Victorious Kidss Educates MYP 3 Light and Sound Notes PDF

Academic Year 2024-25 Grade: MYP 3 Unit: Wave: Light and Sound Key concept: Relationship Related concept: Energy, Transfer & Development Global context: Scientific and technical SOI: Exploring the intricate dynamics of relationships reveals how energy trans...

Academic Year 2024-25 Grade: MYP 3 Unit: Wave: Light and Sound Key concept: Relationship Related concept: Energy, Transfer & Development Global context: Scientific and technical SOI: Exploring the intricate dynamics of relationships reveals how energy transfer shapes developmental processes, highlighting the crucial role of scientific and technical innovation in understanding and enhancing these connections. Assessment Criterion: B: Inquiring and designing: i. describe a problem or question to be tested by a scientific investigation ii. outline and explain a testable hypothesis using correct scientific reasoning iii.describe how to manipulate the variables, and describe how sufficient, relevant data will be collected iv. design a logical, complete, and safe method in which he or she selects appropriate materials and equipment C: Processing and evaluating: i. present collected and transformed data ii. interpret data and describe results using scientific reasoning iii.discuss the validity of a hypothesis based on the outcome of the scientific investigation iv. discuss the validity of the method Describe improvements or extensions to the method. Human Ear The ear is a sensitive organ of the human body. It is mainly concerned with detecting, transmitting and transducing sound. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. “How Do We Hear?” NIDCD, 16 Mar. 2022, www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/how-do-we-hear. The human ear consists of three parts: External ear Middle ear Internal ear 1. The external ear, consisting of the pinna and ear canal, captures sound waves and funnels them toward the eardrum. It enhances the sound and provides some directionality to locate the sound source, helping to focus and amplify auditory signals before they reach the middle ear. 2. The middle ear contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) and the eustachian tube. It transmits and amplifies sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles mechanically convey sound, while the eustachian tube equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. 3. The inner ear, comprising the cochlea and the vestibular system, converts sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. The cochlea is responsible for hearing, while the vestibular system maintains balance and spatial orientation by detecting head movements.  “Light | Definition, Properties, Physics, Characteristics, Types, & Facts | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2022, www.britannica.com/science/light. What is Light? Light is a form of energy. When light falls on objects, it bounces off from its surface and enters our eyes. This causes the sensation of vision and makes the objects visible to us. Properties of Light: Light has a dual nature i.e. wave as well as a particle. Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation. In particle form, light travels in straight line in any direction. It can travel in vacuum as it does not require a medium to travel. Light is considered as the fastest moving energy. It travels with a speed of 3 x 10 8 m/s. Reflection of Light Bouncing back of light by the surface of an object. Light gets partially reflected by rough surfaces and almost completely by smooth and surfaces Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwxaq4c9K6k  Types of Reflection: Regular reflection of light Irregular reflection of light This type of reflection This type of reflection occurs on smooth occurs on rough surfaces surfaces such as a plane such as a black board. mirror. In this type of reflection, In this type of reflection, the the reflected rays are reflected rays are non- parallel to each other. parallel to each other. In this type of reflection, In this type of reflection, the reflected rays are in the reflected rays are in one direction. different direction. Regular and Irregular Reflection “Flash Education.” Flash Education - Exam Preparation App, 2022, flasheducation.co.in/question-answer/help-diagrams-explain-difference-between-regular-and-irregular- reflection. Ray Diagrams A ray diagram shows how light travels, including what happenswhen it reaches a surface. In a ray diagram, you draw each ray as: o a straight line o with an arrowhead pointing in the direction that the light travels Martin, Alexis. “Reflection and Refraction.” Online Learning College, 17 Aug. 2022, online-learning-college.com/knowledge-hub/gcses/gcse-physics-help/reflection-refraction/. In the ray diagram: the hatched vertical line on the right represents the surface. the dashed line is called the normal, drawn at 90° to the surface. the angle of incidence, i, is the angle between the normal andincident ray. the angle of reflection, r, is the angle between the normal and reflected ray. Laws of Reflection 1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of reflection (r) is equal to the angle of incidence (i). Both angles are measured with respect to the normal to the mirror.  Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vt-SG7Pn8UU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrobTDEYs2M&t=15s Uses of a plane mirror: They are used in dressing tables to see ourselves. They are used in solar cooker and solar geysers. They are placed on the inside walls of the shops like jewellery shops. They are used to construct periscopes. In submarines the mirrors used in periscopes reflects the images of any ships present on the surface of the sea. They are used to construct kaleidoscopes. Mirrors are used along with colourful objects, to get many colourful patterns. Simple Periscope Kaleidoscope Total Internal Reflection Total internal reflection occurs when a light ray traveling through a medium hit the boundary with another medium at an angle greater than the critical angle. Instead of passing through, the light is completely reflected back into the original medium, causing no refraction into the second medium. Science Sir. “Refraction by PRISM (45°, 45°, 90°) | Refraction of Light | Total Internal Reflection | Physics.” YouTube, 25 Jan. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=53ZrheeWre8. In a prism, total internal reflection happens when light enters at a certain angle, causing it to reflect entirely within the prism's surfaces. This principle is used in optical devices, like periscopes and binoculars, to redirect light efficiently without loss, enhancing image clarity and brightness. Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53ZrheeWre8 Electromagnetic Spectrum The Sun emits light. Sunlight appears white, but it consists of different colours, as can be seen in the rainbow. There are more than the visible colours of the rainbow. Scientists have discovered many forms of invisible light. For instance, infrared light (“heat radiation”) cannot be seen by people, but it can be seen by snakes. Ultraviolet light (which can cause sunburn) is invisible to us, but not to bees. Taken together, all the existing forms of light (or radiation) make up the so- called electromagnetic spectrum. It stretches all the way from extremely long radio waves to ultra-short gamma rays. Visible light is a very small part of the e-m radiation spectrum. In the image below, the electromagnetic spectrum is depicted: Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCfR_iNsW6k Modern Communication Technology Modern communication technology encompasses both analogue and digital systems, each playing a crucial role in how we exchange information today. Analogue communication involves transmitting data through continuous signals that vary in amplitude, such as radio waves. Traditional telephones and radio broadcasts are examples of analogue communication. Despite its reliability and simplicity, analogue technology is often limited by noise and signal degradation over long distances. “104991423 - Online Store.” Golfgoodvs.shop, golfgoodvs.shop/product_details/104991423.html. In contrast, digital communication converts information into binary code— combinations of 0s and 1s. This method is used in the internet, mobile phones, and digital television. Digital signals are less prone to interference and can be easily compressed and encrypted, providing more efficient and secure communication. Modern advancements in digital technology have significantly increased the speed and capacity of data transmission, revolutionizing how we connect and interact globally. The integration of both analogue and digital technologies continues to enhance the versatility and reach of modern communication systems. Bibliography: Books: Science 3 for the international student by Rick Armstrong ( Cengage learning) MYP by concepts 2- Sciences -By Paul Morris and Patricia Deo Websites: “Acoustics and Vibration Animations.” What Is a Wave? www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/waves-intro/waves-intro.html. “Detecting Light - Light Waves - KS3 Physics Revision - BBC Bitesize.” BBC News. BBC, https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zq7thyc/revision/7 Course: Science - Class 6 (chapter 01-10) https://educationwithfun.com/course/view.php?id=37%C2%A7in Law of Reflection, http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/302l/lectures/node127.html. Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwxaq4c9K6k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiVx5Lih_44 Science Sir. “Refraction by PRISM (45°, 45°, 90°) | Refraction of Light | Total Internal Reflection | Physics.” YouTube, 25 Jan. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=53ZrheeWre8.