National Telecommunications Commission Amateur Radio Class C Reviewer PDF

ELEMENT II (Source - Philippine and International Radio Laws and Regulations 13th & 14th Editions by Atty. Pablo R. Payumo-2006, PARA's So You Want To Be A Ham-August 2010) 1. On November 11, 1931, what law did the Philippine Legislature enact which is known as the Radio Control Law of the Philipp...

ELEMENT II (Source - Philippine and International Radio Laws and Regulations 13th & 14th Editions by Atty. Pablo R. Payumo-2006, PARA's So You Want To Be A Ham-August 2010) 1. On November 11, 1931, what law did the Philippine Legislature enact which is known as the Radio Control Law of the Philippines? (C) A. Act No. 3843 B. Act No. 3486 C. Act No. 3846 D. Act. No. 3648 2. What is the government agency which grants permits for the use of radio frequencies for wireless telephone and telegraph systems and radio communication systems including amateur radio stations and radio television broadcasting systems? (D) A. Department of Transportation and Communications B. Commission on Information and Communications Technology C. Department of National Defense D. National Telecommunications Commission 3. What is the United Nations agency based in Geneva, Switzerland which coordinates the global use of the radio spectrum? (D) A. IARU B. FCC C. NTC D. ITU 4. The Philippines is under what ITU region? (C) A. Region I B. Region II C. Region III D. Region IV 5. Who is eligible to use the amateur frequency bands allocated by the rules and regulations governing the Amateur Radio Service in this country? (D) A. Any person over the age 12 B. Any person who is a Filipino citizen C. Any person with a registered transceiver D. Only duly licensed amateurs 6. What is the maximum effectivity period of license NTC may issue to a new qualified applicant or for renewal of license with appropriate applications submitted? (C) A. 1 year B. 2 years C. 3 years D. 4 years 7. When should the application of renewal of the amateur license be filed before expiration? (B) A. At least 60 days B. At least 30 days C. At least 90 days D. At least 15 days 8. An expired license of not less than how many years may be renewed upon filing of renewal application and payment to NTC of the prescribed fees and surcharges with no requirement to retake the examinations and retaining the assigned call sign? (A) A. 2 years B. 3 years C. 4 years D. 5 years 9. After how many years may an expired license be renewed; subject to the payment of fees and surcharges and the assignment of a different call sign from that of the former license without retaking the examination? (B) A. more than 5 years B. more than 2 years but less than 5 years C. more than 3 years but less than 5 years D. more than 4 years but less than 5 years 10. What may an amateur, whose license has expired for more than 5 years, do to become licensed again (subject to the assignment of a different call sign? (C) A. Apply for renewal and pay prescribed fees and surcharges to NTC B. Pass the appropriate examination and pay surcharges for every year expired to NTC C. Pass the appropriate examination and pay prescribed fees for a new license to NTC D. None of the above 11. What type of modification of the amateur license can be filed with the NTC? (D) A. Upgrading to a higher class of license B. Transfer of location of the fixed station C. Installation of additional or change of transmitter/transceiver D. All of the above 12. What application should be filed with the NTC when an amateur license has been lost, mutilated or destroyed? (B) A. New license B. Duplicate license C. Certified True Copy of the license D. Certification from the Commissioner 13. What do you call a requirement before an amateur radio license is renewed to show proof of his/her involvement in any amateur radio activities? (C) A. Original radio station license B. Certificate of ownership of transceivers C. Proof of Amateur Activity D. Letter of Request for renewal 14. A Class C amateur shall be authorized to operate on HF fixed radio station with output power not exceeding how much on single sideband suppressed carrier? (B) A. 100 watts PEP B. 200 watts PEP C. 300 watts PEP D. 500 watts PEP 15. What general subject is covered by Element 3 for Class C examination? (C) A. International Morse Code B. Rules and Regulations C. Fundamentals of Electronics and Electricity D. Amateur Radio Practice 16. A Class C amateur shall be authorized to operate on HF fixed radio station with an output power not exceeding how much on CW? (B) A. 50 watts B. 100 watts C. 200 watts D. 500 watts 17. What frequency range on 2-meter VHF can be used by amateurs in the Philippines? (A) A. 144.000-146.000 MHz B. 144.000-148.000 MHz C. 140.000-146.000 MHz D. 138.000-174.000 MHz 18. What frequency range on 40-meter HF can be used by amateurs in the Philippines? (D) A. 3.500-3.900 MHz B. 3.000-3.900 MHz C. 7.000-7.100 MHz D. 7.000-7.200 MHz 19. What frequency range on 15-meter HF can be used by amateurs in the Philippines? (B) A. 21.100-21.450 MHz B. 21.000-21.450 MHz C. 24.100-24.990 MHz D. 24.000-24.990 MHz 20. A Class C amateur radio license is also known as ______? (C) A. Advanced Class B. General Class C. Technician Class D. Novice Class 21. What rating must a candidate obtain to pass the written examination provided that a rating of not less than 50% is received for any of the prescribed elements? (A) A. 70% B. 75% C. 80% D. 85% 22. What is the distinctive identification carried by all transmissions in the amateur radio service consisting of numbers and letters assigned by NTC? (C) A. Prefix B. Suffix C. Call sign D. Call area 23. A Class B amateur license is also known as ______ ? (B) A. Advanced Class B. General Class C. Technician Class D. Novice Class 24. On what month does the expiration of a license issued by NTC fall, except those with lifetime privileges? (C) A. December B. January C. Licensee’s birth month D. Same month when it was first issued 25. A Class A amateur license is also known as ______? (A) A. Advanced Class B. General Class C. Technician Class D. Extra Class 26. How many classes of amateurs are there in the Philippines? (C) A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2 27. The Technician Class is also known as_________ ? (C) A. Class A B. Class B C. Class C D. Class D 28. If a Class C amateur passes the examination for an upgrade to Class B, how does he effect the upgrade in his license? (D) A. Renewal of license B. Cancellation of Class C C. Duplicate license D. Modification of amateur license 29. How should frequency bands allocated to a particular class of amateurs be used by duly authorized amateurs? (D) A. First come first served basis B. Non-sharing basis C. Anybody transmits anytime D. Non-interference basis 30. To facilitate the reception of distress calls using the emergency frequency on 2 meters, transmissions should be kept to a minimum and for how long? (D) A. Not exceeding 5 minutes B. Not exceeding 4 minutes C. Not exceeding 3 minutes D. Not exceeding 1 minute 31. What should an amateur without distress traffic do on the emergency frequency on 2 meters to make sure no distress traffic is taking place? (C) A. Just call CQ B. Check antenna’s VSWR before transmitting C. Listen for a reasonable period before transmitting D. Transmit anytime 32. When is a citizen of another country qualified to take the examination and apply for an amateur license here? (C) A. After he has attended a seminar and submitted the requirements B. After submission of his passport copy C. When his country extends the same privilege to Filipino nationals as far as examination is concerned D. When he is endorsed by any Class A or an NTC accredited club 33. Who in the Amateur Radio Service is called an amateur or an amateur radio operator? (D) A. A person who is capable of acquiring any equipment for his station to be used for communications B. A person who broadcasts traffic for the general public C. A person who needs to communicate with his family, co-workers and friends D. A person interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest 34. A radio station in the amateur service installed at specified fixed location and operated to communicate with an amateur mobile station, amateur portable station or another amateur fixed radio station is an ________ ? (C) A. Amateur Mobile Station B. Amateur Portable Station C. Amateur Fixed Radio Station D. Amateur HT