My Gita PDF

Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Published by Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd 2015 7/16, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110002 Copyright © Devdutt Pattanaik 2015 Illustrations Copyright © Devdutt Pattanaik 2015 The views and opinions expressed in this book are the author’s own and the facts are as reported by him/her which have been verified to the extent possible, and the publishers are not in any way liable for the same. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in a retrieval system, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-81-291-3770-8 First impression 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The moral right of the author has been asserted. Design and typeset in Garamond by Special Effects, Mumbai This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated, without the publisher’s prior consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] To my friends Partho, who listens Paromita, who sees Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Contents □ Why My Gita □ Before My Gita: A Brief History of The Gita □ My Gita ○ 1. You and I do not have to judge ○ 2. You and I have been here before ○ 3. You and I experience life differently ○ 4. You and I seek meaning ○ 5. You and I have to face consequences ○ 6. You and I can empathize ○ 7. You and I can exchange ○ 8. You and I withdraw in fear ○ 9. You and I hesitate to trust ○ 10. You and I have potential ○ 11. You and I can include ○ 12. You and I can accommodate ○ 13. You and I have no control ○ 14. You and I value property ○ 15. You and I compare ○ 16. You and I cling ○ 17. You and I can be generous ○ 18. You and I matter to each other □ After My Gita: Yet Another Discourse by Krishna □ Recommended Reading Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Why My Gita T he Bhagavad Gita, or The Gita as it is popularly known, is part of the epic Mahabharata. The Bhagavad Gita The epic describes the war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas on the battlefield of Kuru-kshetra. The Gita is the discourse given by Krishna to Arjuna Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] just before the war is about to begin. Krishna is identified as God (bhagavan). His words contain the essence of Vedic wisdom, the keystone of Hinduism. Ramkrishna Paramhansa, the nineteenth-century Bengali mystic, said that the essence of The Gita can be deciphered simply by reversing the syllables that constitute Gita. So Gita, or gi-ta, becomes ta-gi, or tyagi, which means 'one who lets go of possessions.' Gi-ta to Ta-gi Given that, it is ironical that I call this book ‘My Gita’. I use the possessive pronoun for three reasons. Reason 1: My Gita is thematic The Gita demonstrates many modern techniques of communication. First, Arjuna’s problem is presented (Chapter 1), and then Krishna’s solution (chapters 2 to 18) is offered. Krishna begins by telling Arjuna what he will reveal (Chapter 2); he then elaborates on what he promised to tell (chapters 3 to 17); and finally, he repeats what he has told (Chapter 18). Krishna’s solution involves analysis (sankhya) and synthesis (yoga)—slicing the whole into parts and then binding the parts into a whole. The solution itself is comprehensive, involving the behavioural (karma yoga), the emotional (bhakti yoga) and the intellectual (gyana yoga). However, no one reads The Gita as a book, or hears every verse in a single sitting. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Chapter Architecture in The Gita Traditionally, a guru would only elaborate on a particular verse or a set of verses or a chapter of The Gita at a time. It is only in modern times, with a printed book in hand, that we want to read The Gita cover to cover, chapter by chapter, verse to verse, and hope to work our way through to a climax of resolutions in one go. When we attempt to do so, we are disappointed. For, unlike modern writing, The Gita is not linear: some ideas are scattered over several chapters, many ideas are constantly repeated, and still others presuppose knowledge of concepts found elsewhere, in earlier Vedic and Upanishadic texts. In fact, The Gita specifically refers to the Brahma sutras (Chapter 13, Verse 5), also known as Vedanta sutras, said to have been composed by one Badarayana, sometimes identified with Vyasa. Further, at places, the same words are used in different verses to convey different meanings, and at other instances, different words are used to convey the same idea. For example, sometimes the word ‘atma’ means mind and sometimes soul; at other times other words like dehi, brahmana and purusha are used for soul instead of atma. This can be rather disorienting to a casual reader, and open to multiple interpretations. So My Gita departs from the traditional presentation of The Gita—sequential verse-by-verse translations followed by commentary. Instead, My Gita is arranged thematically. The sequence of themes broadly follows the sequence in The Gita. Each theme is explained using several verses across multiple chapters. The verses are paraphrased, not translated or transliterated. These paraphrased verses make better sense when juxtaposed with Vedic, Upanishadic and Buddhist lore that preceded The Gita and stories from the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Puranas that followed it. Understanding deepens further when the Hindu worldview is contrasted with other worldviews and placed in a historical context. For those seeking the standard literal and linear approach, there is a recommended reading list at the end of the book. Reason 2: My Gita is subjective We never actually hear what Krishna told Arjuna. We simply overhear what Sanjaya transmitted faithfully to the blind king Dhritarashtra in the comforts of the palace, having witnessed all that occurred on the distant battlefield, thanks to his telepathic sight. The Gita we overhear is essentially that which is narrated by Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] a man with no authority but infinite sight (Sanjaya) to a man with no sight but full authority (Dhritarashtra). This peculiar structure of the narrative draws attention to the vast gap between what is told (gyana) and what is heard (vi- gyana). Krishna and Sanjaya may speak exactly the same words, but while Krishna knows what he is talking about, Sanjaya does not. Krishna is the source, while Sanjaya is merely a transmitter. Likewise, what Sanjaya hears is different from what Arjuna hears and what Dhritarashtra hears. Sanjaya hears the words, but does not bother with the meaning. Arjuna is a seeker and so he decodes what he hears to find a solution to his problem. Dhritarashtra is not interested in what Krishna has to say. While Arjuna asks many questions and clarifications, ensuring the ‘discourse’ is a ‘conversation’, Dhritarashtra remains silent throughout. In fact, Dhritarashtra is fearful of Krishna who is fighting against his children, the Kauravas. So he judges Krishna’s words, accepting what serves him, dismissing what does not. Overhearing The Gita I am not the source of The Gita. But I do not want to be merely its transmitter, like Sanjaya. I want to understand, like Arjuna, though I have no problem I want to solve, neither do I stand on the brink of any battle. But it has been said that the Vedic wisdom presented by Krishna is applicable to all contexts, not just Arjuna’s. So I have spent months hearing The Gita in the original Sanskrit to appreciate its musicality; reading multiple commentaries, retellings and translations; mapping the patterns that emerge from it with patterns found in Hindu mythology; and comparing and contrasting these patterns with those found in Buddhist, Greek and Abrahamic mythologies. This book contains my understanding of The Gita, my subjective truth: my Gita. You can approach this book as Arjuna, with curiosity, or as Dhritarashtra, with suspicion and judgement. What you take away will be your subjective truth: your Gita. The quest for objective truth (what did Krishna actually say?) invariably Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] results in vi-vaad, argument, where you try to prove that your truth is the truth and I try to prove that my truth is the truth. The quest for subjective truth (how does The Gita make sense to me?) results in sam-vaad, where you and I seek to appreciate each other’s viewpoints and expand our respective truths. It allows everyone to discover The Gita at his or her own pace, on his or her own terms, by listening to the various Gitas around them. Argument and Discussion Objectivity is obsessed with exactness and tends to be rather intolerant of deviation, almost like the jealous God of monotheistic mythologies. But meanings change over time, with the personality of the reader, and with context. Subjectivity challenges the assumption that ideas are fixed and can be controlled; it celebrates the fluid. Modern global discourse tends to look at truth qualitatively: it is either true or false. That which is objective is scientific and true. That which is subjective is mythic and false. Hindu thought, however, looks at truth quantitatively: everyone has access to a slice (bhaga); the one who sees all slices of truth is bhagavan. Limited truth is mithya. Limitless truth is satya. Satya is about including everything and being whole (purnam). The journey towards limitless truth expands our mind (brahmana). The Gita itself values subjectivity: after concluding his counsel, Krishna tells Arjuna to reflect on what has been said, and then do as he feels (yatha-ichasi- tatha-kuru). Even Sanjaya, after giving his view on what Krishna’s discourse potentially offers, concludes The Gita with the phrase ‘in my opinion’ (mati- mama). Reason 3: My Gita is not obsessed with the self Traditionally, The Gita has been presented as a text that focusses on self- Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] realization (atma-gyana). This suits the hermit who isolates himself from society. This is not surprising, since most early commentators and retellers of The Gita, such as Shankara, Ramanuja, Madhwa and Dyaneshwara, chose not to be householders. The original Buddhist monastic order may not have survived in India, but it did play a key role in the rise and dominance of the Hindu monastic order. The monastic approach willy-nilly appeals to the modern individualist, who also seeks self-exploration, self-examination, self-actualization and, of course, selfies. Shankara But the Mahabharata is about the household, about relationships, about others. It is essentially about a property dispute. Arjuna’s dilemma begins when he realizes that the enemy is family and he fears the impact of killing family on society as a whole. Krishna’s discourse continuously speaks of yagna, a Vedic Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] ritual that binds the individual to the community. He elaborates on the relationship of the individual, whom he identifies as jiva-atma, with divinity, whom he identifies as param-atma, which is etymologically related to ‘the other’ (para). The Buddha spoke of nirvana, which means oblivion of individual identity, but Krishna speaks of brahma-nirvana as an expansion of the mind (brahmana) that leads to liberation (moksha) while ironically also enabling union (yoga), indicating a shift away from monastic isolationism. That is why, in Hindu temples, God is always visualized with the Goddess as a householder, one half of a pair. The devotee looks at the deity (darshan) and the deity, with large unblinking eyes, looks back; the relationship is ‘two-way’ not ‘one-way’. Relationships In Chapter 5, Verse 13, of The Gita, Krishna describes the human body as a city with nine gates (nava-dvara-pura): two eyes, two ears, two nostrils, one mouth, one anus and one genital. A relationship involves two bodies, two people, the self and the other, you and me, two cities—eighteen gates in all. That The Gita has eighteen sections, that it seeks to make sense of the eighteen books of the Mahabharata—which tells the story of a war between family and friends fought over eighteen days involving eighteen armies—indicates that the core teaching of The Gita has much to do with relationships. It serves the needs of the householder rather than the hermit. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Nine Gates Before starting on these eighteen chapters we shall briefly explore the history of The Gita. After these eighteen chapters, we shall discuss the impact of The Gita on Arjuna. Writing My Gita helped me expand my mind. I discovered more frameworks through which I could make better sense of reality. I hope reading this book informs your Gita and helps you expand your mind. Should the urge to find a fixed single objective truth grip you, remind yourself: Within infinite myths lies an eternal truth Who sees it all? Varuna has but a thousand eyes Indra, a hundred You and I, only two. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Before My Gita: A Brief History of The Gita B efore the Bhagavad Gita, or God’s song, there was the Vyadha Gita, or the butcher’s song. Vyadha Gita The Vyadha Gita is found earlier in the Vana Parva, Book 3 of the Mahabharata, when the Pandavas are still in exile in the forest, having lost their kingdom to the Kauravas in a gambling match. The Bhagavad Gita is found in Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Bhisma Parva, Book 6 of the Mahabharata, just before the war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas. In the forest, the Pandavas encounter the sage Markandeya, who tells them the story of a hermit who would burn birds alive with a fiery glance of his eye, if they accidentally dropped excrement on him while he was meditating. When the hermit threatened to curse a housewife because she kept him waiting for alms while attending to her household chores, she admonished him for his impatience, and advised him to go to learn the secret of the Vedas from a butcher in Mithila. The butcher’s long discourse—the Vyadha Gita—on dharma, karma and atma so moved the hermit that he returned to his home to serve his old parents, whom he had abandoned long ago. In both the Vyadha Gita and the Bhagavad Gita, the discourse takes place in a violent space: a butcher’s shop and a battlefield, respectively. In both, there is a separation of the physical (prakriti) and the psychological (purusha), which is the hallmark of Vedic wisdom. In both, the householder’s way of engagement is valued over the hermit’s way of withdrawal. What distinguishes the Bhagavad Gita is that it talks explicitly about God (bhagavan) and devotion (bhakti). It marks the transition of the old ritual-based Vedic Hinduism into the new narrative-based Puranic Hinduism. Approaches to Hindu History The history of Hinduism spreads over 5,000 years and can be seen in eight phases that telescope into each other. The first is the Indus phase, then come the Vedic phase, the Upanishadic phase, the Buddhist phase, the Puranic phase, the Bhakti phase, the Orientalist phase and finally the modern phase. Relics from the Indus–Saraswati civilization reveal ancient iconography that is considered sacred in Hinduism even today. But much of the knowledge of that period remains speculative. The subsequent three phases constitute Vedic Hinduism, when there were no temples and the idea of God was rather abstract. The final four phases constitute Puranic Hinduism, characterized by the rise of temples and belief in a personal god, either Shiva, or one of his sons; Vishnu, or one of his avatars; or the Goddess, in her many local forms. We can go so far as to call Vedic Hinduism pre-Gita Hinduism and Puranic Hinduism post-Gita, to indicate the pivotal role of The Gita in Hindu history. The Vedic phase began 4,000 years ago, the Upanishadic phase 3,000 years ago, the Buddhist phase 2,500 years ago, the Puranic phase 2,000 years ago, the Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Bhakti phase 1,000 years ago and the Orientalist phase only 200 years ago. The modern phase is just emerging, with Indians questioning the understanding of Hinduism that has so far been based on Western frameworks. Dating of Hindu history is always approximate and speculative, and often a range, as orally transmitted scriptures precede the written works by several centuries, and parts of the written work were composed by various scribes over several generations, in different geographies. Everything is complicated by the fact that writing became popular in India only 2,300 years ago, after Mauryan Emperor Ashoka popularized the Brahmi script through his edicts. Hindu History Before we proceed, we must keep in mind that the historical approach to Hinduism is not acceptable to all Hindus. The ahistorical school of thought sees all Hindu ideas as timeless. The rather chauvinistic proto-historical school sees Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] all Hindu rituals, stories and symbols, Vedic or Puranic, as having been created simultaneously over 5,000 years ago. These have become political issues, which influence scholarship. History seeks to be everyone’s truth, but is limited by available facts. More often than not, what is passed off as history is mythology, someone’s understanding of truth shaped by memory, feelings and desire, available facts notwithstanding. However, it is never fantasy, or no one’s truth. Historical, Proto-historical and Ahistorical Schools We must also guard against a masculine view of history based on conflict and triumph alone: natives versus colonizers, polytheism versus monotheism, Hindus versus Buddhists, Christians versus Muslims, Shias versus Sunnis, Shaivites versus Vaishnavites, Protestants versus Catholics, Mughals versus Marathas, democracy versus monarchy, theists versus atheists, capitalists versus socialists, liberals versus conservatives. This has been popularized by Western academics and their love for the Hegelian dialectic, where thesis creates antithesis until there is resolution and a new thesis. This approach assumes that history has a natural direction and purpose. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] An alternate, feminine view of history looks at every event as the fruit of the past (karma-phala) as well as the seed of future tendencies (karma-bija), without the need to play judge. Thus, we can see the writing of the Gitas as a response to, not an attack on, Buddhist monasticism, and the feminization of Buddhism as a response to, not an appropriation of, the idea of the Goddess found in Hindu Puranas. No idea emerges from a vacuum. Different ideas amplify from time to time. Old ideas coexist with new ones. Contradictory ideas influence each other. Here the world has no beginning, no end, no value, no purpose. All meaning is created by humans, individually and collectively: the boundaries we establish and fight over. Masculine and Feminine Approaches to History In most parts of the world, a new idea suppresses and wipes out the old idea, but in India, thanks to the abstract nature of Vedic ideas, new worldviews—be they native ones like Buddhism or Bhakti or foreign ones like Islam and Christianity—simply helped reaffirm the Vedic way in different ways. The same idea manifests as 4,000-year-old Vedic rituals, 2,000-year-old stories, 1,000- year-old temple art and architecture and 500-year-old devotional poetry. This resilience of the Vedic way led to the Vedas being described in later texts, such as the Brahma-sutras, as being of non-human origin (a-paurusheya). This means Vedic ideas are not artificial: they are a reflection of nature (prakriti) as it is. It is common, however, to glamorize the Vedas by claiming them to be superhuman or supernatural. Veda essentially refers to a set of hymns, melodies and rituals put together nearly 4,000 years ago that symbolically and metaphorically communicate knowledge (vidya)—observations of seers (rishis), people who saw what others Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] did not, would not, could not see. The Upanishads speculated on these ideas while Buddhism and other monastic orders challenged the rituals inspired by these ideas. These inform The Gita. The ideas in The Gita were illustrated and often elaborated in the Puranas, including the great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. These were simplified during the Bhakti period and communicated in regional languages. They were expressed in English from the eighteenth century onwards. That is why any study of The Gita has to take into consideration Vedic, Upanishadic, Buddhist, Puranic, Bhakti and Orientalist ideas. Influence, Illustration and Elaboration Gitas and the Reframing of Hinduism Two thousand years ago, South Asia was torn between two extremes. On one side were kings who established great empires, such as those of the Nandas, Mauryas, Sungas, Kanvas, Satavahanas, Kushanas and Guptas, which heralded great prosperity but also involved great violence. On the other side were hermits (shramanas) such as the Jains, the Ajivikas and the Buddhists, who spoke of the household as the place of suffering and sought solace in the solitude offered by monasteries (viharas). More and more people, including kings, were choosing the hermit’s way of life over marriage, family vocation and family responsibilities, causing great alarm. Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism. His grandson, Ashoka, embraced Buddhism. For 2,000 years before this, society was dominated by Vedic lore. At the heart of the Veda was the ritual called yagna, which involved exchange, giving in order to get, thus establishing a relationship between the yajamana, who initiated the ritual and the other—family, friends, strangers, ancestors, gods, Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] nature and cosmos. It was all about the household. Tension Between Hermit and Householder There were hermits in these Vedic times too: the rishis, who were married but chose philosophical exploration over material ambitions; the sanyasis, who had chosen to renounce the household after completing all household duties; and the tapasvis, who chose to be celibate in the pursuit of occult powers (siddhi). The Vedas presented a world where there was no conflict between the householder’s way and hermit’s way, as in the legendary kingdom of Mithila ruled by Janaka. Vedic ideas were transmitted via the hymns of the Rig Veda, melodies of the Sama Veda, rituals of the Yajur Veda and even the spells of the Atharva Veda. The idea of including the Atharva Veda in the list of Vedas is a much later phenomenon. Still later, the epic Mahabharata and even the Natya Shastra—that discusses art and aesthetics—came to be seen as the fifth Veda. Vedic transmission is highly symbolic, with the onus of transmitting the ideas resting on priests (brahmanas, or Brahmins) and the onus of decoding them resting on the patron (yajamana). As the centuries passed, as society grew in size and complexity, as economic and political realities shifted, as tribes and clans gave way to villages with multiple communities, which gave rise to kingdoms Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] and later empires, the transmission began to fail. The transmitters of Vedic lore, the Brahmins, assumed the role of decoders. In other words, the librarian became the professor! Consequently, hymns and rituals stopped being seen as symbolic puzzles that when deciphered unravelled the