Community Health Nursing 2: Concept of a Healthy Community PDF

Community Health Nursing 2: Concept of a Healthy Community UNIT 2 Kenneth Gerard A. Clarin, RN University of Batangas College of Nursing and Midwifery OBJECTIVES COMMUNITY A social group determined by geographic boundaries and/or common values and interests....

Community Health Nursing 2: Concept of a Healthy Community UNIT 2 Kenneth Gerard A. Clarin, RN University of Batangas College of Nursing and Midwifery OBJECTIVES COMMUNITY A social group determined by geographic boundaries and/or common values and interests. Its members know and interact with each other. It function within a particular social structure. Characteristics ▪1. Environment - physical, socio-cultural, educational and employment milieu ▪2. Population behavior or lifestyle - self- responsibility, self-care competency ▪3. Human biology - genetic characteristics of population Classification ▪Urban - high density, a socially heterogeneous population and a complex structure, non-agricultural occupations; something different from an area characterized by complex interpersonal social relation ▪Rural - usually small and the occupation of the people is usually farming, fishing and food gathering. It is peopled by simple folk characterized by primary group relations, well-knit and having a high degree of group feeling A HEALTHY COMMUNITY Prompts its member to have high degree of awareness that we are community Uses its natural resources while taking steps to conserve them for future generations. Openly recognizes the existence of sub-groups and welcomes their participation in community affairs. Prepared to meet crisis. Is a problem solving community, it identifies, analyzes and organize to meet its own needs. Has open channels communication that allows information to flow among all subgroups of its citizens and in all direction. A healthy community 1. Seeks to make each of its system's resources available to all members of the maximum community 2. Encourage the citizen participation in decision making 3. Has legitimate and effective ways to settle disputes and meet needs that arises within the community 4. Promotes a high level wellness among its members Components of a community ▪The CORE - represents the people that make up the community, included in the community CORE are the demographics of the population as well as the values beliefs and history of the people Components of a community ▪EIGHT (8) subsystems of the community A. Housing - what type of housing facilities are there in the community, are there enough housing facilities available; are there housing laws/regulations governing the people? What are these? B. Education - these include laws, regulation, facilities, activities affecting education, ratio of health educators to learners, distribution of educational facilities, who utilizes these, what informal educational facilities and activities exist in the community C. Fire and safety - fire protection facilities and fire prevention activities, distribution of these Components of a community D. Politics and government - political structure present in the community, decision- making process /pattern leadership style observed, etc. E. Health - health facilities and activities; distribution, utilization, ratio of providers to clientele served; priorities in health, programs developed, etc. F. Communication - systems, types of communication existing, forms of communication, be it formal or informal; etc. G. Economics - occupation, types of economic activities, income, etc. H. Recreation - recreational activities/ facilities; types, consumers, appropriateness to consumers, etc. ELEMENTS OF A HEALTHY COMMUNITY People are partners in health care. People work together to attain good health conditions. Physical environment promotes health and safety Safe water and nutritious food. Families nutritious provide members with basic needs. Available, affordable health care. FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMMUNITY HEALTH ▪Political ▪Heredity/Genetic ▪Behaviour/Values ▪Socio-economic ▪Environment ▪Health Care Delivery Community Contextual Health Profile Economic Political Environmental Medical Housing Governmental Public Health Transportation Employment Behavioral Education Psychosocial Contextual Dimensions, Components, and Indicators Potentially Related to Health ▪ECONOMIC DIMENSION 1. Income 3. Poverty Summary income measures Geographic concentration of Income components poverty Disposable income Deprivation associated with Income distribution poverty-level income Geographic concentration of income 4. Economic Development Economic segregation Productivity 2. Wealth Industrial mix Business lending indicators Geographic concentration of wealth Informal economy Debt levels 5. Financial Services Savings rates Availability of credit Real estate ownership/values Availability of banking and check-cashing services ▪ECONOMIC DIMENSION 6. Cost of Living Local cost of living indexes Spending/consumption patterns Income to spending ratios 7. Redistribution Taxes Transfers 8. Fiscal Capacity