Station 35. A radio station in the amateur service installed on board a vehicle or vessel and intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points is an _______ ? (B) A. Amateur Fixed Radio Station B. Amateur Mobile Station C. Amateur Portable Station D. Amateur HT Station 36. What is the amateur station so designed that it may conveniently be moved about from place to place or personally carried and be operated while in motion or during temporary halts? (C) A. Amateur Fixed Station B. Amateur Mobile Station C. Amateur Portable Station D. Amateur HT Station 37. What term means telecommunications by means of radio waves conducted by or among authorized amateurs on a non-commercial basis? (D) A. Amateur Radio Equipment Testing B. Amateur Radio Propagation Check C. Amateur Radio Contest Practice D. Amateur Radio Communications 38. ______ is defined as a radio communication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purpose as those of the Amateur Radio Service? (B) A. Amateur Space Service B. Amateur Satellite Service C. Amateur Relay Station D. Amateur Repeater Station 39. _______ is the general term applied to the use of radio waves? (A) A. Radio B. Communications C. Civic D. Commercial 40. _______ is defined as a reasonably complete and sufficient combination of distinct radio equipment intended for or capable of being used either for transmission or reception of radio signals or both? (C) A. Transmitter B. Receiver C. Radio Apparatus D. Radio Station 41. ________ is a station with one or more transmitters, receivers or combination of transmitters or receivers including the accessory equipment authorized at a location for carrying on a radio communication service? (C) A. AM Station B. FM Station C. Radio Station D. Broadcast Station 42. ________ is the term for any transmission, emission and reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems? (A) A. Telecommunication B. Broadcast C. Radio Experimentation D. Propagation 43. Who is a Class A amateur duly appointed by the board of a club or association to supervise and control the proper use and operation of the fixed station of that association or club? (C) A. Club President B. Club Technician C. Trustee D. Founder 44. What is the distress signal for radiotelegraphy? (C) A. HELP B. BREAK C. SOS D. MAYDAY 45. What is the distress signal for radiotelephony? (D) A. HELP B. SOS C. QRZ D. MAYDAY 46. Into how many amateur radio districts is the Philippines divided? (D) A. 12 B. 11 C. 10 D. 9 47. Baguio City belongs to what amateur radio district? (A) A. District 2 B. District 3 C. District 4 D. District 5 48. Dumaguete City is under what amateur radio district? (B) A. District 9 B. District 7 C. District 5 D. District 3 49. Bicol is in what amateur radio district? (C) A. District 6 B. District 5 C. District 4 D. District 3 50. Batangas is under what amateur radio district? (D) A. District 7 B. District 5 C. District 3 D. District 1 51. What provinces belong to amateur radio District 6? (C) A. Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan B. Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon C. Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Capiz D. Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte 52. If an amateur with a DU1XX call sign drives to Baguio City for a day, how should he identify his mobile station when transmitting in radiotelephony? (C) A. DU1XX mobile 4 B. DU1XX mobile 3 C. DU1XX mobile 2 D. DU1XX mobile 53. If an amateur with a DU9XX call sign operates temporarily a portable station in Zamboanga for less than a month, how should he identify his station in radiotelephony? (A) A. DU9XX portable 8 B. DU9XX portable 7 C. DU9XX portable 6 D. DU9XX portable 54. Where should be the amateur Radio Station License placed in the radio station? (C) A. Nowhere B. Just filed safely C. Posted in a conspicuous place D. Posted at the back of the main door 55. When is any person permitted to transmit by voice while operating the amateur station of a licensee? (B) A. Never B. When the licensee controls directly the entire operation in accordance with proper amateur practice C. Anytime even in the absence of the licensee in a normal situation D. Anytime using a different call sign from that of the licensee 56. What is strictly prohibited under the Rules Governing Operation of Amateur Stations? (D) A. Operation without a valid amateur radio operator certificate or radio station license B. Transmission with false or misleading identification C. Transmission of messages or signals containing profane or indecent words or language D. All of the above 57. What shall an amateur do upon knowing his station is causing harmful interference to the operation of any existing station? (C) A. Decrease output power B. Intentionally jam the other station C. Cease operation immediately D. Ignore the operation of the existing station 58. What appropriate steps can the NTC take on the harmful interference caused by an amateur station? (D) A. Suspend the amateur station’s operation pending a satisfactory adjustment of the equipment B. Limit the power of the working hours C. Order the temporary closure in the event of continued interference D. All of the above 59. For how long is a portable operation allowed in any other area without obtaining a specific authority? (A) A. 1 month B. 2 months C. 3 months D. 4 months 60. What is required if a continuous portable operation exceeds four (4) months in any other area? (C) A. Special Permit B. Station ID must always be transmitted with a “portable” + district number C. Modification of the station license D. The licensee must carry with him his original license at all times 61. NTC may grant the authorization to install and operate a repeater to whom? (D) A. Only to Class A amateurs B. To any duly licensed amateur C. Only to the national organization D. Only to duly recognized amateur associations, clubs or societies 62. A least how many licensed members must a club have, as one of the requirements, to be accredited by the NTC? (C) A. 15 B. 20 C. 25 D. 5 63. An amateur who is a citizen or resident of a foreign country may be authorized to operate temporarily in the Philippines provided he is a holder of a license issued by their government and his country provides the same privilege to Filipino nationals. What do you call this partnership or arrangement on amateur licensing between two countries? (B) A. Joint Venture Agreement B. Reciprocal Agreement C. Development Agreement D. Confidentiality Agreement 64. Which of the following is a ground for suspension/revocation of an amateur license? (D) A. Intentional harmful interfering or jamming of legitimate licensed radio stations B. Engaging in amateur work without a valid license or performing said work in behalf of a licensed amateur without proper authority C. Making any false statement in the application for license D. All of the above 65. To secure a Class B amateur license, a registered Electronics and Communications Engineer shall be required to pass the examination for what element? (B) A. Element I B. Element II C. Elements I & II D. Element IV 66. What element shall be required from a holder of a valid 1st /or 2nd class commercial radiotelegraph operator certificate to pass to secure a Class B amateur license? (B) A. Element I B. Element II C. Elements I & II D. Element IV 67. What is DW, DV or DU in the formation of amateur call sign? (B) A. Station Identification B. Prefix C. Suffix D. District number 68. For an amateur call sign DU1ABC, what is the suffix? (D) A. DU B. DU1 C. 1ABC D. ABC 69. Which one below is a valid amateur call sign in the Philippines? (D) A. Kabalikat 1122 B. Eagle 505 C. K6TJO D. DW1SWA 70. How much shall NTC fine any person who had been found to have violated the law with illegal possession and illegal transmission of an amateur transceiver? (D) A. P2,000 B. P4,000 C. P6,000 D. P2,000 and/or imprisonment of not more than 2 years for each and every offense 71. How much shall NTC fine a firm, company, corporation or association found to have illegally purchased a base transceiver? (C) A. P2,000 B. P4,000 C. P5,000 D. P10,000 72. When shall an amateur make his station and documents available for NTC inspection? (A) A. Any time upon request by an NTC representative or inspector with a Mission Order B. 30 days before expiration of license C. Anytime upon request by an official observer from the amateur community