Nationalism in India 2023-24 CBSE PDF

CBSE : Grade 10 2023-24 Board: CBSE Class - X NATIONALISM IN INDIA Submitted By : Bai...

CBSE : Grade 10 2023-24 Board: CBSE Class - X NATIONALISM IN INDIA Submitted By : Baishnab Padhee 1. Introduction : Modern nationalism was associated with the formation of nation-states. In India like many other colonies the growth of modern nationalism is connected to the anti-colonial movement. People discovered unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism 2. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation : In the years after 1919 National movement spreading to new areas incorporating new social groups and developing new modes of struggle. The First World War  created a new economic and political situation India faced various problems during war period:  Increase in defence expenditure  Increase in income tax  Prices increased through the war years  Forced recruitment in rural areas  During 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failure in many parts of India  Hardships did not end after the war was over. The Idea of Satyagraha -  A novel way of fighting the colonial rule in India  A non-aggressive, peaceful mass agitation against oppression and injustice.  It means insistence on truth.  It is a moral force, not passive resistance. In January 1915 Mahatma Gandhi returned to India. Gandhiji organised Satyagraha Movements in Champaran, Bihar (1917), Kheda district of Gujarat (1918) and amongst cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad (1918). The Rowlatt Act (1919) -  This act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Jallianwala Bagh massacre -  On 13th April 1919 a huge crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.  Dyer entered the area blocked the exit points  opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.  As the news spread, strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings started.  The government responded with brutal repression.  Gandhi called off the Rowlatt satyagraha as the violence spread.  Khilafat Movement -  Khilafat Movement was led by two brothers Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.  Khilafat Committee  formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers.  Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920 Gandhiji convinced the Congress to join hands with the Khilafat Movement and start a Non-Cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj. Why Non-cooperation?  Hind Swaraj (1909)  Mahatma Gandhi declared  British rule established in India with the cooperation of Indians  December 1920 Congress session, Nagpur the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.  Gandhiji proposed the movement should unfold in stages should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods Then, in case the government used repressiona full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. 3. Differing strands within the movement : The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921 various social groups participated with its own specific aspiration All responded to the call of Swaraj but the term meant different things to different people. The Movement in the Towns -  It started with middle class participation in cities.  Students, teachers, lawyers gave up studies, jobs, legal practices and joined movements.  Council elections were boycotted.  Foreign goods were boycotted.  Liquor shops were picketed. But the movement failed in towns, because (a) Khadi being expensive could not be afforded by the poor. (b) Indian institutions were slow to come up  so people returned back to the British institutions Rebellion in the Countryside -  Peasants and tribal took over the struggle which turned violent gradually.  Peasant Movement in Awadh  The peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against landlords and talukdars.  1920 the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.  Movement of Tribals in Andhra Pradesh  Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla warfare in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh The rebels attacked police stations Raju was captured and executed in 1924. Swaraj in the Plantations -  For the plantation workers Swaraj means moving freely.  They protested against the Inland Emigration Act (1859) which prevented them from leaving the plantation without permission.  Each group interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways. 4. Towards Civil Disobedience : February 1922 Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpura peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the policeafter the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles. Many leaders such as C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress  to argue for a return to council politics but Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence. Factors that shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s -  The Worldwide Economic Depression  Agricultural prices collapsed after 1930 as the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined.  Simon Commission  It was constituted by the Tory government of Britain to look into the demands of the nationalists and suggest changes in the constitutional structure of India.  The Commission arrived in India in 1928.  The Congress protested against this commission.  In December, 1929 under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore session of Congress formalized the demand of Purna Swaraj 5. The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement : Gandhiji chose  Salt as the medium that could unite the nation as it is consumed by all the sections of the society. Salt March -  March 12, 1930 Salt or Dandi March began from Sabarmati Ashram  6th April 1930 Gandhiji reached Dandi a village in Gujarat and broke the Salt Law by boiling water and manufacturing salt Thus, began the Civil Disobedience Movement.  Different from Non-Cooperation Movement as people were now asked not only to refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws.  Boycott of foreign goods, non-payment of taxes, breaking forest laws were its main features.  The British Government followed a policy of brutal repression.  British government arrested all the leaders including Gandhiji and Nehru.  Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement. Gandhi-Irwin Pact -  5th March 1931  Lord Irwin, then Viceroy, signed a pact with Gandhi.  December 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the Second Round Table Conference but returned disappointed.  Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement but by 1934 it lost its momentum.  How Participants saw the Movement?  Rich peasants expected the revenue demand to be reduced when the British refused to do so they joined the movement They did not re-join the movement as the movement was called without revising the revenue rates.  Poor Peasants wanted rents of lands to be remitted The Congress was unwilling to support the “no rent” campaigns due to the fear of upsetting the rich peasants and landlords.  Business Classes after the war their huge profits were reduced wanted protection against import of foreign goods To organise business interests  they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927  Women also participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. Limits of Civil Disobedience -  The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate in the movement they demanded reservation of seats, separate electorates.  Dr B.R. Ambedkar  the leader of the Dalits. Formed an association in 1930 called the Depressed Classes Association.  Poona Pact between the Gandhiji and B.R. Ambedkar (1932) gave reserved seats in Provincial and Central Councils but were voted by general electorate.  The leader of the Muslim League M.A. Jinnah wanted reserved seats for Muslims in Central Assembly.  Large sections of Muslims did not participate in the Civil disobedience movement. 6. The Sense of Collective Belonging : The sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols- all played a part in the making of nationalism. By 1921 Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre. PW Web/App - https://smart.link/7wwosivoicgd4 Library- https://smart.link/sdfez8ejd80if