mysteries of the world. Instead, they became magical tools to attract fortune and ward off misfortune. This trend towards materialism over self-enquiry may have contributed to the rise of the shramanas, who were known for their disdain of Brahmins and Brahmanic rituals. The need for reframing Vedic ideas was felt even within the Vedic fold. The reframing of Hinduism happened rather organically over a period of another 1,000 years. No authority spearheaded it. Sages began communicating Vedic ideas choosing stories as their vehicle, instead of rituals and hymns. The stories were based on traditional accounts of events, both experienced and imagined. These were ‘open source’ narratives, with plots and counter-plots gradually turning into pieces of a complex jigsaw. Everyone worked anonymously and attributed their work to one Vyasa, who was the son of a fisherwoman. He was also credited with reorganizing the lost Vedas. The word ‘vyasa’ means compiler: compiler of Vedic knowledge, as well as compiler of Puranic stories. Transmission of the Veda The narratives by ‘Vyasa’ were called the Puranas, or chronicles, which included the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata that spoke of family quarrels over property. They were also called Itihasa. Itihasa, taken literally, means stories from the past. Itihasa, taken symbolically, means stories that will always be true: past, present or future. They reiterated the concept of ‘iti’, which means ‘as things are’—accepting the reality of sex and violence, desires and conflicts in relationships, household and life. Those who affirmed iti were the astikas. Those who denied iti were the nastikas. Later, as Hinduism turned more theistic, iti denoted faith in God, and Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] so astikas and nastikas would come to mean believers and non-believers. Unlike monastic orders of Buddhism, which spoke of withdrawal and renunciation, these narratives spoke of liberation despite engaging with society and upholding responsibilities. Household quarrels and property disputes were always resolved using Vedic wisdom presented in the form of conversations. Often, the conversations were turned into Gitas, made lyrical using the anushtup metre, where each verse has four sentences and each sentence has eight syllables. The Mahabharata itself has many Gitas, besides the butcher’s song and God’s song. In the Shanti Parva, Book 12 of the Mahabharata, Bhisma reveals nine Gitas to the Pandavas: the prostitute’s song (Pingala Gita), the priest’s song (Sampaka Gita), the farmer’s song (Manki Gita), the ascetic’s song (Bodhya Gita), the king’s song (Vichaknu Gita), the retired man’s song (Harita Gita), the demon’s song (Vritra Gita), the philosopher’s song (Parasara Gita) and the swan’s song (Hansa Gita). Outside the Mahabharata, there are the Ashtavakra Gita, Vasishtha Gita, Ram Gita, Shiva Gita, Devi Gita, Ganesha Gita and many more. Locating The Gita in a Sea of Scriptures The Bhagavad Gita, of course, remains the most widely read of the Gitas. It is the counsel of a chariot-driver called Krishna to the chariot-rider and archer, Arjuna, just before the start of a war at Kuru-kshetra between the five Pandava brothers and their hundred Kaurava cousins. It is so popular that today, when we say Gita, we mean the Bhagavad Gita. In its final form, the Bhagavad Gita had 700 verses, split into 18 chapters, of which 574 are spoken by Krishna, 84 by Arjuna, 41 by Sanjaya and 1 by Dhritarashtra. There are suggestions that the Bhagavad Gita originally had 745 verses. It is a conversation, though it does seem like a discourse, which takes Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] place over ninety minutes while fully armed soldiers on either side wait impatiently to do battle. Whether this event is a time-bound physical objective truth (history) or a timeless psychological subjective truth (mythology) remains a matter of opinion. Commentaries, Retellings, Translations Interpretations of The Gita started appearing nearly five centuries after its final composition. The reason for this gap remains a mystery. The Vedic idea was widely prevalent, but no special attention was given to this particular conversation in the Mahabharata between Krishna and Arjuna. Commentaries on The Gita start appearing from approximately the time Islam entered India. One of the world’s oldest mosques was built on the Malabar coast in the seventh century, and Adi Shankara, who wrote the first elaborate commentary on The Gita and made it an important scripture for Vedanta, was also born in the Malabar coast region in the eighth century. A relationship cannot be denied. Whether this was pure coincidence or the cause for the resurgence of The Gita remains a matter of speculation, mired in contemporary politics. With Islam, India was exposed to Abrahamic mythology: the idea of one formless God, one holy book, one set of rules and one way of thinking that included a violent rejection of hierarchy as well as idolatry. Christian and Jewish traders had introduced many of these ideas before, but nothing on the Islamic scale. As many Muslims settled in India, as many kingdoms came to be ruled by Muslims, as many Indian communities converted to Islam, they were bound to influence Hindu thought. However, the extent of Islamic influence provokes fierce debate. The Gita readings took place in five waves spread over 1,200 years. The first wave involved Sanskrit ‘commentaries’ (bhasyas) by Vedanta scholars, the most celebrated of whom were Adi Shankara from Kerala in the eighth century followed by Ramanuja from Tamil Nadu in the eleventh century and Madhva Acharya from Karnataka in the thirteenth century. They were concerned about the nature of God, and the relationship of divinity and humanity. Was God within or without? Was God embodied (sa-guna) or formless (nir-guna)? Their language was highly intellectual. What is significant is that all three commentators were celibate monks, who either did not marry or gave up marriage and established Hindu monastic orders (mathas), suggesting very clearly that Hinduism, once champion of the householder’s way, had ended Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] up mimicking the hermit’s way of Buddhism it had previously always mocked. It contributed to the gradual separation of the more intellectual Vedanta from the more sensory Tantra, with the former becoming more mainstream and the latter being seen more as the occult. The second wave involved ‘retellings’ in regional languages, the earliest of which was in Marathi by Gyaneshwara (thirteenth century), followed by the works of Niranam Madhava Panikkar in Malayalam (fourteenth century), Peda Tirumalacharya in Telugu (fifteenth century), Balarama Das in Odiya (fifteenth century), Govind Mishra in Assamese (sixteenth century), Dasopant Digambara and Tukaram in Marathi (seventeenth century) and many more. The tone in these regional works was extremely emotional, with the poets speaking of God in extremely personal and affectionate terms. Gyaneshwara even refers to Krishna as 'mother', and visualizes him as a cow that comforts the frightened calf, Arjuna, with the milk that is The Gita. It is through works such as these, usually presented as songs, that the wisdom of The Gita reached the masses. It is in this phase that the Bhagavad Purana, or simply Bhagavata, which describes the earlier life of Krishna as a cowherd, became the dominant text of Hinduism. It is also during this phase that The Gita started being personified as a goddess, and hymns were composed to meditate on her (Gita Dhyana) and celebrate her glory (Gita Mahatmya). Gita Jayanti, the eleventh day of the waxing moon in the month of Margashisha (December), was identified as the day when Krishna revealed this wisdom to Arjuna, and the world. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Gyaneshwara The third wave involved ‘translations’ by Europeans— eighteenth-century European Orientalists such as Charles Wilkins, who was sponsored by the East India Company, and nineteenth-century poets such as Edwin Arnold, who also introduced the Buddha and many things Eastern to Europe. They sought an objective, hence correct, reading of The Gita, implicitly introducing the suggestion that commentaries and retellings and poetic renditions were mere interpretations—subjective, contaminated by artistic liberty, hence inferior. The translators were Christian and, like Muslims, immersed in Abrahamic monotheistic mythology, who saw God as the primary source of knowledge and humans as sinners who needed to follow the way of God. Naturally, they saw The Gita’s God as judge, even though such a concept was alien to Hinduism. The Gita naturally became a directive from God, a Hindu Bible! These translations, and the meanings given by Orientalists to Sanskrit words, with assumptions rooted in Abrahamic mythology, continue to be subscribed to and have a profound impact on the understanding of The Gita in modern times. The fourth wave involved ‘re-translations’ by Indian nationalists. The Indian National Movement gained momentum in the early part of the twentieth century, and there was an increased urgency to bind the diverse peoples of the Indian subcontinent into a single narrative. The Gita seemed like a good book to do so. But different leaders saw it differently. Sri Aurobindo found in The Gita mystical ideas of an ancient civilization, while B.R. Ambedkar pointed out that The Gita seemed to justify the draconian caste system. Bal Gangadhar Tilak found the rationale for righteous violence in it, while Mahatma Gandhi found inspiration for the path of non-violence. This was the period that the world was introduced to the words of the Buddha that were compared with the words of Krishna. Eventually, Arjuna’s dilemma was radically re-articulated: it became less about ‘how can I kill family?’ and more about ‘how can I kill?’ The fifth wave involved ‘reframing’ following the end of the two World Wars that replaced colonial empires with republics and democratic nation states. The world, traumatized by violence, was confused as to how to interpret The Gita. J. Robert Oppenheimer infamously equated the nuclear bomb with Krishna’s cosmic form. Aldous Huxley saw The Gita as part of the perennial philosophy that bound all humanity. It became the definitive holy book of the Hindus that spoke of peace. Spiritual gurus started projecting The Gita as a directive from God with a well-defined goal of liberation (moksha) and turned Hinduism into a ‘religion’. Management gurus used The Gita to explain leadership, ethics, governance and the art of winning. By the 1980s, before the Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Internet explosion, there were an estimated 3,000 translations of The Gita in almost fifty languages, and nearly a thousand in English. Some American academicians, in recent times, have challenged the notion that The Gita has anything to do with peace. They tend to project Hinduism as the outcome of an oppressive violent force called Brahminism that sought to wipe out Buddhist pacifism and propagate a hierarchical system that promoted patriarchy and untouchability. The Gita then becomes a complex justification of violence. Any attempt to challenge this view is dismissed as religious fundamentalism or Hindu nationalism. Such a naïve, or perhaps deliberate, force-fitting of Hinduism into the conflict-based masculine historical template, long favoured in the West, is increasingly being condemned as Hindu-phobia, especially by the Hindu diaspora. Increasingly, historians are drawing attention to the deep prejudice and cultural context of many South Asian scholars, as well as nationalists, that influence the way they make