Property values Sales levels Income capacity 9. Exploitation Ratio of wages to corporate profits Commuter taxes Commuting patterns EMPLOYMENT DIMENSION 1. Employment/Unemployment 3. Area Business Capacity Rates A. Tax breaks offered A.Job security B. Number and size of businesses B. Labor market turnover C. Business space available 2. Workforce Characteristics 4. Job Access A. Racial/ethnic diversity A. Geography of job growth B. Skill level B. Discrimination/affirmative action policies C. Unionization C. Distance travelled, to work D.Migrant workers D. Transportation EMPLOYMENT DIMENSION 5. Occupational Safety A. Laws, regulations, and company-specific policies B. Enforcement/number of violations 6. Job Quality A. Compensation B. Ratio of CEO to worker earnings C. Family-friendly policies D. Demand/control characteristics 7. Job Characteristics A. Unionized employers/ size and power of unions B. B. Skills needed by employers C. Full vs. part-time employment EDUCATION DIMENSION 1. Educational Attainment Graduation rates 3. Private Schools Dropout rates Number Literacy rates Enrolment Test scores Student/teacher ratios Rates of progression to post-secondary education Teacher turnover 2. Funding Parental attitude/involvement in schools School segregation Teacher salaries Facilities 1. Race/ethnicity Teacher training/support 2. Economic status Fiscal capacity of school district Proportion of funds by source Corporate presence in schools Curriculum quality 1.Physical education requirements 2.Health education 3. Nutrition education 4.Sex education Preschool/Kindergarten/Early Intervention School-based clinics Physical environment of school/safety Disciplinary climate 1. Violence prevention programs 2.Police involvement School-based nutrition programs Community Climate Television viewing Radio stations Reading/reading to children Libraries Corporate-sponsored educational programs POLITICAL DIMENSION 1. Civic Participation Voting Registration and voting rates Ease of registration Racial/ethnic representativeness of registered voters Political party membership Donations to parties and candidates 2. Political Structure Gender/racial/ethnic representation in elected office Percent of local budget for public health investments 3. Power Groups Community organizations Unions Advocacy Groups  ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION 1. Air Quality A.Outdoor (exhaust, ozone, pollutants, particulate) B. Indoor (tobacco, insect, mold, dust) 2. Water Quality (PCBs, dioxin) 3. Environmental Hazards A. Hazardous waste B. Heavy metals C. Pesticides D. Climate extremes E. Noise 4. Physical Safety A.Traffic B.Street repair C.Sidewalk availability/ quality D.Street signs/ lights E. Safety structures (e.g. guard rails) 5. Land Use A.Public recreational space/number of parks B. Waste disposal/dumping/sanitation services C.Curbside recycling HOUSING DIMENSION 2. Residential Patterns 1.Housing Stock A. Homelessness A.Age B. Number of institutional facilities C. Segregation B.Scarcity 1. Racial/ethnic C. Value 2. Economic D.Characteristics D. Vacancy rates E. Gentrification/ gatedness E. Crowded housing F. Rental vs. owner occupied F. Population density G.Safety violations G. Abandoned housing H. Social isolation 3. Regulation A. Zoning policies B. Industrial/residential segregation C. Housing policies (e.g. Section 8) 4. Financial Issues A. Housing costs B. Low-income housing 1. Percent of total housing 2. Ratio of low-income units to low-income workers 3. Elderly housing C. Mortgage lending practices by race/ethnicity MEDICAL DIMENSION 1. Primary Care 3.Emergency Services A. Number of providers B. Provider training/competency certification C.Rates of ambulatory care sensitive 4. Home Health Care Services hospitalizations D.Medicaid reimbursement levels 5. Mental Health Care 2. Specialty Care 6.Long-Term Care A.Number of providers B.Provider training/competence/certification 8. Access to/Utilization of Care A. Insurance coverage B. Race/ethnic staff to population ratios C. Provision of indigent care D. Costs of care E. Rates of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations F. Cultural competence among providers and institutions GOVERNMENTAL DIMENSION 1. Funding A. Revenue Intergovernmental 3. Services 2. Taxes A. Privatization 3. Lottery B. Local safety net resources B. Debt 2. Policy/Legislation 4. Municipal Fragmentation (number of subunit governments A.Obstacles to unionization within) B. Living wage/minimum wage ordinances C.Employer requirements to provide health benefits  PUBLIC HEALTH DIMENSION 1. Programs 2. Regulation/Enforcement A. Screening B. Nutrition A.Sanitation C. Family planning B. Health/food inspection D. Chronic disease control C.Health violations E. Home visiting D. Legislative efforts F. Outreach G. School-based clinics/ education 3. Funding H. Substance abuse prevention I. Domestic violence prevention A. Budget allocations, J. Mental health services B. Private sector K. Programs Immunization PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSION 1.Political 5. Jails A. Contributions to