D. Upon release of the initial station license 73. In April 2011, NTC issued Memorandum Circular 04-03-2011 on some frequencies which shall be used at times of disasters and national emergencies. Which frequencies on 2m and 40m shall be used by amateurs as calling frequencies under this MC? (B) A. 144.700 & 7.045 MHz B. 144.740 & 7.095 MHZ C. 144.000 & 7.000 MHz D. 145.000 & 7.045 MHz 74. What is not among the frequency bands allocated to the Amateur Radio Service? (D) A. 3.500 - 3.900 MHz B. 7.000 - 7.200 MHZ C. 14.000 - 14.350 MHZ D. 25.000 - 27.990 MHZ 75. What document is issued by NTC authorizing possession of a radio transmitter or receiver? (C) A. Permit to Transfer B. Permit to Own C. Permit to Possess D. Purchase Permit 76. What is a document is issued by NTC authorizing the holder to purchase a radio transmitter or transceivers. (D) A. Permit to Transfer B. Permit to Own C. Permit to Possess D. Purchase Permit 77. What is required if a person wants to sell or transfer his transmitter or transceiver to another on a single transaction? (C) A. He must obtain a permit to own or possess a transmitter or transceiver from the NTC. B. He must obtain a dealer's permit from the NTC. C. He must obtain a permit to sell or transfer from the NTC. D. He must provide the next owner a photocopy of his radio station license. 78. What is the federation of national amateur radio societies worldwide which serves as the watchdog and spokesperson for the world Amateur Radio community in the international level, wherein the Philippines is under its Region 3? (D) A. ITU B. FCC C. ARRL D. IARU *(Source: IARU Official Website) 79. What size of the call sign characters of the fixed amateur radio station shall be posted at the entrance to the premises? (B) A. at least 2 in high B. at least 10 cm high C. at least 5.08 cm high D. at least 0.635 cm 80. What size of the call sign characters shall be posted on the windshield of a vehicle or vessel of a mobile station? (C) A. at least 2 in high B. at least 10 cm high C. at least 5.08 cm high D. at least 0.635 cm 81. What size of the call sign characters shall be posted on the equipment itself for a portable station? (D) A. at least 2 cm high B. at least 10 cm high C. at least 5.08 cm high D. at least 0.635 cm 82. What is the coverage of Element IV for Class C examination? (C) A. Radio Rules and Regulation B. Electrical and Electronics Principles C. Amateur Radio Practice D. Operating Procedures 83. DU1XX had transferred his fixed station to Pangasinan and after 4 months had his license modified. What should his new call sign be? (D) A. DU1XX portable 3 B. DU3XX C. DU1XX portable 2 D. DU2XX 84. What document shall a duly accredited amateur club enter into with NTC for the management of its members in the proper use of the amateur frequency bands and prevention of harmful interference? (B) A. Memorandum of Understanding B. Memorandum of Agreement C. Partnership Agreement D. Legal Cooperation Agreement 85. What are some provinces under amateur District 4? A. Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, La Union B. Eastern Samar, Leyte, Southern Leyte C. Camarines Norte, Catanduanes, Sorsogon D. Misamis Oriental, Agusan del Sur, Butuan 86. What regions are under amateur District 8? (A) A. Region IX, Region XII B. Region I, Region II C. Region III D. Region VI 87. How does DU1XX operating temporarily for 30 days in Ilocos Sur identify his station? (D) A. DU1XX slash 2 B. DU1XX slant 2 C. DU1XX stroke 2 D. All of the above 88. Which Element is not prescribed for Class C examination? (A) A. Element I B. Element II C. Element III D. Element IV 89. If a Class C amateur applies for renewal of his license for another 3 years but is 14 months expired and the prescribed license fee is P144.00 per year, how much shall he pay NTC for his Radio Station License renewal excluding filing fee? (C) A. P432 B. P576 C. P648 D. P720 90. What do you call a radio station in the amateur service installed at a specified fixed location and operated to communicate with an amateur mobile station, portable station or other amateur stations? (A) A: Amateur Fixed Station B: Broadcast Station C: Hobby Station D: Emergency Radio Station 91. In the amateur band, what kind of messages should not be transmitted? (C) A: Messages regarding experiments with antennas B: Personal messages to another amateur radio operator C: Commercial and broadcast messages B: Emergency calls on 145MHz 92. To facilitate the reception of distress calls, all transmission on 145 MHz shall be kept to a minimum and shall not exceed how long? (C) A: 30 minutes B: 5 minutes C: 1 minute D: Unlimited 93. The Philippines is divided into how many amateur radio districts? (B) A: 13 B: 9 C: 100 D: 4 94. How long must be a radio logbook be kept? (B) A: 5 years B: 2 years C: 6 months D: Until the license expires 95. How long should a radio logbook with distress traffic be kept? (A) A: 5 years B: 2 years C: 5 years D: until the license expires 96. What is the combination of letters and numbers to identify a radio station known as? (D) A: Alphanumeric B: License C: Handle D: Call sign 97. What government agency is responsible for the regulation of the amateur radio service? (C) A: NSO B: NIA C: NTC D: NHA 98. What is one of the frequencies of the emergency channel on the 2 meter band? (B) A: 144MHz B: 145MHz +/- 25 kHz C: 142MHz D: 146MHz +/- 10 kHz 99. What is an amateur radio station intended to be used for operation during unspecified halts or while in motion? (A) A: Mobile station B: Temporary station C: Portable station D: Alternate station 100. What is the maximum number of letter in the suffix of a callsign does NTC issue? (C) A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2  ELEMENT 3 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics Amateur Radio Orientation Seminar Philippine Amateur Radio Association Why Study Amateur Radio Electronics?  Amateur radio equipment (HT, mobile or base) are made up of electronic components and use electricity  Amateur radio equipment are expensive and there are few technicians who can service them – You will be able to service your own equipment;  Enjoy experimenting and building your own equipment. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Einstein Said: “You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly the same way: you send signals here, they receive them there. The only difference is that there is no cat.” Philippine Amateur Radio Association Element 2 Outline A. Basic Electricity 1. Matter and its Electrical Properties 2. Basic Electrical Units 3. Electrical Test Instruments 4. Current Flows Philippine Amateur Radio Association Element 2 Outline B. Basic Electronics 1. Basic Electronic Components 2. Resistor Color Code 3. Ohm’s and Joule’s Laws 4. Circuits 5. Reactance and Resonant Frequency C. Frequency and Wavelength Philippine Amateur Radio Association Matter and Its Electrical Properties Matter  Anything that is made up of molecules and atoms.  Molecules is made up of atoms.  The atom consists of a central nucleus made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Matter and Its Electrical Properties An atom is the smallest particle that comprises a chemical element and at its natural state has zero charge. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Matter and Its Electrical Properties Electricity: the flow of electrons from one place to another. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Matter and Its Electrical Properties Classification of Matter according to Electrical Properties: Conductors –materials that permit electrons to flow freely from particle to particle. An object made of a conducting material will permit charge to be transferred across the entire surface of the object; low resistance Philippine Amateur Radio Association Matter and Its Electrical Properties Classification of Matter according to Electrical Properties: Insulators - materials that impede the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to molecule; high resistance Philippine Amateur Radio Association Matter and Its Electrical Properties Classification of Matter according to Electrical Properties: Semiconductors - materials that allow or impede the flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to molecule under certain circumstances; have variable resistance according for formulation and circuit conditions. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Matter and Its Electrical Properties Classification of Matter according to Electrical Properties: Philippine Amateur Radio Association Examples Which of the following is a good electrical conductor? a. Rubber b. Glass c. Wood d. Copper Philippine Amateur Radio Association Examples: An example of a semiconductor is: a. Rubber b. Silver c. Germanium d. Copper Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electrical Units Electricity: Flow of (negatively charged) electrons Coulomb (C) – unit of electrical charge A Coulomb is 6.24 x 1018 electrons. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electrical Units Three Primary Electrical Units: 1. The Volt 2. The Ampere 3. The Ohm Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electrical Units The Volt (V or E)  The pressure that is put on free electrons that causes them to flow is known as electromotive force (EMF).  The volt is the unit of pressure, i.e., the volt is the amount of EMF required to push a current of one ampere through a conductor with a resistance of one ohm. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electrical Units The Ampere (Amp)  The flow of electrons is called current, and is measured in amperes (Amp).  One Amp is equal to a flow of one coulomb per second through a wire. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electrical Units The Ohm ()  The ohm is the unit of resistance in a conductor.  Also, the opposition of the material to the flow of current. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Other Electrical Units Other Basic Electrical Units The Farad (F)  The unit of Capacitance (symbol C) which is the ability of a material to store electric charge.  A 1-farad capacitor can store one coulomb of charge at 1 volt. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Other Electrical Units The Henry (H)  The unit of inductance (symbol L) which is the ability of a material to produce induced voltage  If the rate of change of current in a circuit is 1 Amp per second and the resulting EMF is 1V, then the inductance of the circuit is 1H. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Other Electrical Units The Hertz (Hz)  The unit of frequency (symbol f) which is the measure of the number of occurrences of repeating event per unit time or cycles per second Philippine Amateur Radio Association Electrical Test Instruments Voltmeter - measures voltage Battery Connect the voltmeter in PARALLEL to measure voltage Philippine Amateur Radio Association Electrical Test Instruments Ammeter - measures current Battery Connect an Ammeter in SERIES to measure the current in a circuit Philippine Amateur Radio Association Electrical Test Instruments Ohmmeter - measures resistance Philippine Amateur Radio Association Electrical Test Instruments Multimeter Philippine Amateur Radio Association Current Flows Direct Current (DC) flow of charge particles or electrons through a conductor in a circuit is in one direction only Philippine Amateur Radio Association Current Flows Direct Current (DC) A battery is a good source of DC power supply. positive polarity + (red) negative polarity - (black) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Current Flow Alternating Current (AC) flow of charge particles or electrons through a conductor in a circuit is first in one direction, then reverses, that is, the flow reverses periodically. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Current Flows Philippine Amateur Radio Association  Current Flows In DC circuits, load is measured in resistance only. In AC and radio circuits we can expect a reactive component in the load and the combination of these two is called impedance. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Current Flows A switch is a component used to turn a circuit on or off. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Current Flows An ideal voltage source should have zero internal resistance. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronics Electronics – the study of the flow of electrons through materials and devices. An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system which affects the flow of electrons. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The RESISTOR  A passive two-terminal component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.  is designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the next.  Unit: Ohms () Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The RESISTOR Diagram Symbol: Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The CAPACITOR  a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field.  In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The CAPACITOR  The capacitance is directly proportional to the surface areas of the plates, and is inversely proportional to the separation between the plates.  Unit: Farad (F) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The CAPACITOR Diagram symbol: Tantalum Capacitor Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The INDUCTOR  a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.  In its simplest form, an inductor consists of a wire loop or coil. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The INDUCTOR  The inductance is directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil. Inductance also depends on the radius of the coil and on the type of material around which the coil is wound.  Unit: Henry (H) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Basic Electronic Components The INDUCTOR Diagram symbol: Philippine Amateur Radio Association  Units of Measure: SI Prefixes  Tera T 1012  1,000,000,000,000  Giga G 109  1,000,000,000  Mega M 106  1,000,000  Kilo k 103  1,000  Milli m 10-3  0.001  Micro  10-6  0.000 001  Nano  10-9  0.000 000 001  Pico p 10-12  0.000 000 000 001  Femto f 10-15  0.000 000 000 000 001 (in RED are commonly used multiples) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Examples How is 325 kilo-ohms also written? Answer: 325 kΩ How is 888 milliwatt also written? Answer: 888mW How many milliwatts are in 1 watt? Answer: 1000mW Philippine Amateur Radio Association Examples What is another way of writing 470 kilo-ohms? Answer: 470,000 ohms or 470 kΩ What is another way of writing 3000 MHz in GigaHz? Answer: 3 GHz Philippine Amateur Radio Association The Resistor Color Code Bad Boys Rape Our Young Girls But Violeta Gave Willingly Go Save Nonie Philippine Amateur Radio Association The Resistor Color Code Example What is the value of the resistor having the color bands as follows: violet – violet – blue - no color ? Answer: 77 M ( 20%) Philippine Amateur Radio Association The Resistor Color Code Example What is the value of the resistor having the color bands as follows: yellow – violet – orange – NC? Answer: 47 K ( 20%) Philippine Amateur Radio Association The Resistor Color Code Example What is the value of the resistor having the color bands as follows: green – black – black - silver? Answer: 50 ohms (10%) Philippine Amateur Radio Association The Resistor Color Code Example What is the value of the resistor having the color bands as follows: white – white – black - gold? Answer: 99 ohms ( 5%) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Ohm’s Law The current passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two points, and inversely proportional to the I  k V/R resistance between them. or I = V/R Philippine Amateur Radio Association Ohm’s Law Remembering Ohm’s Law: Philippine Amateur Radio Association Ohm’s Law Remembering Ohm’s Law: Philippine Amateur Radio Association Ohm’s Law Example: What is the voltage in a simple circuit, if the current is 1 Ampere and the resistance of 30 Ohms? Answer: V = I x R V = 1 Amp x 30   V = 30 V Philippine Amateur Radio Association Ohm’s Law Example: What is the current along a simple circuit, if a 240 Ohm resistor is connected to a 12V battery? Answer: I = V / R I = 12V / 240  I = 0.05 Amp Philippine Amateur Radio Association Power Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. Unit of Power : W, watts Philippine Amateur Radio Association Power Formula: Joule’s Law The rate of heat dissipation in a resistive conductor (or power dissipated in a resistor) is proportional to the square of the current through it and to its resistance. P = I2 R  P = I E, since E = I R (by Ohm’s Law)  P = E2 / R, since I = E / R. Note: PT = P1 + P2 + … + PN Philippine Amateur Radio Association Power