sense of facts. To eyes that can see, each of these waves is a response to a historical context, be it the amplification of Hindu theism in the Buddhist and Islamic periods or the transformation of India into a British colony or the rise of the national movement or the end of empires, the rise of secular democracies with atheistic ideologies or an increasingly digitized global village having an identity crisis, where everyone seems to be tired of violence but no one seems to be able to give it up. You and I live in unique times. We have access to the history of The Gita, its creation and its transformation over time. We have a better understanding of geography, of history, of different mythologies and philosophies from around the world, with which we can compare and contrast ideas of The Gita. We have access to research on animal, human and developmental psychology. We are also aware that any study of The Gita eventually becomes a study of how humans see the world, how Indians saw the world, how the West wants to see India, how India wants to see India and how we want to see The Gita. Rather than seeking a singular authentic message, you and I must appreciate the plurality of ideas that have emerged over the centuries and seek out what binds them, and what separates them. In the various translations, commentaries and retellings, we do find a common tendency to appreciate the relationship between the self (Arjuna) and the other; those who stand on our side (Pandavas); those who stand on the other (Kauravas); the one who stands on everybody’s side (Krishna); and of course, property (Kuru-kshetra). Our relationship with the other, be it a thing or an organism, and the other's relationship with us, is what determines our humanity. And this is a timeless (sanatana) truth (satya), a discovery of our ancestors, which we will explore in My Gita. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] My Gita Vishwa-rupa In the following chapters, you and I will explore eighteen themes of The Gita. We will continuously journey between the outer world of relationships and the Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] inner world of thoughts and emotions. We will begin by appreciating how we look at the world and ourselves (darshan). Then we will understand the architecture of the world we inhabit, composed of the tangible and the intangible, both within and around us (atma, deha, dehi, karma). After that, we will see how humans can socially connect (dharma, yagna, yoga). Then we will appreciate the idea of God (deva, bhagavan, brahmana, avatara), located in all of us, that helps us cope with our fears that disconnect us from society. Lack of faith in the divine within makes us seek solace outside, in property (kshetra, maya). Because of this, a tug-of-war ensues between the inside and the outside. As long as we cling (moha), we are trapped. As soon as we let go, we are liberated (moksha). We become independent and content in our own company (atma-rati) yet generous and dependable for the other (brahma-nirvana). The sequence of themes in My Gita is slightly different from the sequence of themes in The Gita as some concepts have been elaborated to facilitate understanding. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] The Architecture of My Gita Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] 1. You and I do not have to judge Hindu mythology does not have the concept of Judgement Day (or qayamat in Arabic). The God of Hinduism is no judge. Hence, Krishna gives no commandments in The Gita. He simply explains the architecture of the world. As long as we judge, we cannot see the world for what it is; we are simply spellbound by the boundaries that we build separating those whom we consider family from those whom we consider enemy, as we realize in Chapter 1 of The Gita. This chapter introduces the concept of darshan, or observing, that is implicit in the Vedas and The Gita and the Mahabharata, but becomes an explicit ritual in temples of Puranic Hinduism where devotees are invited to gaze upon the enshrined deity, and the deity looks back at them, without a blink. The Gita begins with how Dhritarashtra, Duryodhana and Arjuna view the same battlefield. Below is what Dhritarashtra says in the very first verse of The Gita. It is the only verse he speaks: Sanjaya, tell me what is going on between my sons and Pandu’s sons, as they gather in Kuru-kshetra, where they have to do what they are supposed to do?—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 1, Verse 1 (paraphrased). Dhritarashtra is the head of the Kuru family, whose two branches are about Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] to clash on the battlefield. Naturally, he is curious about what is going on there. He is also concerned whether the right thing is being done there, for he refers to Kuru-kshetra as dharma-kshetra. However, he refers only to his sons, the Kauravas, as mine (mama) and his nephews simply as the Pandavas, the sons of Pandu, not as ‘my brother’s sons’. Thus, he expresses his exclusion of the Pandavas from his heart: he sees them not as family but as outsiders, intruders, even enemies. He does not realize that this exclusion is the root of the adharma that is the undoing of the Kuru clan. Dhritarashtra’s blindness is not so much the absence of sight as the absence of empathy. Dhritarashtra’s blindness extends to his eldest son, Duryodhana, whose conduct on the battlefield is then described by the royal charioteer Sanjaya. King, your son is not surprised that the enemy is well-prepared; after all, their commander, Dhristadhyumna, is also the student of his tutor, Drona. He declares that the Pandavas may have the mighty Bhima leading a limited army, but he has the veteran and the invincible Bhisma on his side leading his limitless army. Having said so, he orders his soldiers to guard Bhisma at all costs.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 1, verses 2 to 11 (paraphrased). Duryodhana’s words as described by Sanjaya reveal irritation, insecurity and agitation, despite the fact that he has eleven armies, and the Pandavas only seven. Sanjaya Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Sanjaya then proceeds to describe Arjuna’s entry into the battlefield. Arjuna looks confident, bow in hand, on his chariot drawn by four white horses, with the image of Hanuman, the mighty monkey god, on the flag fluttering above. He asks his charioteer, Krishna, to take him to the centre of the battleground in the space between the two armies. There, in no man’s land, the enormity of the unfolding tragedy dawns upon him: on either side are family and friends. Elders, teachers, uncles, nephews, sons-in-law, fathers-in-law. Before him are those he should be protecting, and those who should be protecting him. Instead, they are planning to kill him, and he them. Why? For a piece of land! How can that be right, or good? What impact would it have on civilization? Krishna, Dhritarashtra’s sons are family. How can we slaughter them, they whose greed blinds them to the horror of the situation? If we kill family over property, why will women bother with fidelity, why will communities respect boundaries? All rituals will be abandoned and all ancestors will be forgotten. Those who unravel the fabric of family will surely sink into hell.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 1, verses 37 to 45 (paraphrased). This response, full of fear and confusion, is very different from the views of Dhritrashtra and Duryodhana. The Kaurava father and son have clearly drawn boundaries dividing those they consider their own and those they consider as outsiders, intruders, even enemies. Arjuna’s boundaries, however, wobble: how can family be enemy? The Mahabharata describes Arjuna as a highly focussed archer, who could shoot his arrow into the eye of a flying bird without being distracted by the clouds above, or the trees below. Yet, at Kuru-kshetra, Arjuna looks beyond the target and ‘sees’ family and friends. He questions the morality of his wanting to kill them, and the consequences of such violence on society as a whole. It is not the violence that bothers him; he has killed before. What bothers him is violence against family, those he is meant to protect. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Observing Kuru-kshetra Here is the very reverse of the psychological blindness displayed by Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana: Arjuna’s vision is expanding, focus is giving way to perspective, attention (dhayana) to awareness (dharana) as his gaze finally rejects the boundary separating the self from the other, and action from responsibility. This is darshan! Focus and Perspective In darshan, there is no judgement because there are no boundaries, no rules, no separation of right and wrong, mine and not mine. Dhritarashtra is unable to do darshan because of memories (smriti); he bears a deep grudge. He was born blind, yet it was he who was never seen. Not by his uncle, Bhisma, who decided that Dhritarashtra’s younger brother, Pandu, should be made king instead of him. Not by his wife, Gandhari, who decided to share his blindness by wearing a blindfold, rather than compensate for it. Not by his beloved son, Duryodhana, who preferred the advice of his maternal uncle, Shakuni, to his own. Not by his advisor, Vidura, who always praised Pandu’s five sons, but never his hundred. Unseen by all, he is simply paying the blindness forward. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Arjuna also has many reasons not to do darshan: the Kauravas tried their best to kill him and his brothers when they were children; they humiliated him and his brothers repeatedly in a gambling hall; they dragged the Pandavas’ common wife, Draupadi, by the hair and attempted to disrobe her in public; they refused to return Indra-prastha, the Pandava lands, even though the Pandavas had kept their side of their agreement and spent thirteen years in exile; the Kauravas even refused offers of compromise for the sake of peace. Yet, Arjuna finds it hard to respond to the Kauravas’ blindness with blindness. Memories Distort Observation In an attempt to goad Arjuna into action, Krishna reminds him of the sufferings of his brothers and his wife and of his duties as a warrior, a brother and a husband. Krishna even questions Arjuna’s manliness (Chapter 2, Verse 3) when he mocks his action as those of a non-man (kliba). He speaks of the glory of paradise that awaits him if he dies, and the satisfaction of victory that awaits him if he lives. But none of these have any impact on Arjuna. He refuses to let memories strip him of empathy. He does darshan and that makes him a worthy recipient of The Gita. Long before the war, when negotiations for peace had broken down, Krishna had revealed his cosmic form (virat-swarup)—the same form he shows Arjuna during the course of his discourse— to both Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana, perhaps to impress upon father and son that his words needed to be taken seriously. But Dhritarashtra, granted momentary sight, had simply declared his helplessness before such awesomeness and shrunk back into blindness, while Duryodhana had seen it as a magician’s trick. Both father and son refused to see what was shown. They clung to the view that they were the victims. Thus, showing does not guarantee seeing. Telling does not guarantee hearing. Gyana is not vi-gyana. In judgement, the world is divided: good and bad, innocent and guilty, polluted and pure, oppressor and oppressed, privileged and unprivileged, powerful and powerless. In darshan, one sees a fluid world of cause and Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] consequence, where there are no divisions, boundaries, hierarchies or rules. Rana-bhoomi and Ranga-bhoomi A world created based on judgement evokes rage. Life becomes a battleground (rana-bhoomi) like Kuru-kshetra, where both sides feel like victims, where everyone wants to win at all costs, where someone will always lose. A world created by observation evokes insight, hence affection, for we see the hunger and fear of all beings. Life becomes a performance on a stage (ranga- bhoomi) aimed to nourish and comfort the other, while deriving nourishment and comfort from their delight. Krishna’s performance (leela) leads to him being worshipped as Ranga-natha, lord of the stage. He never judges, so he sees no one as a victim. This is how he begins The Gita: Arjuna, you grieve for those whom you should not feel sorry for, and you argue as if you are a man of wisdom. But the wise grieve for no one: neither the living, nor the dead.