NCM 112 Long Quiz PDF

Hypertension “High blood pressure — a CHRONIC affects LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS millions of people worldwide. EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION STRESS CHARACTERIZED CERTAIN CHRONIC CONDITIONS: Persistently ELEVATED...

Hypertension “High blood pressure — a CHRONIC affects LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS millions of people worldwide. EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION STRESS CHARACTERIZED CERTAIN CHRONIC CONDITIONS: Persistently ELEVATED BLOOD Kidney disease, Diabetes & Sleep PRESSURE in the arteries — putting Apnea undue STRAIN on the heart & blood vessels. SYMPTOMS Often called the “SILENT KILLER” it BLOOD PRESSURE usually doesn’t cause noticeable — FORCE exerted by BLOOD against the symptoms. walls of arteries as the heart PUMPS. — Measured by: Millimeters of mercury Headaches, NAPE Pain (mmHg) Shortness of Breath * SYSTOLIC PRESSURE Nosebleeds TOP # - pressure when heart BEATS & Tinnitus pumps blood. Fatigue * DIASTOLIC PRESSURE Dizziness BOTTOM # - pressure when heart Vision Changes - typically don’t RESTS between beats. appear until blood pressure reaches a SEVERE/LIFE-THREATENING LEVEL TYPES OF HYPERTENSION H-S-N-T-F-D-V PRIMARY HYPERTENSION — MOST common type, accounting for DIAGNOSIS about 90-95% cases. CAUSE = Unknown, NORMAL: Less than 120/80 mmHg but is believed to be a = combination of ELEVATED: Above 120/80 mmHg LIFESTYLE & GENETIC FACTORS. Stage 1 Hypertension: 130-139 mmHg (SYSTOLIC) & 80-89 mmHg (DIASTOLIC) SECONDARY HYPERTENSION Stage 2 Hypertension: 140 mmH - — CAUSE = Underlying medical condition - HIGHER (SYSTOLIC) & 90 mmHg - Kidney Disease, Thyroid Problems, or HIGHER (DIASTOLIC) Certain Medications. Malignant Hypertension - constant INCREASE in BP RISK FACTORS AGE TREATMENT RACE: Common w/ BLACK individuals — LIFESTYLE CHANGES FAMILY HISTORY Weight Management OBESITY/BEING OVERWEIGHT Healthy Diet - DASH Diet, rich in LACK OF EXERCISE fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy TOBACCO USE Sodium Reduction - LESS than 1,500 HIGH SALT INTAKE mg per day  Hypertension Regular Exercise - 150 mins (MODERATE AEROBIC ACTIVITY) or 75 mins (VIGOROUS AA) per week. Alcohol Moderation - 1 DRINK per day (WOMEN) 2 DRINKS per day (MEN) Stress Management - meditation, yoga, deep breathing LM: W - H - S - R - A - S MEDICATIONS ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) Calcium Channel Blockers Diuretics Beta Blockers A-A-C-D-B  Endocarditis — SERIOUS & Potentially life- Abscesses: POCKETS of PUS form threatening infection — INFLAMES inner around valve lining of heart - chambers & valves. This Heart Failure lining = ENDOCARDIUM Sepsis CAUSES & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY L-H-A-A-H-S Primary Cause = INFECTION typically SYMPTOMS bacterial, fungal and other germs. - most common symptom Fever: above 100 F (38.4 C) GERMS enter BLOOD STREAM — TRAVEL to Sweats/Chills HEART = where they attach to damaged Skin Rash areas (damaged heart valves or artificial Pain, Tenderness, Redness/Swelling heart valves) New/Changed Heart Murmur Shortness of Breath BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM = fights off Fatigue harmful bacteria Weight Loss RISK FACTORS F-S-S-P-N-S-F-W Damaged Heart Valves: rheumatic DIAGNOSIS fever/ previous infections Artificial Heart Valves: more prone Patient History than natural Physical Examination Congenital Heart Defects: (Implanted Blood Cultures Heart Devices - bacteria can attach to Echocardiogram devices like PACEMAKERS = infection) Intravenous Drug Use: sharing TREATMENT needles Poor Dental Health: (cuts in gums, Antibiotics: IV Antibiotics for several dental procedures) Once bacteria weeks attach to heart lining = form colonies — Vancomycin “VEGETATIONS” — Ampicillin — Ceftriaxone CAN GROW & PRODUCE ENZYMES — Metronidazole SURROUNDING TISSUE LEADING TO: — Daptomycin — Rifampicin/Rifampin Leaky Valves = obstruct blood flow Heart Block = interfere - heart’s V-A-C-M-D-R electrical conduction system. Surgery Abnormal Heart Rhythm  Acute Coronary Syndrome — GROUP OF HEART CONDITIONS — occur SYMPTOMS when blood flow - heart = suddenly reduced. Chest Pain Pain that SPREADS to the shoulders, REDUCTION IN BLOOD FLOW = Chest Pain, arms, upper belly, back, neck, or jaw Shortness of breath & other symptoms Nausea/ Vomitting Indigestion TYPES OF ACS Shortness of breath Sudden, Heavy Sweating Unstable Angina - blood flow to Racing Heartbeat heart is REDUCED but not ENOUGH to Feeling Light Headed/Dizzy cause DAMAGE to the heart muscle. Fainting Often described as “Chest Pain/ Unusual Fatigue Discomfort” DIAGNOSIS Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) - HEART ATTACT - Electrocardiogram blood flow to heart is PARTIALLY Blood Tests blocked, causing DAMAGE to the Chest Xray heart muscle. Can be detected Echocardiogram through BLOOD TESTS, but not Cardiac Catheterization ALWAYS through ECG. THREADING a THIN TUBE (catheter) - into blood vessel in ARM or LEG - heart. ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) - SEVERE Heart attack - blood TREATMENT flow to heart is COMPLETELY BLOCKED, causing SIGNIFICANT MEDICATIONS DAMAGE to heart muscle. Can be Aspirin - prevent blood clot forming detected through both BLOOD TESTS Nitroglycerin - dilate blood vessels & ECG. Beta-Blockers - help slow heart rate & lower blood pressure CAUSES ACE Inhibitors - lower bp & protect heart BUILDUP of FATTY DEPOSITS (PLAQUE) in Statins - help lower cholesterol levels the coronary arteries - the blood vessels = supply blood to the heart. When this A-N-B-A-S PLAQUE ruptures = BLOOD CLOT Forms - BLOCKING flow of blood to heart muscle.  Acute Coronary Syndrome PROCEDURES Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) - catheter to insert a STENT into blocked coronary artery, opening it & RESTORING BLOOD FLOW. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG) - GRAFTING a healthy blood vessels from another part of body to bypass a BLOCKED coronary artery. PREVENTION LIFESTYLE CHANGES Quit Smoking Eat a Healthy Diet Maintain a Healthy Weight Get Regular Exercise Manage Stress Control Underlying Conditions: Diabetes, High blood pressure, high cholesterol  Vascular Diseases ENCOMPASSES a WIDE range of AORTIC ANEURYSM - “BULDGE/ conditions - affect body’s network of Weakening in AORTA = main artery blood vessels - “CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.” that carries blood from heart. BUERGER’S DISEASE - RARE VESSELS RESPONSIBLE = Transporting Condition primarily affects small & OXYGEN-RICH blood from heart to body’s medium sized ARTERIES & VEINS in tissues & organs, as well as CARRYING ARMS & LEGS = inflammation & WASTE PRODUCTS back to HEART. blood clots. “TOBACCO USE” VENOUS DISEASES - “VEINS” = IF COMPROMISED = variety of health carry blood BACK to HEART. problems, ranging from MILD DISCOMFORT - LIFE THREATENING COMMON VENOUS DISEASES: Complications. DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) - TYPES BLOOD CLOT forming in a DEEP VEIN - usually in LEGS ARTERIAL DISEASES: affect ARTERIES = carry blood away from heart IF CLOT breaks loose & TRAVELS to LUNGS = PULMONARY EMBOLISM COMMON ARTERIAL DISEASES: Atherosclerosis - MOST common Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) type of vascular disease, - VALVES in VEINS = damaged - characterized by BUILDUP OF PLAQUE preventing blood from flowing (Fatty deposits) inside arteries. It BACK to HEART effectively. NARROWS arteries, RESTRICTING - Can lead to - SWELLING, PAIN, SKIN Blood flow and increasing risk of ULCERS in LEGS blood clots. VARICOSE VEINS - SWOLLEN, Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) - TWISTED VEINS - visible under skin. affects ARTERIES in legs & feet, - CAUSED BY = Weakened Valves in causing PAIN, CRAMPING, veins NUMBNESS, & COLDNESS in SPIDER VEINS - SMALLER, RED/ EXTREMITIES. PURPLE Veins - often seen - legs/ face In severe cases, PAD can lead to TISSUE - CAUSED BY = Dilated CAPILLARIES DEATH (GANGRENE) & AMPUTATION. LYMPHATIC DISEASES - affect LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - NETWORK of CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE - affects VESSELS & NODES help filter WASTE ARTERIES in the NECK - supply blood & FIGHT Infection. to brain. PLAQUE Buildup in arteries = STROKE or TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) - “Mini Stroke”  Vascular Diseases TREATMENT COMMON LYMPHATIC DISEASE LYMPHEDEMA - ABNORMAL Buildup LIFESTYLE CHANGES of FLUID in TISSUES - often ARMS/ - Quitting Smoking LEGS. - Maintaining a Healthy Weight - CAUSED BY = Damage/blockage of - Eating a Heart Healthy Diet LYMPHATIC VESSELS. - Engaging in Regular Physical Activity RISK FACTORS MEDICATIONS AGE BP Medications FAMILY HISTORY Cholesterol Lowering Drugs LIFESTYLE FACTORS - Smoking, lack of Blood Thinners physical activity, unhealthy diet, Medications to dilate BLOOD obesity VESSELS MEDICAL CONDITIONS - Diabetes, High Cholesterol, HBP, Certain PROCEDURE autoimmune diseases ANGIOPLASTY - WIDENING a SYMPTOMS NARROWED ARTERY STENTING - INSERTING a SMALL TUBE PAIN - Mild Discomfort - Severe Pain to KEEP ARTERY OPEN (esp. during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY) SURGERY - BYPASS a BLOCKED Artery. NUMBNESS/TINGLING - Extremities = Hands & Feet PREVENTION COLDNESS SKIN DISCOLORATION - Pale, Blue, QUIT SMOKING Red MAINTAIN A HEALTHY WEIGHT SWELLING - in LEGS, ANKLES, FEET EAT HEART-HEALTHY DIET ULCERS - Open sores -skin = in LEGS - Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains, & FEET Lean Protein VISION CHANGES - Blood vessels in ENGAGE IN REGULAR PHYSICAL eyes = affected ACTIVITY - Aim for atleast 30 MINS of DIAGNOSIS MODERATE-INTENSITY EXERCISE in most days of the week MEDICAL HISTORY & PHYSICAL EXAM MANAGE EXISTING MEDICAL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT - CONDITIONS HBP can be a sign of VD - CONTROL: Diabetes, High Cholesterol IMAGING TESTS - Ultrasound, CT & HBP Scan, MRI, Angiography - visualize Blood Vessels