MYP 5 eAssessment Science Notes PDF

**[Organic and Inorganic compounds](#organic-and-inorganic-compounds) 1** **[Petroleum](#petroleum) 3** Organic and Inorganic compounds =============================== Differences: ------------ Organic Inorganic ---------------------------...

**[Organic and Inorganic compounds](#organic-and-inorganic-compounds) 1** **[Petroleum](#petroleum) 3** Organic and Inorganic compounds =============================== Differences: ------------ Organic Inorganic ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------- Characterized by the presence of carbon atoms in them. No Carbon atoms (some exceptions) Consist of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and other derivatives. Do not possess Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon and other derivatives Volatile and highly flammable Non- Volatile, Non- Flammable Forms of Solid, Liquid and Gas. Exist as Solid Insoluble in water Soluble in water, insoluble in some organic solutions. Mainly Found in Living Beings Inaquetous solutions- good conductors of heat and electricity. Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Ex. Fats Nucleic Acid, Sugar, Enzymes. Non-Metals, Salts, Acids, Bases General Properties of hydrocarbons ---------------------------------- Hydrocarbon: An organic compound that only contains carbon and hydrogen molecules. **property** **Alkanes** **Alkenes** **Alcohols** --------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **General Formula** C~n~​H~2n~+2​ C~n~​H~2n~​ C~n~​H~2n~+1​O~H~ **Bond Type** Single bonds (saturated hydrocarbons) At least one double bond (unsaturated hydrocarbons) Single bonds with a hydroxyl (-OH) group **Example** Methane (CH₄), Ethane (C₂H₆) Ethene (C₂H₄), Propene (C₃H₆) Methanol (CH3OHCH\_3OHCH3​OH), **Physical State** Gasses (low molecular weight), liquids, or solids (high molecular weight) Gasses (low molecular weight) or liquids Liquids (low molecular weight), viscous liquids (higher molecular weight) **Boiling Point** Increases with molecular weight Generally lower than corresponding alkanes Higher than both alkanes and alkenes due to hydrogen bonding **Reactivity** Relatively low More reactive due to the double bond Moderate to high (depends on the alcohol type) **Combustion** Burns with a clean flame Burns with a slightly smoky flame Burns with a clean flame **Solubility** Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents Soluble in water (lower alcohols), solubility decreases with chain length **Uses** Fuels, lubricants, solvents Production of polymers, chemicals Solvents, disinfectants, fuels, beverages, intermediates in chemical synthesis Petroleum ========= - Formation of Petroleum: ----------------------- - - - - - - - Refining of Petroleum: ---------------------- An oil refinery or petroleum refining is an industrial manufacturing facility where crude oil is extracted and converted into more valuable goods, such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, jet fuel, asphalt foundation, heating oil, petroleum kerosene, and liquefied gas. Oil refineries are usually huge, vast industrial facilities with extensive pipelines running throughout, holding fluid streams in between. - - - - - - - Uses of Petroleum and Each Fraction: ------------------------------------ - Petroleum gas: It is used as a fuel in homes and industry. It is used as a fuel as such or in the form of Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - - ### Fracking It is a method of extracting oil and natural resources from deep underground by injecting high-pressure fluids into rock formation to release these trapped resources. **Process:** A vertical well is drilled deep into the Earth, often extending horizontally into the rock layer, then a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals is injected at high pressure into the well. The pressure creates fractures in the rock, allowing trapped oil or gas to flow. The oil or gas is pumped to the surface for collection. Fracking fluid and wastewater are collected and either treated or disposed of. **Advantages of fracking:** - - - - **Disadvantages of fracking:** - - -  Electrolysis ------------ - **Electrode** -