parties, candidates A. Expenditures B. Women in elected office B.Incarceration rates C. Number of registered voters C.Crime D. Voter registration procedures 6. Lawsuits A.Civil lawsuits 2. Volunteer Organizations B. Small claims court cases A. Types/functions C.Lawsuits against businesses B. Number of members 7.Protective Services 3. Union Participation A.Government services 4. Charitable Giving B.Household systems BEHAVIORAL DIMENSION 1. Tobacco Use 2. Physical Activity A. Smoking rates A. Physical activity levels B. Cessation programs B. Physical education requirements in schools C.Smoking prevention C. Public and private recreational facilities D.Workplace/public space smoking restrictions D. Television viewing patterns E. Cost/accessibility of cigarettes E. Workplace exercise programs/facilities F. Advertising F. Participation in local sports/ recreational activities G. Video game sales/use MODIFYING VARIABLES B. Drug and alcohol treatment services 3. Diet/Obesity C.Syringe laws/exchange programs A. Fresh fruit and vegetable consumption D.Liquor marketing laws B. High fat, high sugar food consumption 5. Violence C. Food quality/availability/cost A.Guns D. Number of fast food establishments 1. Availability 2. Gun Shows E. School nutrition 3. Licensing 1. Regulation of subcontracting to vendors 2. Nutrition education B. Exposure to violence 3. Breakfast/lunch programs C.Police protection 4. Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use D.Gang activity A. Number of liquor stores TRANSPORTATION DIMENSION 1. Safety 2. Infrastructure A. Roads A. Seat belts /child restraints 1. Quantity B. Helmets 2. Quality C.Age curfews/graduated driver's license 3. Speed bumps program 4. Buffers from pedestrians B. Sidewalks D.Driving while intoxicated laws/enforcement C. Bike lanes 1. Quantity E. Speed 2. Mandating legislation  E. Geographic equity 3. Traffic Patterns F. Environmental soundness A.Spatial location of jobs G. Transportation for special B. Traffic volume needs groups H. Employer promotion of public 4. Vehicles transportation A. Number of heavy/diesel vehicles B.Cars per capita C. Types and ages of vehicles 6. Economic Issues 5. Public Transportation A. Expenditures A.Availability/density/efficiency B. Types of public transportation available B. Spending on local roads vs. alternative C. Cohesiveness/integration transportation D. Reliability/quality C.Percent of transit revenue from fares D.Insurance rates  Community Health Nursing 2: HEALTH STATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY UNIT 3 Kenneth Gerard A. Clarin, RN University of Batangas College of Nursing and Midwifery OBJECTIVES EPIDEMIOLOGY Greek Words: EPOS- which means "upon" DEMOS -which means "people" It is the systematic, scientific study of the distribution patterns and determinants of health, diseases and conditions in a population for the purpose of promoting wellness and preventing diseases or conditions USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 1. Study the history of the health population and the rise and fall of diseases and changes in their character 2. Diagnose the health of the community and the condition of the people to measure the distribution and dimension of illness in terms of incidence. Prevalence, disability and mortality, to set problems in perspective and to define their relative importance and to identify groups needing special attention 3. Study the work of health services with a view of improving them. Operational research shows how community expectations can result in the actual provisions of service. USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 4. estimate the risk of disease, accident, defects, and the chances of avoiding them 5. Identify syndromes of describing the distribution and association of clinical phenomena in the population 6. Complete the clinical picture of chronic disease and describe their natural history 7. Search for causes of health and disease by comparing the experience of groups that are clearly defined by their composition, inheritance, experience, behavior, and environments THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC PROCESS 1.Determine the nature, extent and scope of the problem 2. Formulate a Tentative Hypothesis 3. Collect and Analyze data to test the hypothesis 4. Plan for control 5. Implement control plan 6. Make an appropriate report 7. Conduct research EPIDEMIOLOGIC PROCESS AND THE NURSING PROCESS The epidemiologic Process is related to the Nursing Process because it involves: 1. Assessing - data collection to determine the nature of client's problems 2. Analyzing - Formulation of nursing diagnosis 3. Planning 4. Implementing 5. Evaluating 6. Revising or terminating, and 7. Research - to Improve the plan if needed DETERMINE THE NATURE, EXTENT AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 1.Natural History of the condition 2. Determinants influencing the condition 3.Distribution Patterns 4. Condition Frequencies DETERMINANTS INFLUENCING THE CONDITION 1. Primary Data (essential agent) a. Parasite b. Nutritional c. Psychosocial 2. Contributing