Formula: Joule’s Law Example: What is the total power dissipated by a load resistor supplied by a 48V- source and having a total current of 1A flow through it? Given: E = 48V and I = 1Amp Solution: P = I x E = 48V x 1Amp = 48 W Philippine Amateur Radio Association Power Formula: Joule’s Law Example: What is the current flowing through a load having a 12V measurement across it if it dissipates 4W of power? Given: E = 12V and P = 4W Solution: P = I x E  I = P / E = 4W /12V = 0.333 A Philippine Amateur Radio Association Electric Circuits Most practical applications of electricity involve the flow of electric current in a closed path under the influence of a driving voltage or EMF. A complete path, typically through conductors and through circuit elements, is called an electric circuit: Closed circuit: complete, functional Open circuit: incomplete, non-functional Short circuit: bypass some elements; high current (resulting to high temperature) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Parallel Circuits component junctions are connected via a common point. Components may be resistors, capacitors or inductors Philippine Amateur Radio Association Parallel Circuits Resistors in Parallel: Total Resistance RT 1/ RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +…+ 1/Rn Capacitors in Parallel: Total Capacitance, CT = C1 + C2 +…+ Cn Inductors in Parallel: Total Inductance, LT 1/ LT = 1/L1 + 1/L2 +…+ 1/Ln Philippine Amateur Radio Association Parallel Circuits Example: Inductors in PARALLEL What is the total inductance of 2 inductors valued at 20mH each and are connected in parallel? Given: L1 = L2 = 20mH  1/LT = 1/L1 + 1/L2  LT = (L1 x L2) / (L1 + L2)  LT = (20mH x 20mH) / (20mH + 20mH)  LT =10mH Philippine Amateur Radio Association Parallel Circuits Examples: Three capacitors C1, C2 and C3 are connected in parallel. If C1 = 10pF, C2 = 20pF and C3= 30pF, what is the total capacitance of the circuit? Answer: CT = C1 + C2 + C3 = 10pF + 20pF + 30pF = 60pF Philippine Amateur Radio Association Parallel Circuits Example: In the circuit below, if R1 = 20, R2= 40, and R3 = 20, what is the total resistance of the circuit? Answer: 8  Philippine Amateur Radio Association Parallel Circuits A Dummy Load: Twenty resistors, each rated 1K at 3W are connected in parallel. What is the total resistance and power rating of this circuit? Answer: 50, 60W Philippine Amateur Radio Association Series Circuits Components are connected one after the other Philippine Amateur Radio Association Series Circuits Resistors in Series: Total Resistance RT = R1 + R2 +…+ Rn Capacitors in Series: Total Capacitance, CT 1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 +…+ 1/Cn Inductors in Series: Total Inductance, LT = L1 + L2 +…+ Ln Philippine Amateur Radio Association Series Circuits Example: Inductors in SERIES What is the total inductance of 3 inductors connected in series, with the following values: 3mH, 5mH and 22mH? Given: L1=3mH, L2=5mH and L3 =22mH Solution: LT = L1 + L2 + L3 = 3mH + 5mH + 22mH = 30mH Philippine Amateur Radio Association Circuits Current remains constant in a SERIES circuit. Connect an ammeter in series to a circuit element when measuring current. Voltage remains constant in a PARALLEL circuit. Connect a voltmeter in parallel to a circuit element when measuring voltage drop. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Reactance and Resonant Frequency Reactance  opposition to current due to storage of energy  the opposition to alternating current (AC) due to capacitance (capacitive reactance) or inductance (inductive reactance) Note: Capacitor and inductor can store energy. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Inductive Reactance a quantity characterizing the opposition presented to an alternating current by the inductance of a circuit or of part of a circuit. Inductive reactance is measured in ohms. X L = 2 f L Where XL = Inductive Reactance (in ) f = Frequency (in Hz) L = Inductance (in H) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Capacitive Reactance a quantity characterizing the opposition presented to an alternating current by the capacitance of a circuit or of part of a circuit. Capacitive reactance is measured in ohms. 1 X C 2fC Where XC = Capacitive Reactance () f = Frequency (Hz) C = Capacitance (F) Philippine Amateur Radio Association Resonant Circuit In an electrical circuit, resonance occurs at a particular frequency when the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude, causing electrical energy to oscillate between the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor. Philippine Amateur Radio Association The Resonant Frequency X L  XC 1  2fL  2fC Where 2 1 f = Frequency (Hz) f  2  LC L = Inductance (H) 2 1 C = Capacitance (C) f  2 LC Philippine Amateur Radio Association The Resonant Frequency Example: Find the resonant frequency of the following circuit: Given: L = 100mH = 0.1 H C = 10F = 0.00001F 1 1 f   2 LC 23.14 .1H .00001F  1 1 f   6.28.000001 6.28.001  f  159.24Hz Philippine Amateur Radio Association Resonant Frequency The bandwidth of a resonant circuit refers to the frequency range over which the circuit response to voltage or current is no more than 3dB below the peak response. The ()3dB points are also called the half power points where the voltage and current have been reduced to 70.7% of the peak voltage or current. Philippine Amateur Radio Association Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth Philippine Amateur Radio Association Frequency and Wavelength Basic Formula: C  f Where C = speed of light in air = 3 x 108 m/sec  = Wavelength in meters (m) f = frequency in Hertz (Hz) 300 If f is given in MHz, then  f Philippine Amateur Radio Association Frequency and Wavelength Examples: Find the wavelength of a. 145 MHz b. 7 Mhz c. 21 Mhz d. 14 Mhz Philippine Amateur Radio Association  Frequency Spectrum BAND FREQUENCY RANGE Audio Frequency 30Hz – 30KHz Very Low Frequency (VLF) 30KHz – 300KHz Low Frequency (LF) 300KHz – 3MHz High Frequency (HF) 3MHz – 30MHz Very High Frequency (VHF) 30MHz – 300MHz Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300MHz – 3GHz Super High Frequency (SHF) 3GHz – 30GHz Extremely High Frequency (EHF) 30GHz – 300GHz Philippine Amateur Radio Association Frequency Spectrum  Which frequency band is considered as audio frequency? Answer: 30 Hz to 30 kHz  430-440 MHz belong to what frequency range? Answer: UHF  What are included in the high frequency range? Answer: 3 MHz – 30 MHz Philippine Amateur Radio Association Frequency Spectrum  In what frequency range does 7.095 MHz A3J signal belong to? Answer: HF  In what frequency range does the 144 MHz phase shift keying signal belong to? Answer: VHF  What are included in the ultra high frequency range? Answer: 300 MHz – 3000 MHz Philippine Amateur Radio Association Some Amateur Activities Philippine Amateur Radio Association Some Amateur Activities Philippine Amateur Radio Association Some Amateur Activities Philippine Amateur Radio Association THANK YOU… The DU Seminar Team Amateur Radio Orientation Seminar Philippine Amateur Radio Association Philippine Amateur Radio Association ELEMENT IV 1. What reading on an SWR meter indicates perfect impedance match between the antenna and the feedline? (C) A. 2 to 1 B. 1 to 3 C. 1 to 1 D. 10 to 1 2. Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter? (B) A. Ensure that the applied voltages are correct B. Ensure that the circuit is not powered C. Ensure that the circuit is grounded D. Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency 3. What is the minimum safe distance from a power line when installing an antenna? (D) A. Half the width of your property B. The height of the power line above ground C. 1/2 wavelength at the operating frequency D. So that if the antenna falls unexpectedly, no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to the power wires 4. What is an instance in which the use of an instrument with analog readout may be preferred over an instrument with a numerical digital readout? (D) A. When testing logic circuits B. When high precision is desired C. When measuring the frequency of an oscillator D. When adjusting tuned circuits. Justification: for trend measurements, like tune for peak or dip an analog meter beats the digital meter. 