Must Know Medical Information PDF

Must Know Labs Vital Signs INR Key NI- nursing interventions S/sx - signs and symptoms Pt - patient UO - urine output  Must Know PT - Prothrombin Time Blood test that assesses...

Must Know Labs Vital Signs INR Key NI- nursing interventions S/sx - signs and symptoms Pt - patient UO - urine output  Must Know PT - Prothrombin Time Blood test that assesses how FAST blood clots Dependent on vitamin K (made by the liver) to make clots High levels caused by: vitamin K deficiency, cancer, liver disease INR Lab used for patients who are taking warfarin INR level determines amount of warfarin given *Warfarin* Measures the speed of clotting using extrinsic pathway PTT - Partial Thromboplastin Time Lab used to assess if blood-thinning therapy (heparin) is working Intracellular - fluid inside of a cell Extracellular - fluid outside of cells Includes: interstitial fluid, connective tissue, bone, blood Intravascular - fluid inside a blood vessel Isotonic No osmotic pressure; cells stay same size 0.9% NS, Lactated Ringers, D5W Hypotonic Water enters the cells. *Assess for edema* 0.45% NS, 0.33% NS Hypertonic Water is removed from cells 3% and 5% NS, D5W with ½ NS, D10W, D5LR Colloid Fluid moves from interstitial to intravascular compartment. *Given to patients in severe hypovolemia* Albumin, Dextran Beta 1 and Beta 2 Beta 1 - found in heart Beta 2 - found in lungs Remember: 1 heart, 2 lungs Electrolyte Level Relationships  Must Know Acid Base Balance From the butt (diarrhea) - Metabolic Acidosis From the mouth (vomitus) - Metabolic Alkalosis ALKALOSIS: K is LOW Acidosis: K is HIGH Hyperventilation increases chance of respiratory alkalosis due to increase of carbon dioxide in the blood Alkalosis: too much bicarb or loss of acid from the blood Antidotes Heparin → Protamine Sulfate Warfarin (Coumadin) → Vitamin K Potassium → Insulin, Kayexalate Magnesium sulfate → Calcium Gluconate Tylenol (Acetaminophen) → Mucomyst (acetylcysteine) Opiates → Narcan Narcotics → Narcan Digoxin → Digiband Insulin → Glucose Cholinergic crisis → Atropine and oximes Iron → Deferoxamine Beta Blockers → Glucagon TPA → Aminocaproic acid Benzodiazepines → Romazicon Important Info NPO anytime there is a GI issue Pt needs 2-3L of fluid/day Give meds 1 hour before meal or 2 hours after meal Give antacids 1 hour before meds or 4 hours after meds Neuro pt → keep head of bed 30-45 degrees After surgery monitor: first 24 hours → bleeding. 48 hours → infection If pt is admitted for a fluid problem → check daily weights In patients with severe vomiting and diarrhea, monitor for electrolyte imbalances Anaphylaxis → give ordered epinephrine ALWAYS obtain cultures before starting antibiotics If pt has dysphagia → risk for aspiration pneumonia When in doubt Electrolytes: choose potassium (K+) Choose an answer that has you stay with your patient Remove any answer choices that are absolutes (all/none) Pick the least invasive option first (if it is not an emergency) Emergency → choose STAT words. Choose the first thing you would do in order to save or avoid causing harm to the pt Never withhold treatment from a patient Empower your patient Tell Tale Signs Older patient with acute onset confusion → UTI Restlessness, agitation, decreased level of consciousness → EARLY SIGN of deterioration