Data a. Agent b. Host c. Environment THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE HOST Any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism Any species (Human or other animals) capable of being infected or affected AGENT It is the intrinsic property of microorganism to survive and multiply in the environment to produce disease An animate or inanimate factor that must be present or lacking for a disease or condition to occur. ENVIRONMENT It affects both the agent and the host. It is the sum-total of all external condition and influences that affects the development of an organism which can be: a. Biological b. Social c. Physical AGENTS OF DISEASE HOST FACTORS (Intrinsic Factors) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (Extrinsic Factors) DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN ANALYZING EPIDEMIOLOGY DATA 1. Person - refers to the characteristics of the individual who were exposed and who contacted the infection or the disease in question 2. Place - refers to the features, factors, or conditions which existed in or described the environment in which the disease occurred 3. Time - refers both to the period during which the cases of the disease being studied were exposed to the source of infection and the period during which the illness TIME EPIDEMIC PERIOD The Period during which the reported number of cases of a disease exceed the expected, or usual number for that period. For many diseases, the incidence (frequency occurrence) is not uniform during each of 12 consecutive months. This seasonal variation is associated with variations in the risk of exposure of susceptible to the source of infection. PERIOD OF CONSECUTIVE YEARS Recording the reported cases of a disease over a period of years-by weeks, months, or year of occurrence. It is useful in predicting the probable future incidence of the disease and in planning appropriate prevention and control program. PERSON CAN BE DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF: AGE -There is more variation in disease frequency by age than any other variable -The single most useful variable associated in describing the occurrence and distribution of disease because of the association between the person's age and their: a. potential for exposure to a source of infection b. level of immunity or resistance c. physiologic activity at the tissue level (which sets the manifestation of a disease subsequent to infection SEX AND OCCUPATION -Males experience higher mortality rate than females for a wide range of diseases -Females have higher morbidity rates - Rationale: Because of differing pattern of behavior between sexes or activities as recreation, travel, occupation which results in different opportunities for exposure to source of infection PLACE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AREAS URBAN/RURAL It is the geographic area The incidence rate of many DIFFERENCES: described in terms of: diseases, both communicable and Disease spreads more Street chronic, varies inversely with rapidly in urban areas Address differences in large geographic because of greater City areas within a country population density Municipality Geographic variations in the where it provides Province incidence of infectious diseases more opportunities Region or commonly results from variations for susceptible Country in the geographic distribution of individual to come in the reservoirs or vectors of the contact with a source disease or in the ecological of infection requirement of the disease agent PATTERN OF OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION SPORADIC OCCURRENCE Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated and unrelated cases in a given local; The cases are few and scattered, so that there is no apparent relationship between them They occur on and off intermittently through a period of time Example: RABIES In the Philippines, there are few cases during certain weeks of the year Cases are scattered throughout the country so that the cases are not related at all to the cases in other area ENDEMIC OCCURRENCE Continuous occurrence throughout a period of time, of the usual number of cases in a given locality The disease is always occurring in the locality and the level of occurrence is more or les constant through a period of time. It is in a way identified in the locality itself, it may be high endemic or low endemic when the given level is continuously maintained. Example: SCHISTOSOMIASIS is endemic in Leyte and Samar ENDEMIC OCCURRENCE Example: FILARIASIS is endemic in Sorsogon EPIDEMIC OCCURRENCE Unusually large number of occurrences in a relatively short period of time There is a disproportionate relationship between the number of cases and the period of occurrence. The more the acute is the disproportion, the more urgent and serious is the problem. The number of cases ner compared with usual number of cases may constitute an epidemic in a given locality, as long as that number is so much more than the usual number in that locality. EPIDEMIC OCCURRENCE Example BIRD'S FLU There has been no cases of