5. What type of filter should be connected to a TV receiver as the first step in trying to prevent RF overload from a nearby 2 M transmitter? (D) A. Low-pass filter B. High-pass filter C. Band-pass filter D. Band-reject filter 6. What is the source of a high-pitched whine that varies with engine speed in a mobile transceiver's receive audio? (B) A. The ignition system B. The alternator C. the electric fuel pump D. Anti-lock braking system controllers Justification: On mobile installations it is called "alternator whine" 7. Which of the following controls could be used if the voice pitch of a single-sideband signal seems too high or too low? (D) A. The AGC or limiter B. Bandwidth selection C. The tone squelch D. The receiver RIT or clarifier 8. Which of the following is a common use of coaxial cable? (B) A. Carry dc power from a vehicle battery to a mobile radio B. Carry RF signals between a radio and antenna C. Secure masts, tubing and other cylindrical objects on towers D. Connect data signals from a TNC to a computer 9. Which instrument is used to measure electrical current? (D) A. An ohmmeter B. A wave-meter C. A voltmeter D. An ammeter 10. What could be used in place of a regular speaker to help you copy signals in a noisy area? (C) A. A video display B. A low pass filter C. A set of headphones D. A boom microphone 11. Where should a mobile transceiver's power negative connection be made? (A) A. At the battery or engine block ground strap B. At the antenna mount C. To any metal part of the vehicle D. Through the transceiver's mounting bracket 12. Which of the following can be used to enter the operating frequency of a modern transceiver? (A) A. The keypad or VFO knob B. The CTCSS or DTMF encoder C. The Automatic Frequency Control D. All the choices are correct 13. Which of the following measurements are commonly used using a multimeter? (D) A. SWR and RF power B. Signal strength and noise C. Impedance and resistance D. Voltage and resistance 14. What signals are used to conduct a two-tone test? (B) A. Two audio signals of the same frequency B. Two non-harmonically related audio signals C. Two swept frequency tones D. Two audio frequency range square wave signals 15. Which of the following can be the result of an incorrectly adjusted speech processor? (D) A. Distorted speech B. Splatter C. Excessive background pickup D. All of these choices are correct 16. Which of the following frequencies is in the 12-meter band? (D) A. 3.940 MHz B. 12.940 MHz C. 17.940 MHz D. 24.940 MHz 17. Which of the following is true concerning access to frequencies? (C) A. Nets always have priority B. QSO's in process always have priority C. No one has priority access to frequencies, common courtesy should be a guide C. Contest operations must always yield to non-contest use of frequencies 18. How can a ground loop be avoided? (D) A. Connect all ground connections in series B. Connect the AC neutral conductor to the ground wire C. Avoid using lock washers and star washers when making ground connections D. Connect all ground contacts to a single point 19. Which of the following can be the result of an improperly adjusted speech processor? (D) A. Distorted Speech B. Splatter C. Excessive background pick up D. All of these choices are correct 20. Which of the following components should be added to a capacitor to increase the capacitance? (C) A. An inductor in series B. A resistor in series C. A capacitor in parallel D. A capacitor in series 21. Which frequency is within the 6-meter band? (B) A. 49.00 MHz B. 52.525 MHz C. 28.50 MHz D. 222.15 MHz 22. Under which of the following circumstances are amateur stations authorized to transmit signals related to broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means is available? (A) A. Only where such communications directly relate to immediate safety of human life or protection of property B. Only when broadcasting communications to and from the space shuttle C. Only when non-commercial programming is gathered and supplied exclusively to the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas D. Only when using amateur repeaters linked through the internet 23. What might cause erratic changes in SWR readings? (B) A. The transmitter is being modulated B. A loose connection in an antenna or a feedline C. The transmitter is being over-modulated D. Interference from other stations is distorting your signal 24. How is an ammeter usually connected to a circuit? (A) A. In series with the circuit B. In parallel with the circuit C. In quadrature with the circuit D. In phase with the circuit 25. What, in general terms, is standing wave ratio (SWR)? (A) A. A measure of how well a load is matched to a transmission line B. The ratio of high to low impedance in a feedline C. The transmitter efficiency ratio D. An indication of the quality of your station's ground connection 26. What should you do if you receive a report that your station's transmissions are causing splatter or interference on nearby frequencies? (D) A. Increase transmit power B. Change mode of transmission C. Report the interference to the equipment manufacturer D. Check your transmitter for off-frequency operation or spurious emissions 27. Where must a filter be installed to reduce harmonic emissions? (A) A. Between the transmitter and the antenna B. Between the receiver and the transmitter C. At the station power supply D. At the microphone 28. What electrical component is used to connect or disconnect electrical circuits? (B) A. Zener Diode B. Switch C. Inductor D. Variable resistor 29. Which of the following may be useful in correcting a radio frequency interference problem? (D) A. Snap-on ferrite chokes B. Low-pass and high-pass filters C. Band-reject and band-pass filters D. All of these choices are correct 30. What popular operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period of time? (A) A. Contesting B. Net operations C. Public service events D. Simulated emergency exercises 31. What type of instrument can be used to accurately measure an RF field? (B) A. A receiver with an S meter B. A calibrated field-strength meter with a calibrated antenna C. A betascope with a dummy antenna calibrated at 50Ω D. An oscilloscope with a high-stability crystal marker generator 32. What is the purpose of a transmitter power supply interlock? (C) A. To prevent unauthorized access to a transmitter B. To guarantee that you cannot accidentally transmit out of band C. To ensure that dangerous voltages are removed if the cabinet is opened D. To shut off the transmitter if too much current is drawn 33. What is normally meant by operating a transceiver in "split" mode? (C) A. The radio is operating at half power B. The transceiver is operating from an external power source C. The transceiver is set to different transmit and receive frequencies D. The transmitter is emitting a SSB signal, as opposed to DSB operation 34. Which of these connector types is commonly used for audio signals in Amateur Radio stations? (C) A. PL-259 B. BNC C. RCA Phono D. Type N 35. Which HF antenna would be the best to use for minimizing interference? (C) A. A quarter-wave vertical antenna B. An isotropic antenna C. A unidirectional antenna D. An omnidirectional antenna 36. Which of the following can be determined with a field strength meter? (B) A. The radiation resistance of an antenna B. The radiation pattern of an antenna C. The presence and amount of phase distortion of a transmitter D. The presence and amount of amplitude distortion of a transmitter 37. What are the typical characteristic impedances of coaxial cables used for antenna feed lines at amateur stations? (B) A. 25Ω and 30Ω B. 50Ω and 75Ω C. 80Ω and 100Ω D. 500Ω and 750Ω 38. What brief statement is often used in place of "CQ" to indicate that you are listening on a repeater? (B) A. Say "Hello test" followed by your call sign B. Say your call sign C. Say the repeater call sign followed by your call sign D. Say the letters "QSY" followed by your call sign 39. Which of the following is common practice during net operations to get the immediate attention of the net control station when reporting an emergency? (C) A. Repeat the words SOS three times followed by the call sign of the reporting station B. Press the push-to-talk button three times C. Begin your transmission with "Priority" or "Emergency" followed by your call sign D. Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone followed by your call sign 40. What is the formula for converting frequency to wavelength in meters? (D) A. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300 B. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300 C. Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300 D. Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz 41. Which of the following describes the common meaning of the term "repeater offset"? (C) A. The distance between the repeater's transmit and receive antennas B. The time delay before the repeater timer resets C. The difference between the repeater's transmit and receive frequencies D. The maximum frequency deviation permitted on the repeater's input signal 42. Which of the following types of solder is best for radio and electronic use? (C) A. Acid-core solder B. Silver solder C. Rosin-core solder D. Aluminum solder 43. Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt? (B) A. Calibrated SWR meter B. A directional antenna C. A calibrated noise bridge D. All of these choices are correct 44. What does an antenna tuner do? (A) A. It matches the antenna system impedance to the transceiver's output impedance B. It helps a receiver automatically tune in weak stations C. It allows an antenna to be used on both transmit and receive D. It automatically selects the proper antenna for the frequency band being used 45. Which of the following is a common use for the dual VFO feature on a transceiver? (C) A. To allow transmitting on two frequencies at once B. To permit full duplex operation, that is transmitting and receiving at the same time C. To permit ease of monitoring the transmit and receive frequencies when they are not the same D. To facilitate computer interface 46. What is an advantage of a digital voltmeter as compared to an analog voltmeter? (C) A. Better for measuring computer circuits B. Better for RF measurements C. Better precision for most uses D. Faster response 47. What could be a symptom of a ground loop somewhere in your station? (A) A. You receive reports of "hum" on your station's transmitted signal B. The SWR reading for one or more antennas is suddenly very high C. An item of station equipment starts to draw excessive amounts of current D. You receive reports of harmonic interference from your station 48. What does an S-meter measure? (C) A. Conductance B. Impedance C. Received signal strength D. Transmitter power output 49. Which of the following phone emissions uses the narrowest frequency bandwidth? (A) A. Single sideband B. Double sideband C. Phase modulation D. Frequency modulation 50. What is the approximate length for a 1/2-wave dipole antenna cut for 3.550 MHz? (C) A. 42 feet B. 84 feet C. 131 feet D. 263 feet 51. What is a logic probe? (A) A. A probe used for analyzing and troubleshooting logical states. B. A probe to detect if a person is lying or telling the truth C. A probe for detecting underwater objects D. A probe for measuring changes in ambient temperature 52. An oscilloscope displays signals in what format? (A) A. Amplitude level and time duration B. Amplitude level and frequency span C. Noise floor of the signal D. Signal to noise ratio 53. A Grid-dip meter/solid state dip meter measures what parameter? (C) A. A dip in voltage reading B. A peak in voltage reading C. Resonant frequency of an LC tank circuit D. Number of cycles per second 54. Where do we use a frequency counter? (D) A. To measure the frequency of an RF Oscillator B. To measure the Frequency of an Audio Oscillator C. Measure the reference frequency in a PLL circuit D. All of the above 55. What is intermodulation interference? (B) A. Interference caused by odd order harmonics of a transmitter's fundamental frequency. B. Interference caused by the combining several signals in a non-linear device producing new unwanted frequencies. C. Interference caused by a shift in the carrier frequency of an AM transmitter. D. Interference caused by signals arriving from different paths. 56. What is receiver desensitization? (D) A. When the receiver front-end is misaligned B. Defective RF amplifier in the receiver C. The receiver is not tuned to the correct frequency D. Overloading of a receiver front-end by a strong off-channel signal causing a reduction in sensitivity 57. What is cross-modulation? (A) A. The transfer of the amplitude modulation of a strong unwanted carrier onto the wanted carrier caused by non-linearity in the RF amplifier or mixer of a receiver B. Modulation produced after passing through a zero-crossing detector C. Modulation based on the zero-crossings of an RF signal D. Modulation which is a cross between an AM and FM mode 58. What type of electrical circuit is created when a fuse blows? (C) A. A closed circuit B. A bypass circuit C. An open circuit D. A Short circuit 59. What term describes the process of combining an information signal with a radio signal? (B) A. Superposition B. Modulation C. Demodulation D. Phase-inversion 60. What is the meaning of: "Your signal is full quieting..."? (A) A. Your signal is strong enough to overcome all receiver noise B. Your signal has no spurious sounds C. Your signal is not strong enough to be received D. Your signal is being received, but no audio is being heard 61. If you are told your amateur station is causing television interference, what should you do? (A) A. First make sure your station is operating properly, and it does not cause interference to your own television B. Immediately turn off your transmitter and contact the nearest NTC office C. Connect a high-pass filter to the transmitter output and low-pass filter to the antenna input of the television D. Continue operating normally, because you have no reason to worry about the interference 62. How many hertz are there in a kilohertz? (C) A. 10 B. 100 C. 1000 D. 1,000,000 63. Approximately how long is the driven element of a Yagi antenna? (C) A. 1/4 wavelength B. 1/3 wavelength C. 1/2 wavelength D. 1 wavelength 64. What could happen to your transceiver if you replace its blown 5 amp AC line fuse with a 30 amp fuse? (C) A. The 30-amp fuse would better protect your transceiver from using too much current B. The transceiver would run cooler C. The transceiver could use more current than 5 amps and a fire could occur D. The transceiver would not be able to produce as much RF output 65. How could you best keep unauthorized persons from using your amateur station at home? (B) A. Use a carrier-operated relay in the main power line B. Use a key-operated on/off switch in the main power line C. Put a "Danger - High Voltage" sign in the station D. Put fuses in the main power line 66. What is the most important accessory to have for a hand-held radio in an emergency? (C) A. An extra antenna B. A portable amplifier C. Several sets of charged batteries D. A microphone headset for hands-free operation 67. What may happen if an SSB transmitter is operated with the microphone gain set too high? (B) A. It may cause digital interference to computer equipment B. It may cause splatter interference to other stations operating near its frequency C. It may cause atmospheric interference in the air around the antenna D. It may cause interference to other stations operating on a higher frequency 68. Most humans can hear sounds in what frequency range? (B) A. 0 - 20 Hz B. 20 - 20,000 Hz C. 200 - 200,000 Hz D. 10,000 - 30.000 Hz 69. What instrument is used to measure standing wave ratio? (C) A. An ohmmeter B. An ammeter C. An SWR meter D. A current bridge 70. If your mobile transceiver does not power up, what might you check first? (D) A. The antenna feedpoint B. The coaxial cable connector C. The microphone jack D. The 12-volt fuses 71. In what radio frequency range do 2-meter communications take place? (D) A. UHF, Ultra High Frequency range B. MF, Medium Frequency range C. HF, High Frequency range D. VHF, Very High Frequency range 72. What circuit blocks RF energy above and below certain limits? (A) A. A band-pass filter B. A high-pass filter C. An input filter D. A low-pass filter 73. Which of the following devices would you need to conduct Amateur Radio communications using a data emission? (B) A. A Telegraph key B. A Computer C. A Transducer D. A telemetry sensor 74. What is a coaxial cable? (D) A. Two wires side-by-side in a plastic ribbon B. Two wires side-by-side held apart by insulating rods C. Two wires twisted around each other in a spiral D. A center wire inside an insulating material covered by a metal sleeve or shield 75. What does a "TR" switch means? (C) A. A Transfer Relay switch B. A Telephone Response switch C. A Transmit-Receive change-over switch D. A Telephone Receiver switch 76. What is capture effect? (B) A. The capturing of electrons in a vacuum tube by the plate electrode. B. A phenomenon in FM reception in which only the stronger of two signals at, or near, the same frequency will be demodulated. C. Wideband antennas have this characteristic effect. D. This phenomenon is inherent in AM modulation. 