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2, Verse 11 (paraphrased). Do you see me as hero, villain or victim? If yes, then you are not doing darshan. If you can empathize with the fears that make people heroes, villains and victims, then you are doing darshan. For then you look beyond the boundaries that separate you from the rest. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] 2. You and I have been here before Our body is mortal and so it seeks security and creates boundaries. But within this body is the immortal atma that does not seek security and so, does not care for boundaries. Wrapped in mortal flesh, it experiences life and death, again and again. By introducing the idea of immortality and rebirth in Chapter 2 of The Gita, Krishna changes the scope of the discussion, for without death serving as a boundary, there is no fear, no yearning for food or meaning, nowhere to come from, or go to, for the end is no longer the end and the beginning is no longer the beginning. Rather than change the world that defies control, rather than seek validation from things temporary, we engage, observe, discover and enjoy. Arjuna, the wise know that you and I and the rest existed before this event, and will continue to exist after this event. The resident of this body experiences its childhood, youth and old age before moving on to the next. This body gets attached to the world around it, and so fears death. But the wise, aware of the inner resident’s immortality, aware that the flesh goes through cycles of birth and death, do not fear change, or death. They know that what matters is the immortal, not the mortal.— Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2, verses 12 to 16 (paraphrased). With these words Krishna simply renders death irrelevant. He transforms the Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] battlefield into one of the infinite experiences of the immortal resident (dehi) of the mortal body (deha). Later, he identifies dehi as atma, purusha, brahmana and kshetragna. It inhabits various bodies, again and again, lifetime after lifetime. This means that this is not the first time we have experienced the world, and it will not be the last. We have been here before and will return again. Our birth is a rebirth. Our death is a re-death. Arjuna, you wear fresh clothes at the time of birth and discard them at the time of death. You are not these clothes.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2, Verse 22 (paraphrased). In Chapter 4, Krishna declares he has transmitted this knowledge before, to the sun or Vivasvat (the first celestial being), then to Manu (the first man), and then to Ikshvaku (the first king), and that this knowledge is often forgotten. Krishna, Vivasvat lived long ago. You live now. How could you have taught him?—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 4, Verse 4 (paraphrased). Arjuna is naturally startled. Krishna responds by revealing that he has lived before, as has Arjuna; he remembers it, but Arjuna does not, for Arjuna is trapped in the outer world of tangible objects and has no insight into the inner world of intangible thoughts. Arjuna, at the dawn of Brahma’s day, all forms burst forth. At dusk, they withdraw into formlessness. The children of Brahma stay entrapped in the wheel of rebirths as their mind is drawn by their senses. But those who fix their minds on me break free from this wheel of rebirths, of fluctuating between form and formlessness.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 8, verses 16 to 26 (paraphrased). The idea of rebirth forms the cornerstone of Hindu thought. It is also the mainstay of Buddhist and Jain philosophies. But there are differences. Buddhists do not believe in the existence of the immortal resident (atma), and Jains do not believe in the concept of God (param-atma), but they both agree on the concept of rebirth (punar-janma). In Jainism and Buddhism, the world of rebirths is called samsara, propelled by action (karma) and memories of past actions Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] (samskara). These are sometimes referred to as dharma mythologies, distinguishing them from Abrahamic or non-dharma mythologies such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam that believe in only one life, and an afterlife in heaven or hell. Science endorses only one life, as the afterlife or rebirth defies scientific measurement. Dharma and Non-dharma Mythologies The idea of rebirth can be seen at metaphysical, social and psychological levels. Together they change our view of life. At a metaphysical level, rebirth helps us explain the inexplicable, and replace conflict with acceptance and peace. Why are some people born into rich families and some into poor families, some to loving parents and some to cruel parents, some with talent and some without? Who is to be blamed? In Abrahamic mythology, the explanation of everything is God’s will. Our sufferings are the result of disobeying God’s will and law, having fallen under the spell of the Devil. All will be well if we repent of our sins, accept God’s love and demonstrate it by following His law. This assumption fuels guilt. In Greek mythology, wealth and power are seen as having been cornered by the privileged few, and heroes have to fight these oppressors, bring justice and offer equal opportunities to all. This assumption fuels rage. Science offers no explanation, as science is not about ‘why’, but about ‘how’. For the why, the social sciences invariably turn to Greek mythology with its oppressor-oppression framework that resurrected after the European Renaissance, 600 years ago. Or it creates a new god: the people. In Hindu mythology, there is no one but ourselves to blame for our problems: neither God nor any oppressors. The idea of rebirth aims to evoke acceptance of the present, and responsibility for the future. Our immortal soul is tossed from one life to another as long as our mind refuses to do darshan. This is Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] made most explicit in the story of Karna in the Mahabharata. My Action, My Circumstance Karna is a foundling brought up by a charioteer, who rises to be a king through sheer talent and effort, and discovers much later in life that he is of royal blood, abandoned at birth by his mother Kunti, who went on to marry King Pandu. Kunti’s children are none other than the Pandavas, who constantly mock his lowly status and who are the enemies of his benefactor and best friend, Duryodhana. Before the war, Karna has the option to switch to the opposite side, where as the eldest of the Pandavas, he would become the rightful heir to Pandu and the first of Draupadi’s husbands. But Karna chooses to stay loyal to the Kauravas. During the war at Kuru-kshetra, everyone and everything turns against him. First, Bhisma does not let him fight as long as he is alive. Then Drona makes him use his best weapons prematurely. Arjuna’s celestial father, the rain god Indra, tricks him into giving up his invulnerable armour, taking advantage of his charitable nature. To mock the Pandavas, Duryodhana gets their uncle, Shalya, to serve as Karna’s charioteer, but that turns out to be a terrible decision as Shalya spends all his time praising Arjuna and demotivating Karna. When the wheel of Karna’s chariot gets stuck in the ground, Shalya refuses to pull it out, claiming he is a king, not a charioteer. The mantra taught by Parashurama to release wheels stuck in the ground does not work. So Karna throws down his bow and tries to pull the wheel out himself, and in that unarmed, helpless moment, goaded by Krishna, Arjuna strikes him dead. Karna, who sought all his life to be an archer and a king, thus dies as a charioteer, the profession of his foster father that he shunned. Karna’s story is a tragic one. Though technically an insider, circumstances make him an outsider, who is never ever allowed into the family. He is used and exploited by all, not just the Kauravas, but also his birth mother, Kunti, who comes to him only at the brink of war and tries to take advantage of his Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] charitable nature. Even Krishna tries to tempt him away from his friend and benefactor, Duryodhana. Despite his charity, his integrity and his loyalty, he suffers all his life. We see him as a victim, but Krishna does not. For Krishna knows his previous lives. In one story, Karna was an asura blessed with a thousand armours called Sahasrakavacha. To destroy each armour, a warrior had to acquire special powers by meditating for a thousand years. Even with these powers, destroying the armour would need a thousand years. So Nara and Narayana, twin sages, avatars of Vishnu, attacked this asura simultaneously—while one meditated, the other fought, taking turns to acquire the power and to destroy the armour. By the time they had destroyed all but one of the thousand armours, the world came to an end. But the world was reborn; the asura was reborn as Karna, Nara as Arjuna and Narayana as Krishna. We are told that only Krishna knows the full story and so, while Karna is a victim if we know only his present story, he becomes a villain if we know another backstory. In another story, when Vishnu descended on earth as Ram, he killed Vali, the son of Indra, and sided with Sugriva, the son of Surya. So when Vishnu descended as Krishna, he was obliged to restore the balance in the cosmos by killing Karna, son of Surya, and siding with Arjuna, son of Indra. Here, one story is one half of another story, and Karna’s misfortune neutralizes his fortune in another life. Free of any obligations or expectations, he would thus be liberated from the wheel of rebirths. So his killing, which we feel is a sad incident, becomes a wonderful event. In a third story, when Vishnu descended as Parashurama, he trained Bhisma, Drona and Karna, who ended up siding with the Kauravas and upholding adharma. Since he could not kill his own students, Vishnu again descended as Krishna, and supported the Pandavas, who fought and killed the Kauravas and their commanders. Here Krishna is reborn to correct the errors of a previous life, one of them being Karna. In the Puranas, stories of past lives are continuously used to counter assumptions of another story. It reminds us that our story is part of a grand jigsaw puzzle. We are part of a larger narrative. Stories of the past impact stories of the present that impact stories of the future. We may not know these stories, but we have played roles in them. We must not assume that the story we encounter, experience or remember is the only story in the world. Our lives are the outcomes of roles performed in other stories. Even if we don’t remember those stories or those roles, we cannot escape their consequences. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] ‘Arjuna, when I take form, particles of myself form the various beings in this world and I draw the mind and the senses to me. It is I who experience the world through the senses. When I lose form, I carry memories of these experiences to the next form, just as the breeze carries fragrances. The wise see me enjoying and transporting myself so. The unwise don’t.’—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 15, verses 7 to 10 (paraphrased). Impact of Past on Present and Present on Future At a social level, the idea of rebirth expands the canvas of our lives and brings perspective. It reminds us that the world existed before us and the world will exist after us. Like us, many people have sought to change the world and make it better, even perfect, but while changes do take place technologically, no real change takes place psychologically—people are still jealous and angry and ambitious and greedy and heartbroken. While the West valorizes social transformation, The Gita is focussed on individual psychological expansion. The world into which we are born is imagined as a stage full of actors but with no script, or director. Everyone assumes they are the hero, but discover they are not the protagonists of the ongoing play. We are forced to play certain roles and speak certain dialogues. But we revolt. We want our own script to be performed and our own dialogues to be heard. So we negotiate with fellow actors. Some succeed in getting heard with some people, others fail with most people, no one succeeds with everybody. We cling to our scripts, submit to other people’s scripts, speak dialogues we do not want to, only to stay relevant and connected to the larger narrative, or at least to a subplot. Heroes emerge. Villains emerge. Heroes of one plot turn out to be villains of other plots. Eventually, all leave the stage but the play continues. Who knows what is actually going on? Vishnu, the ranga-natha? All we can decipher are the patterns, as does he. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] In the Puranas, Vishnu sees the devas and asuras in eternal combat: the devas feel they are entitled, and the asuras feel they have been tricked; the devas do not share, and the asuras always scare. The force of the devas and the counterforce of the asuras, their alternating victories and defeats, keep the world moving. Vishnu sleeps and awakens, and smiles, turning the unproductive fight into a productive churn whenever he can, as Brahma and his sons struggle continuously to control life, rather than accept and enjoy it, despite Vishnu’s numerous interventions. Deva, Asura and Vishnu In the Ramayana, Vishnu encounters Ravana, who refuses to give up Sita, even if it means the death of his son and his brother, and the burning of his kingdom. In the Mahabharata, Vishnu encounters Yudhishtira, who gambles away his kingdom, his brothers, his wife, even his own identity, rather than simply accept defeat. He encounters Duryodhana, who would rather plunge his family into a war that will kill millions than give up a ‘needlepoint of land’. There is pride, jealousy, rage and the rationalization of all desires. These patterns are neverending, and can be experienced in every society, at all times. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Darshan Breaks the Cycle The idea that life has no beginning (anadi) and no end (ananta), that our existence has no borders, no starting or finishing line, stands in direct contrast to modern ideas based on Greek mythology, where life is like an Olympic race where we have to ‘win’. The winners of Greek mythology found a place for themselves in the afterlife, called Elysium. In Abrahamic mythology, those who align to the will and word of God reach heaven, the rest go to hell. Rebirth takes away the sense of urgency and the quest for perfection that are the hallmarks of Western thought. The Gita does not speak of changing the world. It speaks of appreciating the world that is always changing. Belief in one life makes us want to change the world, control it or resign to the way things are. Belief in rebirth enables us to appreciate all three possibilities, without clinging to any. Taken psychologically, the idea of rebirth is about having multiple opportunities to break the cycle of fear and find meaning, without ‘consuming’ anyone. When you live only once, the value of your life becomes the sum total of your achievements. Hence the need to align or achieve, which are the driving forces of Western thought. In Christianity and Islam it involves conversion to the right way of living. In Greek mythology (or secularism), it is about being a hero by either winning a race, or overthrowing oppressors. In either case, we end up controlling, hence consuming, the other. This is entrapment. But when you live many lives, alignments and achievements are rendered meaningless. What matters is wisdom: an understanding of why this world exists, why we exist, and why we live, again and again, in a merry-go-round. When we understand, we do not seek control of the other, hence are liberated. We engage with the world, but are not entrapped. We are no longer dependent, but we stay dependable. Arjuna draws attention to the fact that it is tough to stay aligned to a single course, howsoever noble. Krishna, what happens to he who strays from the path of insight? Does he lose out on both: happiness promised by wisdom and pleasures promised by indulgence? Does he perish like a torn cloud?—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 6, verses 37 and 38 (paraphrased). Krishna replies that nothing is wasted or destroyed in the cosmos. All efforts are recorded and they impact future lives. Knowledge acquired in the past plays Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] a role in the wisdom of future lives. Those unsuccessful in realization in this life will be reborn. Their efforts will not go in waste. They will ensure they are born in a wise family, where they can strive again. They will be driven to wisdom on account of memories and impressions of previous lives. By striving through many lives, they untangle themselves to unite with divinity.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 6, verses 41 to 45 (paraphrased). In a way Krishna is alluding to Yama, the god of death in the Puranas, who has an accountant called Chitargupta, who keeps a record of all deeds. This record determines the circumstances of our future lives: the parents we shall have, the gender we shall acquire, the fortunes and misfortunes we shall experience. How we respond to what we carry forward from our previous lives will determine what we carry forward to our future lives. Escape is possible if there is nothing to carry forward. Arjuna, there are two paths, one of return and the other of no return. The wise, the connected, know the difference and choose the one of no return.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 8, verses 26 and 27 (paraphrased). Thus, rebirth offers a second chance. In the Ramayana, Ram’s ancestors, the sons of Sagara, are burned to death by the fiery glance of the sage called Kapila because they wrongly accuse him of stealing their horse. Their grandson begs Indra, who had stolen the horse in the first place, to let the celestial river Mandakini flow down on earth as the Ganga. Washed by its waters, the sons of Sagara get the chance of a second life. Another life is another chance: either to stay entrapped in the cycle of fear, or break free by discovering the architecture of the world and observing it without judgement. This is why, in Hindu funerals, the corpse is first burned and then the ashes and bones are cast in the river. Fire and running water represent the two paths mentioned in Chapter 8 of The Gita, one offering liberation and the other offering entrapment. Arjuna, the two paths are twins: like fire and smoke, the waxing and waning moons, the course of the rising sun towards the north before rains and towards the south after.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 8, verses 24 and 25 (paraphrased). Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] The Two Paths of Rebirth and Liberation This life is not the first time you and I have experienced each other. We have been here before, but we have not learned, from past experiences, that much of life defies explanation and control, that life always offers a second chance and that the world existed before us and will continue to exist after us. As long as we resist reality, we will not discover the immortal, and go from lifetime to lifetime, hungry for meaning and validation. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] 3. You and I experience life differently Is the idea of immortality and rebirth real or conceptual? What is real? Can the conceptual be real? Our understanding of reality is a function of the capabilities of our body or deha, home of the atma. What is real for a plant is not real for an animal, what is real for one human is not real for another. Nature is all about diversity. This understanding of the body, the instrument through which we experience and express reality, is not explicitly a part of The Gita, but certainly a part of Vedic knowledge elaborated in the Upanishads, that Krishna assumes Arjuna to be familiar with. The body of a rock is different from the body of a plant, which is different from the body of an animal, which is different from the body of a human. And so, what a rock experiences is different from what a plant, animal or human experiences. Human experiences are further complicated by different modes of expression: some humans express accurately, others imaginatively; some speak literally and others use metaphors. Further, what is reality for humans cannot be the reality of God. Hindu mythology constantly refers to this four-fold division of the world—the world of elements, plants, animals and humans. Symbolically, it is represented by the swastika. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Four-fold Division of the World The elements (bhutas)—sky, earth, wind, water and fire— constitute the world. However, they do not experience the world, as they do not possess organs (indriyas) to sense or respond to what is around them. Stars, rocks and rivers are not sentient. They move, but do not act. They do not seek opportunities or avoid threats. They do not feel or think. If they do, we do not know, as they cannot express themselves, or at least we cannot fathom their responses. They do not seem to experience death, as they do not demonstrate any struggle for life. Even fire, that needs fuel to survive, does not seek out fuel. It simply dies out when the fuel is exhausted. Elements are therefore considered lifeless (a-jiva). Plants, animals and humans constitute the living (sa-jiva). They depend on air (prana) and so are called breathers (prani). To stay alive, and keep breathing, living organisms seek food. To find food, plants grow and animals run. Both experience hunger and fear. They want to eat, not be eaten. They want to live, not die. They fight to survive. Plants have sense organs (gyana-indriyas) to sense the external world and respond to water, sunlight and change of seasons. But they are immobile (a- chara), unable to run from danger, unlike animals (chara) which clearly have more response organs (karma-indriyas). The five sense organs are eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The five response organs are hands, legs, mouth, anus and genitals. Animals, especially ones with larger brains, display a greater degree of emotions (chitta) and some degree of intelligence (buddhi). They remember things. They make choices. They solve simple problems. They form packs to find food, hives to store food and herds to protect themselves. They establish pecking orders to get a greater share of food and mates. They take care of their young. Some even display personality. Humans are dramatically different. In us, senses, emotions and intelligence are highly developed. But what really makes us unique is our imagination (manas). While plants and animals experience hunger, fear and death, humans Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] can imagine infinite hunger and infinite fear and infinite death. Humans can also imagine a world without hunger, fear or death. Hence, the idea of immortality! The ability to conjure up a conceptual reality (how the world should be) different from emotional experience (how the world feels) or sensory experiences (what is actually sensed) is unique to human beings and unique for every human being. Your reality is different from my reality, because your body is different, your filters are different, your experiences are different, your knowledge is different. Krishna experiences every slice (bhaga) of reality, that of elements, plants, animals as well as humans. That is why he is called God (bhaga-van) in The Gita. Arjuna, know that I am the sun, the moon, the fire. I am the sap that makes plants blossom. I am the digestive fire and breath of animals. I eat. I think, remember, understand and forget as humans do. I am the transmitter, the teacher, the scholar and the wise. I am the perishable and the imperishable. And that which supports both.