Bird's Flu in any area of the country, so that an occurrence of few cases in a given area in a given time would constitute a bird's flu epidemic. PANDEMIC OCCURRENCE It is the simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of the same disease in several countries. It is another pattern of occurrence from an international perspective Example: COVID-19 WHAT MAKES EPIDEMIC AMONG THE MOST INTERESTING AND MEANINGFUL AMONG THE PATTERN OF OCCURRENCES OF DISEASE? It demands immediate effective action The immediate action includes epidemiological investigation - emergency epidemiology as well as control FACTORS CONTRIBUTORY TO EPIDEMIC OCCURRENCE AGENT FACTORS The result of the introduction of the new disease agent into the population It may also result from changes in the number of living microorganisms in the immediate environment or from their growth in some favorable culture medium HOST FACTORS They are related to lower resistance as a result of exposure to the elements during flood or other disaster, to relaxed supervision of water and milk supply or sewage disposal, or to changed habit of eating. It may be related to change in immunity and susceptibility to population density and movement, crowding, to sexual habits, personal hygiene or to changes in motivation as a result of health education ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS- Changes in the physical environment: temperature, humidity, rainfall may directly or indirectly influence equilibrium of agent and host PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION Kenneth Gerard A. Clarin, RN University of Batangas College of Nursing and Midwifery DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE Current population is 112,737,622 as of August 26, 2022 Philippines ranks number 13th in the world by population in the list of 235 countries/territories Philippines is ranked 7th among 51 countries in Asia DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE The population density is high, but the distribution of the population is uneven. Parts of Metro Manila have a population density that is more than 100 times that of some outlying areas such as the mountainous area of northern Luzon. The birth rate remains significantly higher than the world average, as well as the average for the Southeast Asian region. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE The Mortality rate in the early 21st century was considerably lower than it had been a few decades earlier in the latter part of the 20th century, particularly among infants, children under the age of five years, and mothers. There was also a generally steady increase in average life expectancy. The improvement in health is credited to better prenatal care and the services of more trained midwives, doctors, and nurses; improved housing, sanitation, and social security benefits; the provision of health services to government employees; the increasing number of medical and nursing school graduates; and the requirement that a medical graduate render rural service. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINE The demand for health care continues to outstrip available resources; a large number of trained medical professionals emigrate, particularly to the United States, and many of the poorest people still rely on the services of practitioners of traditional medicine and unlicensed midwives. PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION The Philippines has made significant investments and advances in health in recent years. Rapid economic growth and strong country capacity have contributed to Filipinos living longer and healthier. However, not all the benefits of this growth have reached the most vulnerable groups, and the health system remains fragmented. PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION Health insurance now covers 92% of the population. Maternal and child health services have improved, with more children living beyond infancy, a higher number of women delivering at health facilities and more births being attended by professional service providers than ever before. Access to and provision of preventive, diagnostic and treatment services for communicable diseases have improved, while there are several initiatives to reduce illness and death due to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).  PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION Despite substantial progress in improving the lives and health of people in the Philippines, achievements have not been uniform and challenges remain. Deep inequities persist between regions, richand the poor, and different population groups. Many Filipinos continue to die or suffer from illnesses that have well-proven, cost-effective interventions, such tuberculosis, HIV and dengue, or diseases affecting mothers and children. PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION Many people lack sufficient knowledge to make informed decisions about their own health. Rapid economic development, urbanization, escalating climate change, and widening exposure to diseases and pathogens in an increasingly global world increase the risks associated with disasters, environmental threats, and emerging and re-emerging infections  PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION COOPERATION FOR HEALTH The global vision of the world in 2030, spelled out in the Sustainable Development Goals, aligns with the Philippines' 25-year vision AmBisyon Natin 2040. There is an ongoing process of integrating SDGs into AmBisyon Natin 2040 and into national, sectoral and subnational plans and frameworks PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION COOPERATION FOR HEALTH WHO supports the Government of the Philippines to foster well-being through action by the health sector and across sectors. WHO convenes platforms for health involving multiple stakeholders and in addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. WHO also takes the lead in coordinating with other health partners to ensure all stakeholders are aware of health issues and activities in the country. FUNCTIONS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY NURSE 1. Implement public health surveillance 2. Monitor local health personnel conducting disease surveillance 3. Conduct and/or assist other health personnel in outbreak investigation 4. Assist in the conduct of rapid surveys and surveillance during disasters 5. Assist in the conduct of surveys, program evaluations, and other epidemiologic studies 6. Assist in the conduct of training course in epidemiology 7. Assist the epidemiologist in preparing the annual report and financial plan 8. Responsible for inventory and maintenance of epidemiology and surveillance unit (ESU) equipment SPECIFIC ROLE OF THE NURSE DURING EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 1. Maintains surveillance of the occurrence 7. Gives health teaching to prevent of notifiable disease further spreads of disease to individual 2. Coordinates with other members of the and families health team during the disease outbreaks 8. Follow up cases and contacts 9. Organizes, coordinates and conducts 3. Participates in case findings and collection of laboratory specimens community health education campaign/meetings 4. Isolates cases of communicable disease 10. Refers cases when necessary 5. Renders nursing care, teaches and 11. Coordinates with other concerned supervises giving of care community agencies 6. Performs and teach household members 12. Accomplishes and keeps records and method, concurrent and terminal reports and submits to proper disinfection office/agency. VITAL STATISTICS STATISTICS refers to a systematic approach of obtaining, organizing and analyzing numerical facts so that conclusion may be drawn from them VITAL STATISTICS refers to the systematic study of vital events such as births, illnesses, marriages, divorce, separation, and deaths Statistics of disease (morbidity) and death (mortality) indicate the state of health of a community and the success or failure of health work. Statistics on population and the characteristics such as age and sex, distribution are obtained from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) Births and Deaths are registered in the Office of The Local Civil Registrar of the municipality or city. In cities, births and deaths are registered at the City Health Department. USE OF VITAL STATISTICS 1. Indices of the health and illness status of the community 2. Serves as basis for planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating community health nursing programs and services SOURCES OF DATA 1. Population Census 2. Registration of vital data 3.Health survey 4. Studies and researches 81 HEALTH INDICATORS 82 HEALTH INDICATORS 83 HEALTH INDICATORS Experience - As a young girl observed professional nurses caring for her aunt and developed a belief that “the goal of nursing was to help people care for themselves” (Sakraida, 2010, p. 434). Educational influences – A master’s degree in human growth and development facilitated and interest in health over the human life span. A PhD in psychology and education lead to thoughts about “how people think and how a person’s thoughts motivate behavior” (Sakraida, 2010, p. 434). 84 HEALTH INDICATORS 85 HEALTH INDICATORS 86 HEALTH INDICATORS 87 HEALTH INDICATORS 88 HEALTH INDICATORS 89 HEALTH INDICATORS 90 HEALTH INDICATORS 91 HEALTH INDICATORS 92 HEALTH INDICATORS 93 HEALTH INDICATORS 94 HEALTH INDICATORS 95 PRESENTATION OF DATA LINE OR CURVED GRAPHS Age peaks, valleys, and seasonal trends. Also used to show the Shows BodyofMass trends birth Index and death rates over a period of time Pubertal status BAR GRAPHS Menopausal status Represents or expresses a quantity in terms of rates or percentages of Aerobic capacity a particular observation like causes of illness and deaths Strength Agility AREA DIAGRAM (Pie Charts) It Balance shows the relative importance of parts to the whole 96 FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE Collects data Tabulates data Analyzes and interprets data Evaluates data Recommends redirection and /or strengthening of specific areas of health programs as needed 97