77. What is used to test the linearity and output power of an SSB transceiver? (C) A. Single-tone sine wave test B. Single-tone square wave test C. Two-tone sine wave test D. Three-tone sine wave test 78. A logic probe has three LED's (Light Emitting Diode), red, green and amber, what does a flashing amber light indicate? (A) A. A pulse signal B. A logic low signal C. A logic high signal D. An open state signal 79. What does a spectrum analyzer test instrument display? (B) A. Time domain waveforms B. Frequency domain waveforms C. Spectral composition of light D. Spectral analysis of elements 80. Why do we use a dummy load? (D) A. Using a transceiver without a load or antenna can seriously damage it B. Transmitting into a dummy load does not cause interference C. Incorrect adjustment of a transmitter when connected to a mismatched antenna than to a known load D. All of the above choices 81. What is frequency drift? (D) A. Unintended and arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency B. It is caused by changes in temperature, voltage or changes in component values C. measured either in the long-term or short-term period of time D. All of the above choices 82. What is frequency tolerance? (A) A. Initial deviation of a crystal or oscillator frequency as compared to the absolute at 25 deg. C. B. Detuning of receiver front-end caused by overload C. Ability to recover from frequency changes D. Ability to tolerate shock and vibration 83. What does the term "Frequency Stability Over Temperature means" (A) A. Frequency tolerance with respect to a range of temperature measured in PPM or Parts Per Million B. The higher the PPM value the better is the stability C. This specification is intended for RF amplifiers D. It measures the gain with respect to temperature 84. What does the term "Selectivity" means? (D) A. It pertains to the selection of components in a circuit B. It is a process where majority carriers are selected in a semiconductor material C. A term that refers to the selection of channels in a transmitter D. It is the ability of a receiver to distinguish between a signal at the desired frequency and signals at adjacent frequencies 85. What does the term "Receiver Sensitivity" means? (A) A. It is a measure of a receiver's ability to re-produce very weak signals B. It is a measure of a receiver's ability to re-produce the modulation exactly as it was transmitted C. It is the ability of a receiver to overcome strong signals D. It is the ability of a receiver to discriminate against off frequency signals 86. What safety equipment item should you always add to home built equipment that is powered from 230 volt AC lines? (A) A. A fuse or circuit breaker in series with the equipment B. A fuse or circuit breaker in parallel with the equipment C. Install Zener diodes across AC inputs D. House the equipment in a plastic or other non-conductive enclosure 87. What is the most important safety precaution to take when putting up an antenna tower? (D) A. Install steps on your tower for safe climbing B. Insulate the base of the tower to avoid lightning strikes C. Ground the base of the tower to avoid lightning strikes D. Look for and stay clear of any overhead electrical wires 88. To avoid excessively high human exposure to RF fields, how should amateur antennas generally be mounted? (B) A. With a high current point near ground B. As far away from accessible areas as possible C. On a non-metallic mast D. With the elements in a horizontal position 89. What are the frequency limits of the 2-meter band in ITU Region 3? (D) A. 144.000 - 148.000 MHz B. 145.000 - 149.500 MHz C. 144.100 - 146.500 MHz D. 144.000 - 146.000 MHz 90. Considering RF safety, what precaution should you take whenever you make adjustments to the feed line of a directional antenna system? (A) A. Be sure no one can activate the transmitter B. Disconnect the antenna-positioning mechanism C. Point the antenna away from the sun so it doesn't concentrate solar energy on you D. Be sure you and the antenna structure are properly grounded 91.If you are the net control station of a daily HF net, what should you do if the frequency on which you normally meet is in use just before the net begins? (C) A. Reduce your output power and start the net as usual B. Increase your power output so that the net participants will be able to hear you over the existing activity C. Conduct the net on a clear frequency 3 to 5 kHz away from the regular net frequency D. Cancel the net for the day 92. What is the purpose of the VOX sensitivity control? (C) A. To set the timing of transmitter activation B. To set the audio frequency range at which the transmitter activates C. To set the audio level at which the transmitter activates D. None of these choices is correct 93. What is the best instrument to use to check the signal quality of a CW or single-sideband phone transmitter? (A) A. A monitoring oscilloscope B. A field-strength meter C. A sidetone monitor D. A signal tracer and an audio amplifier 94. Which of the following statements about station grounding is true? (C) A. The chassis of each piece of station equipment should be tied together with high-impedance conductors B. If the chassis of all station equipment is connected with a good conductor, there is no need to tie them to an earth ground C. RF hot spots can occur in a station located above the ground floor if the equipment is grounded by a long ground wire D. A ground loop is an effective way to ground station equipment 95. If a single-sideband phone transmitter is 100% modulated, what will a speech processor do to the transmitter's power? (A) A. It will increase the output PEP B. It will add nothing to the output PEP C. It will decrease the peak output power D. It will decrease the average power output 96. Why is it best not to draw the DC power for a 100-Watt HF transceiver from an automobile's cigarette lighter socket? (B) A. The socket is not wired with an RF-shielded power cable B. The socket's wiring may not be adequate for the current being drawn by the transceiver C. The DC polarity of the socket is reversed from the polarity of modern HF transceiver D. The power from the socket is never adequately filtered for HF transceiver operation 97. Which of the following is an advantage of a switched-mode power supply as compared to a linear power supply? (C) A. Higher output voltages are possible with the switched-mode supply B. Fewer circuit components are required for the switched-mode power supply C. The relatively high frequency power oscillator allows the use of small, light weight and low- cost transformers in the switched-mode supply D. All of the above 98. What would be the SWR if you feed a vertical antenna that has a 25-ohm feed point impedance with 50-ohm coaxial cable? (A) A. 2:1 B. 2.5:1 C. 1.25:1 D. You cannot determine SWR from impedance values 99. What RF-safety precautions should you take before beginning repairs on an antenna? (B) A. Be sure you and the antenna structure are grounded B. Be sure to turn off the transmitter and disconnect the feedline C. Inform your neighbors so they are aware of your intentions D. Turn off the main power switch in your house 100. What is the best reason to use a headset with an attached microphone and VOX control when using a mobile station? (A) A. For safer, hands-free operation B. It allows you to make quicker transmissions C. To eliminate ambient noise from your transmissions D. To reduce outside distractions while operating 101. What is a device used for radiating electromagnetic signals fed into it from a radio transmitter into space, or for capturing a small portion of the RF energy from space and then feeding it into a receiver for subsequent processing? (C) A. LED bulb B. Fuse C. Antenna D. Diode 102. What is an electromechanical device having one or more contacts that are opened and closed by a magnetic field generated by its own built-in electromagnet that can be activated by an external circuit? (A) A. Relay B. Switch C. Transformer D. Mouse