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 15, verses 12 to 18 (paraphrased). Many Bodies in Nature In Vedanta, the body is visualized as a series of containers. The flesh is the outermost container and is made up of the senses. It is composed of food and serves as food, and so it is called the container of food (anna-kosha). It is animated by the container of breath (prana-kosha). Within are the container of thoughts (mana-kosha), the container of beliefs (vi-gyana-kosha or buddhi- kosha) and finally the container of emotions (chitta-kosha). In plants, there are only the containers of the flesh and the breath. In animals, there are the containers of the flesh, breath and emotions. In some animals there is also the container of thoughts, influencing emotions. Only in humans is found the container of beliefs, ideas that humans use to make sense of the world around. Our thoughts and beliefs shape our emotions; our emotions also determine our Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] thoughts and beliefs. Five Containers of the Body These five containers create three realities: sensory reality that depends on the flesh (indriyas), emotional reality that depends on the heart (chitta) and conceptual reality that depends on imagination (manas) and intelligence (buddhi). Elements (bhutas) inhabit none of these realities. Plants (a-chara) inhabit the sensory reality. Higher animals (chara) inhabit the emotional reality as well. But only humans (manavas) inhabit all three. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Three Realities What distinguishes humans from the rest of nature is our ability to imagine reality. We can conjure up the opposite of what we experience. While the senses experience pain, our mind can imagine happiness. While the senses experience pleasure, our mind can imagine sorrow. While the senses experience form, our mind can imagine formlessness. While the senses experience finiteness, our mind can imagine infiniteness. While the senses experience mortality, our mind can imagine immortality. Imagination helps us create concepts, which filter our sensory inputs and ultimately impact our emotional experience. Thus, we can imagine a rock or river to be a deity and so condition ourselves to feel joyful whenever we encounter that rock or river. Our emotional experiences can also inform and shape our concepts. So, when a rock or river gives us joy in some way, we declare it must be a deity. Concepts therefore help us rationalize emotions; emotions help us rationalize concepts—it is a two-way process. Mental Processes When presented with the same stimuli, all plants and animals of the same species usually respond in a similar way. Variations are few, and mostly in higher animals. However, the same set of stimuli is read differently by different humans who harbour different concepts. This is why Dhritarashtra, Duryodhana and Arjuna respond to the battleground of Kuru-kshetra very differently. The journey from human to divine is to achieve conceptual clarity and appreciate the world as it is, while empathizing with how others perceive it. But are concepts real? Are they not products of the imagination? How can we value imagination? This distinguishing of the imaginary from the real overlooks the fact that humans are humans because of the ability to imagine. All the things that we Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] value—justice, equality, free speech, human rights—are actually concepts churned out of imagination, just like ideas such as God, heaven, hell, rebirth and immortality. We may classify these ideas as secular or religious, rational or supernatural, value one over the other, but they are essentially creations of humans, by humans, for humans. They are artificial constructions, not natural phenomena. They have no independent existence outside humans. Even our identity (aham) is essentially how we imagine ourselves, a concept. Nature does not care for our tribal roots, our social structures or our cultural hierarchies. It does not care for how we qualify our actions or judge each other. Yet our identity matters to us, as do our concepts, because we are human. Our concepts establish our humanity and help us cope with the terror of nature and biology. Imagined Concepts That Arjuna grants himself an identity (Pandava, Kaunteya, Kuru), gives meaning to people around him (friends and family), ascribes value to his action (good or bad) and predicts its reactions (collapse of society) stems from his ability to imagine, construct or inherit boundaries and inhabit conceptual spaces. It is an indicator of his humanity. Arjuna, the senses exist beyond the physical; mind beyond the senses; intelligence beyond the mind. Beyond intelligence is your sense of self. By knowing who you really are you will conquer all yearning.— Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 3, verses 42 and 43 (paraphrased). The conceptual reality of Krishna—where immortality is a fact—makes him function without fear, and gain insight about life without imposing the filter of conflict. The conceptual reality of Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana—where victimhood is a fact— makes them function in rage, imagine persecution and Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] harbour an intense desire to change the world. Which imagination is the appropriate one? Science does not share The Gita’s enthusiasm about imagination. Science values the finite, the measurable entity, while The Gita values the infinite (ananta) and the immortal (nitya), which are unmeasurable concepts. The reality constructed by science is dependent on measuring instruments. However, it is easier to measure things than feelings. This is why physics, chemistry and biology are considered ‘pure’ sciences, while psychology is considered a ‘pseudo’ or ‘imperfect’ science. We can at best use bodily responses to emotions to understand the functioning of the mind, as neuropsychology and behavioural science tend to do. The humanities, subjects such as sociology, history, economics, management and politics, which involve humans, are no longer called ‘social sciences’ because while the data may be computed scientifically, the analysis is invariably influenced by the prejudice of the analyst, the philosophy he subscribes to and the concepts he believes to be true. Classification of Sciences That being said, concepts do play a key role in science, especially mathematics. Zero (shunya) and infinity (ananta) are called imagined numbers, because their existence cannot be proven in material reality. I can show you one tree, two trees, three trees, but I cannot show you ‘zero trees’ or ‘infinite trees’. These have to be imagined. Civilizations existed and thrived without the knowledge of these concepts for centuries. Buddhist, Jain and Hindu philosophers of India conceived both infinity and zero over two thousand years ago in their attempt to understand both the psychological and the physical world. The hermits preferred the concept of withdrawal into oblivion, hence zero, while the householders preferred the concept of embracing everything, hence infinity. Today, zero and infinity play a key role in calculus and help scientists around the world solve technological problems of the real world. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Concepts in Philosophy and Math Like infinity and zero, immortality is also a concept. By introducing it, Krishna increases the canvas of Arjuna’s experience and expands the denominator of his existence. It makes him look at life differently—this life is not the only life we live; it is but one of many lives; our actions have infinite consequences; we have limitless choices, if we open our mind to them. Thus, a shift in imagination brings about a dramatic shift in identity, meaning, value, assumptions and aspirations. Arjuna, people worship limited deities, limited as they are by their nature and their yearnings. From me comes their faith. From me comes fulfilment of their faith. The restricted stay restrained. Those who shatter the boundaries discover me: the limitless.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 7, verses 20 to 23 (paraphrased). Literal and Metaphorical Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Those who are comfortable with imagination appreciate metaphors and symbols. Those who are not prefer the literal. Only through metaphors and symbols can one convey the conceptual. Without poetry, you cannot communicate ideas that are not material and measurable, like love, or justice or remarkability. But The Gita recognizes that the world is made up of different people, those who can only deal with the tangibility of mortality and those who can deal with the intangibility of immortality and rebirth. Krishna does not expect people to experience the world the same way as he does, or respond to the world exactly as he does. This is why Krishna has a ‘menu-card’ approach to solutions, suiting different capabilities and capacities. Arjuna, immerse your mind in me and I will uplift you from the ocean of recurring death. If you cannot do that, then practise yoga and work on your mind. If you cannot do that, then do your work as if it is my work. If you cannot do that, then make yourself my instrument and do as I say. If you cannot do that, then simply do your job and leave the results to me.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 12, verses 6 to 11 (paraphrased). My deha is different from yours. My hungers are different from yours. My assumptions are different from yours. My capabilities are different from yours. My experiences are diferent from yours. My expressions are different from yours. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] 4. You and I seek meaning The immortal resident of the body, the dehi, watches how the body experiences the world around it. But what is dehi exactly? Is it the senses that make the body responsive to external stimuli? Is it the mind within the body, or thoughts and ideas and imaginations within the mind, or concepts that filter all sensation and influence emotions? It is something unmeasurable, mystifying and debatable, like consciousness? Or is it conceptual clarity that bestows tranquillity? Does that conceptual clarity involve appreciating the unique human ability to give meaning to ourselves and the world around? We shall explore these ideas in this chapter. Right at the start of The Gita, Krishna refers to dehi, the immortal that dwells in the body. Arjuna, weapons cannot pierce it, fire cannot burn it, water cannot wet it, wind cannot dry it. It is everywhere, at all times, fixed, immovable.— Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2, verses 23 and 24 (paraphrased). Later, he refers to dehi as atma, the immortal located in the body, but beyond the reach of the senses and the mind. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Arjuna, detached, tranquil, assured, the observer resides in the city of nine gates.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 5, Verse 13 (paraphrased). Bird Watching the Bird Eating Fruit The Rig Veda speaks of a bird that watches another bird eating fruit. This is a metaphor of the world (fruit), the body (bird eating fruit) and the dehi (bird watching bird eating fruit). We can watch others, and ourselves, seeking ‘fruit’. Krishna describes dehi, located inside the body, very much the same way as he describes purusha, located inside all of nature that surrounds the body. If dehi is within the self, purusha is within the other. Arjuna, prakriti is responsible for all events around you. Purusha, Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] resident of nature, experiences these events as painful and pleasurable circumstances.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 13, verses 20 and 21 (paraphrased). The body we inhabit, and nature that is all around our body, is tangible (sa- guna). What resides in our body, and in nature, is not (nir-guna). Deha and prakriti are within the reach of the senses; they are bound by the rules of space and time, which means that they can be measured and are impermanent. Dehi and purusha, however, are outside the reach of the senses, and are not bound by rules of space and time, which means that they cannot be measured and are permanent. Deha is part of prakriti. But is dehi a part of purusha? Since both are immortal and infinite, neither can be confined by space, nor can they be separated. In other words, dehi is the same as purusha. Arjuna, it is both in and out, inside the animate and the inanimate, far as well as near, difficult to gauge as it is subtle. It is not divisible yet appears divided in separate beings. It is what brings together and creates anew.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 13, verses 15 and 16 (paraphrased). Deha is that which separates us from other entities. Dehi is that which unites us to others. Deha establishes individuality. Dehi establishes universality. We discover deha through analysis (sankhya), by figuring out what isolates us from the world. We discover dehi through synthesis (yoga), by figuring out what connects us with the world. Arjuna’s deha is not the same as Duryodhana’s, Arjuna’s deha is not the same as that of the horses that pull his chariot, but the dehi in Arjuna enables him to feel the fear and hunger in every living creature, and its absence in non-living creatures. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Deha and Prakriti Dehi and purusha are the same, yet they are also differentiated. Dehi is called jiva-atma and purusha is called param-atma, as dehi’s experience is limited by the deha it resides in, while purusha’s experience is unlimited, as it resides in limitless prakriti. Dehi or jiva-atma experiences a slice (bhaga) of reality. Bhagavan, who experiences every slice of reality, is then param-atma. The jiva-atma, who seeks fulfilment and fullness, is the bhagat or bhakta. Every living creature is a jiva-atma. For every jiva-atma, other living creatures are para-atma (the individual other). The collective of all living creatures makes up the param-atma (the collective other). This relationship of the deha, prakriti and atma is best visualized in art as a spoked wheel, where the hub represents my body (deha) and the rim presents the body of the world around me (prakriti). The atma within us (jiva-atma) radiates like the spokes of a wheel and connects with the atma (para-atma) within everyone around us. All of this together constitutes param-atma, the potential that everyone, including us, can realize. Such a spoked wheel whirls around Krishna’s finger, indicating that param-atma is more than the sum total of all individual jiva-atmas. The jiva-atma depends on the param-atma but the param- atma is not dependent on the jiva-atma. Arjuna, he is the perceiver of all sense objects without the senses. He is unattached, yet sustainer of all. He is devoid of all tendencies, yet the enjoyer of all material tendencies.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 13, Verse 14 (paraphrased). Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Wheel Exploration of the relationship between jiva-atma and param-atma, between dehi and deha, purusha and prakriti, bhagavan and bhakta, has led to the many schools of Vedanta, schools that seek the essence of the Vedas. Advaita saw no difference between divinity and humanity; dvaita saw a complete separation; bheda-abheda saw humanity as part of the divine. Different Schools of Vedanta Many see dehi as the seed of the purusha-tree. Each seed is separate from the tree, dependent on the tree, yet containing the tree. This idea is expressed in a beautiful hymn on completeness (poornamadah poornamidam) found in the Isha Upanishad: ‘This is complete, that is complete, from completeness comes completeness, when completeness is added or subtracted, it still remains complete.’ This hymn refers to the concept of infinity and the capability of human imagination. You are complete in yourself; I am complete in myself; yet we are part of a wider human narrative. Like the seed of the tree, we are part of completeness, as well as our complete selves. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] Fruits of the Param-atma Tree So what exactly is dehi/atma/purusha? Various metaphors are used to describe it in The Gita: the ocean that is fed by rivers but never overflows (Chapter 2, Verse 70); the sky that is ever-present but always detached (Chapter 13, Verse 33); the sun that illuminates everything (Chapter 13, Verse 34). From Chapter 7 onwards, Krishna personifies the idea and starts equating himself with dehi and purusha, using the first person. Though Krishna sports a male form, he refers to his ‘wombs’, indicating the metaphorical nature of the language used. Arjuna, forms and formless are my two wombs. I am the start and the end, the thread on which the world is strung like jewels. Nothing else but me.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 7, verses 6 and 7 (paraphrased). Some identify dehi/purusha/atma with the soul. But soul is a Christian concept and in Christian mythology, especially, there is talk of souls that can get corrupted and bodies without souls. Dehi/purusha/atma of The Gita is eternally pure and permeates everywhere, even beings deemed most sinful and foul. Some say dehi is not material, hence it must be something spiritual. We must be careful of this term, spiritual. It is an eighteenth-century European term that once referred to everything from the psychological to the paranormal and the occult, a meaning that is still popular in New Age religious orders. The West formally separated the psychological from the paranormal only in the twentieth century after the works of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, though religious folk continue to insist that the paranormal is real. If not material, then dehi/purusha/atma can be mental. But it is also Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] distinguished from all things that constitute the mind: senses (indriyas), emotions (chitta), imagination (manas) and intelligence (buddhi). Some, therefore, identify it with consciousness, the ability to be self-aware. But scientists and gurus disagree on what consciousness exactly is. Scientists restrict consciousness to living organisms, especially higher ones, while gurus attribute consciousness to all of nature, even the inanimate. Some identify the soul/spirit/consciousness as conscience (viveka). But conscience is an outcome of imagination and judgement: how we imagine ourselves and how we want others to judge us. Animals do not have a conscience, but for Hindus, atma is present in everything. Ultimately, the exact identity of dehi/purusha/atma will always be elusive, not just because it defies objective measurement, but also because you and I experience reality very differently, and use different words to describe our experiences. What is dehi to you may not be dehi to me. Also, what I thought dehi was today may not be what I realize dehi is tomorrow. Initially, dehi may be the mind, then it becomes intelligence, then consciousness, then imagination, concept, meaning, then something else which defies language. But it exists. And that is the point. Arjuna, it exists in the heart of all beings that which is worth knowing, the knowledge itself, and that which is reached through knowledge. It is the light that illuminates life, and all of darkness too.—Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 13, Verse 17 (paraphrased). What we can be sure of is that dehi cannot be an entity, as by definition it cannot be measured. It has to be a concept. It can at best be experienced, hence it is a subjective truth, indifferent to the rules of science. Arjuna, it has no beginning and has no qualities, and so does not change. It is located in the body, but it does nothing and covets nothing.— Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 13, verses 31 and 32 (paraphrased). According to the five-container architecture of the body described in the Upanishads, our breath resides within our flesh, our mind resides within our breath, our concepts reside within our mind and our emotions reside within our concepts. We can only see the flesh and breath. We can sense the emotions by the way they are expressed through the body and the breath. Sensations received Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] by the mind are filtered by concepts to create emotions. Emotions affect our mind and shape our concepts. When there is conceptual clarity, we experience tranquillity (ananda), no matter what the sensory experience is. Atma then becomes an idea that offers conceptual clarity, that establishes connection (yoga) with the world as it really is, not what we imagine it to be. Atma as Conceptual Clarity In the absence of conceptual clarity, the dominant emotion is fear, fear of losing opportunities, fear of threats, fear of achievement, fear of abandonment, fear of invalidation. The emotion of fear impacts the way we think and what we believe. It contaminates the filtering of sensations and choice of responses. It creates a vicious cycle where atma is eclipsed by aham, our judgemental self. Conceptual clarity draws attention to language, a key theme of the Vedas. Many animals use language to communicate. Their language is descriptive. Human language is used to analyse, construct and convey complex meaning. Through sound, image or gesture meaning is conveyed. That which is expressed (shabda) contains layers of meaning (shabda-brahmana), some literal, some metaphorical. These evoke multiple emotions (rasa) and experiences (bhava). Shabda is tangible (sa-guna), shabda-brahmana is intangible (nir-guna). Only through shabda, can shabda-brahmana be expressed and experienced. If we imagine our body as a shabda, then we are containers of meaning. Only thorugh our bodies can that meani

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