Analyzing information of knowledge for us to know, we must experience - Gathering data personally experience it. - Analyzing data - Discussing and interpreting the result and implication Nursing Research for practice - Is the systematic inquiry designed to develop trustworthy - Disseminating the results evidence about problems related to nursing profession including nursing education, clinical and administration. Major steps in a Quantitative study (Polit & Beck, 2010) - Refers to research done on addressing the health concerns of client and the application of the research on their care - Purpose of Nursing Research: The general purpose of nursing research is to answer questions or solve problems of relevance to the nursing profession Characteristics of Research (COGIE) Controlled – specific constraint or limitation were identified and eliminated to ensure precision and validity of results Orderly and systematic – follows a sequence of steps Generalization – is the finding applicable to the entire population Intensive – in-depth approach is used to ensure that all possible loopholes in the study is covered Empirical – objective reality as sources of knowledge J.A.K.E 1 of 6  NURSING RESEARCH 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 Activities in a Qualitative study (Polit & Beck, 2010) Evidence is rank according to: Level I – evidence is obtained from at least one properly designed RCT Level II – evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials with randomization, well designed case control analytic studies or multiple time series with or without intervention Terminologies: Level III – opinions of respected authorities based on Epistemology – is a branch of philosophy that deals with clinical experience, descriptive studies or report of the theory of knowledge experts Clinical Nursing Research - Designed to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice and to improve the health and quality of life of nurse’s Paradigm – is a world view, a general perspective on the complexities of the real world Research in Nursing - Refers to studies on the particular concerns of nurses themselves PURPOSE AND ROLE OF A NURSE IN RESEARCH Why do Research Again? - At this point, you may be asking why you still need to do research when you have done it in your senior high school days. In healthcare practice and as part of our professional obligation to provide the best care possible based on the best available knowledge and evidence. The knowledge we generated from research is one form of evidence. Best practices can be generated through Roles of Nurses in Research evidence-based practice research. - With the emphasis on EBP and the current trends on Becoming Research Aware – Research awareness is research, it has become the nurse responsibility to engage not limited to undertaking research yourself but it also on one or more roles in the continuum of research means being able to analyze the components of participation. Below are the roles of a nurse in a research: various research studies to determine what is good Principal investigator research and has more applicability to our patients. Member of a research team The greater numbers of nurses utilizing research Evaluator of research findings reduce the gap between research and practice. Consumer of research findings Evidence-based practice (EBP) – The uses of EBP in Client advocates in a research study the healthcare create a huge impact in the profession Subject of research of every healthcare practitioner. EBP reduces the mortality and morbidity in the field of maternal and Terminologies: child. Essential intrapartum and newborn care (EINC) Evidence-based practice (EBP) – Is the integration of the is a product of EBP. best possible research evidence with clinical expertise and patient needs Evidence-based – is concerned with using empirical, valid and relevant information in decision-making J.A.K.E 2 of 6  NURSING RESEARCH 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 Evidence-based Nursing (EBN) – Is the application of Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure Variables valid, relevant research-based information in the nurse - The researcher must identify how the variables will be decision-making. measured. Research utilization (RU) – is the use of findings from Step 11: Developing Methods to Safeguards disciplined research in a practical application that is not Human/Animal Rights related to the original research. - The researcher must identify how research sample will be protected. PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS AND LITERATURE Step 12: Reviewing and Finalizing the Research Plan REVIEW - In this step, the researcher will test the identified Research Process tool/instrument to assess its adequacy. It is also an 5 Phases of Research Process opportunity for the researchers to assess their ability Phase 1: The Conceptual phase in ensuring that the procedure will work as they Phase 2: The Design and Planning phase planned. Phase 3: The Empirical phase Phase 3: The Empirical Phase Phase 4: The Analytic phase Step 13: Collecting the Data Phase 5: The Dissemination phase - In this step, the researchers outline how they will Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase collect data from the actual study. Step 1: Formulating and Delimiting the Problem Step 14: Preparing the Data for Analysis (Formulating Good Research Questions) Things to - This involves processes of transferring the data from consider: Ask yourself the following questions research tool to soft data or into computer files for - Is this research question important, given the analysis evidence base? Phase 4: The Analytic Phase - Could study findings be useful in clinical practice? Step 15: Analyzing the Data - How can this question best be answered to yield high- - Appropriate statistical measure must be determined quality evidence? to answer the research questions and hypotheses. Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature Step 16: Interpreting the Results - See later part for further discussion - Researcher attempt to explain the findings and Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork Things to examine their implications to the nursing profession. consider: Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase - Ask yourself what do I see and do in the clinical Step 17: Communicating the Findings practice? - Any research that is not shared through publication - Are there discrepancies between what I see and do cannot contribute evidence to nursing practice and and what I know or what the literature says? profession - Is this the best way to do this/is there another way to Step 18: Putting the Evidence into Practice do this? - A well research study is deemed necessary for Step 4: Defining the Framework and Developing utilization in the clinical setting or may be part of new Conceptual Definitions evidence-based practice. - Researchers must have a conceptual rationale and a clear vision of the concepts under study. Literature Review Step 5: Formulating Hypothesis Purposes of Literature Review Exposes main gaps in knowledge [and] identifies principal Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase areas of dispute and uncertainty Step 6: Selecting Research Design Helps identify general patterns to findings from multiple - This will serve as your overall plan or blueprint for examples of research in the same area obtaining answers to the questions being studied. Juxtaposing studies with apparently conflicting findings Step 7: Developing Protocols for the Intervention helps explore explanations for discrepancies - This step is applicable only to experimental study, Helps define your terminology or identify variations in wherein the researcher will treat both research group definitions used by researchers or practitioners. the same way. Helps to identify appropriate research methodologies. Step 8: Identifying the Population You can also identify validated scales and instruments. - This a critical part of the process in which the Typology of research literature in nursing research researcher needs to know what characteristics the Subjective- books study participants should possess. Research literature- journals, printed online Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan Gray literature-magazines, brochures, flyers, posters, - The researcher must specify in advance how the newspaper, unpublished research work sample will be selected and how many subjects there Types of Literature Review will be There are several types of literature review, visit the website: J.A.K.E 3 of 6  NURSING RESEARCH 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481583/#c9.s9. Gantt chart – is planning tools that will help the 3 researcher keep track of the planned activities in a project. Steps for conducting literature review 1) Choose your topic, define your question RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODS AND WRITING - Your literature review should be guided by a central RESEARCH INTRODUCTION research question. Remember, it is not a collection of Research Approach loosely related studies in a field but instead Positivist Paradigm represents background and research developments - a reflection of a broader cultural phenomenon related to a specific research question, interpreted (modernism) that emphasizes the rational and the and analyzed by you. scientific. The fundamental assumption of positivists 2) Decide on the scope of your review is that there is a reality that can be studied and known, - How many studies do you need to look at? How thus their research is focused on understanding comprehensive should it be? How many years should underlying causes of natural phenomena. it cover? Postpositivist Paradigm 3) Select the databases you will use to conduct your - Believe in reality and has a desire to understand it but searches recognize the impossibility of total objectivity and see 4) Conduct your searches and find the literature. Keep it as a goal. track of your searches! Naturalistic Paradigm (sometimes called - Review the abstracts and conclusions carefully. This Constructivist Paradigm) will save you time. - According to naturalist reality is not a fixed entity but - Write down the keywords you used and where you rather a construction of the individual. found them. - Assumes that knowledge is maximized when the - Use RefWorks to keep track of your citations. distance between the inquirer and the participants in 5) Review the literature! This is the most time-consuming the study is minimized. part. - What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover? - Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings? - What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly? What further questions does it raise? - If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is? - How are the authors viewed in the field? Has this study been cited?; if so, how has it been analyzed? Presenting/writing your Literature Review Chronologically (by event/trend) By Publication Date Methodology - For example, one methodological approach would be Research Design Overview to look at the cultural differences on the portrayal of Criteria for choice of research design women's rights in American, European, and Middle - Logically sound Eastern studies (women's reproductive rights may be - Comprehensive enough to solve the problem discussed differently depending on the researcher's - Reasonably clear and precise cultural bias.) - Clearly spell out Thematically (categorically) - Free from weakness - For example: The impacts of pet therapy on human Elements to consider in the choice of research design health-->the literature review could be organized into - Total population sections about emotional, mental, and physiological - Methods of selecting the samples or study impacts with literature from any date appearing in all respondent 3 sections. - Alternative versions of independent variables under study Terminologies: - Criterion measures evaluating the effects of the Research process – it is a series of steps that will guide independent variables the researcher from the start to end of the study. - Statistical treatment of data J.A.K.E 4 of 6  NURSING RESEARCH 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 Classification of Nursing Research Issues/problem - Experimental – cause & effect - Identify the gap, problem or gray area of the relationship topic of interest According to - Non-experimental – describe & analyze - Present literatures/findings of different Approach - Quasi-experimental – partial experiment authors of the same topic - Combined – mixed methods, Objectives triangulation - Based on the identified issues/problem state According to - Quantitative – frequency, magnitude of your general research question or intent of Measurement events the study and hypothesis to fill the gap or & Data - Qualitative – perceptions, insights answer the identified problems of the topic of Analysis - Combined – mixed methods interest. - Longitudinal/Prospective – future data Contribution According to - Cross-sectional – present data - State the value and relevance of your Time Frame - Retrospective – past data research, why is your study relevant, what will - Basic research – knowledge generation it contributed to the profession and the According to - Applied research – improved stakeholders and why should we care about Time Frame professional practice your research. - Historical – meaning of past events Terminologies: - Field research – community research Paradigm – a framework containing the basic According to - Laboratory research – demonstration assumptions, ways of thinking and methodology that are Research research commonly accepted by member of a scientific community Environment - Clinical research – related learning Research approach – overall decision involves which experiences approach should be used to study a topic Research methods – are set of techniques that will help Research Design the researcher in data gathering and analyzing Quantitative Qualitative Assumption - is a principle that is believed to be true - Descriptive - Descriptive without proof or verification - Survey - Phenomenological - Correlational - Grounded theory DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTION, HYPOTHESIS AND - Comparative - Ethnographical STUDY FRAMEWORK - Comparative - Historical Research Question - Longitudinal - Case study - This are the specific queries of the researcher want to - Cross sectional answer in addressing the research problem. - Experimental - It also guides the type of data to be collected in a study. - Non-experimental Research Question and Quantitative Study - Quasi-experimental Descriptive – this are question statement related to the identified variables of the study. Usually ask the question Writing INTRODUCTION section of your research paper “what is” - Remember that the introduction part of your research Inferential – this are question statement showing paper is the mind setter of the reader to keep them relationship among identified variables. reading. Therefore it should be catchy and not so It involves a grandeur question or a central question that lengthy, this is to prevent the reader from getting is broad in nature and open-ended. This may follow a sub- bored. The introduction part of your paper is not a question to explore further the phenomena under study. merely a by-product of copy and paste of the literature, it is the summary of your understanding of Hypothesis doing the current literature review on the topic of - This is the theoretical explanations of a phenomenon interest. This also include the research question, - An intellectual proposition hypothesis, purpose and contribution to the - Speculations of how variables in the study will work out profession. Commonly this is 3-4 paragraphs with 3-4 - Qualitative research does not usually include hypothesis sentences each. Keep in mind to do proper citation of because too little is known about the topic to justify a your references. hypothesis and to avoid the researcher being bias. - The T-I-O-C format (OLFU format) may help you - Purpose of Hypothesis construct an enticing introduction of your research paper Unifies theory and reality Trends Gives direction to research - Present an overview of current research on Enhances knowledge the issue or problem - This may include current data/statistics J.A.K.E 5 of 6  NURSING RESEARCH 1: BSN 3RD YEAR 1ST SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 Types of Hypothesis - Writing Theoretical framework (use the SEC format as Simple (Univariate) prescribe by the university) - States an expected relationship between 1 State – state the theory and author you will use in the independent and 1 dependent variable study. Complex (Multivariate) Explain – explain what is theory all about - Predicts the relationship between 2 or more Conceptualize – state how the theory is applicable or independent variable and 2 or more dependent beneficial in the research of interest variables - Conceptual Framework/Research Paradigm Directional Refers to the explanation of variables of the study - Specifies clearly the characteristics or qualities of the based on literature and research variables being investigated, the nature and extent of A study based on a specified conceptual model relationship between or among them and the Presenting your conceptual framework expected outcome of such relationship between Remember that the number of boxes is equal to the number of variable descriptive questions. Also, the number of lines is equal to the - Example: “Infants of Heroin-addicted Mothers have a number of inferential questions and hypothesis lower birth weights Than Infants of Non-Heroin Terminologies: Addicted Mothers.” Conceptual Model – are ideas formulated in the mind, Non-directional picture of something that actually exist which consist of - Predicts the type of relationship but does not predict patterns and standards the nature and extent of relationship or the specific Conceptual Paradigm – visually presents and interprets qualities or characteristics of the variable being the underlying theory, principles and concepts of a investigated research - Example: “Hospital nurses are less likely to express Propositions - statement or assertion of relationship approval of their expanding role than nurses who between concepts derived from theories or serve in the community.” generalizations Research (Alternative) Theory – are constructed in order to explain, predict and - Statement of relationships between variables master phenomena - Example: “There is a significant relationship between Purpose statement – the researcher’s summary of overall maternal heroin addiction and birth weight of infants.” goal Statistical (Null) - Is stated in NULL Form that there exist no significant relationship or difference between the dependent and independent variables - Example: “Infants born to heroin-addicted mothers do GOOD LUCK PIPOL!! KAYA NATIN TO RAWR not have the same birth weight as infants born to non- heroin addicted mothers.” - Advantages: Scientifically objective Reflects the impartiality of the researcher Minimized research bias Frameworks - Not every study is based on a theory or conceptual model, but every study has a framework. This is the blueprint of the research study - Theoretical Framework Is the collection of interrelated concepts that exist in the literature Guide the researcher in determining the variables to be measure Consist of propositions, concepts, conceptual maps or conceptual model - Theoretical Framework Purpose: It helps the research see clearly the variables of the study It can provide the researcher with a general framework for data analysis J.A.K.E 6 of 6