Muscular System PDF

Muscular System A. Major Functions of Muscle Tissue: 1. Movement: Muscles generate force to move body parts, including voluntary movements (skeletal muscle) and involuntary actions (smooth and cardiac muscle). 2. Posture Maintenance: Skeletal muscles help maintain posture and body position. 3. H...

Muscular System A. Major Functions of Muscle Tissue: 1. Movement: Muscles generate force to move body parts, including voluntary movements (skeletal muscle) and involuntary actions (smooth and cardiac muscle). 2. Posture Maintenance: Skeletal muscles help maintain posture and body position. 3. Heat Production: Muscle contractions generate heat, helping to regulate body temperature. 4. Stabilization: Muscles stabilize joints, preventing dislocation or injury. 5. Control of Openings: Smooth muscle controls the opening and closing of body passageways (e.g., sphincters in the digestive system). 6. Blood Circulation: Cardiac muscle pumps blood through the circulatory system, while smooth muscle in blood vessels regulates blood flow. B. Structure, Location, and Function of Muscle Types: 1. Skeletal Muscle: - Structure: Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with multiple nuclei. - Location: Attached to bones via tendons. - Function: Voluntary movements, posture, and heat production. 2. Cardiac Muscle: - Structure: Short, branched, striated fibers with a single nucleus; intercalated discs between cells. - Location: Walls of the heart. - Function: Involuntary contraction to pump blood. 3. Smooth Muscle: - Structure: Spindle-shaped, non-striated fibers with a single nucleus. - Location: Walls of hollow organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, blood vessels). - Function: Involuntary control of internal organ movements (e.g., peristalsis). C. Microscopic Characteristics of Muscle Types: - Skeletal Muscle: Striated, multinucleated, long fibers; voluntary. - Cardiac Muscle: Striated, single nucleus, branched fibers with intercalated discs; involuntary. - Smooth Muscle: Non-striated, single nucleus, spindle-shaped fibers; involuntary. D. Organization of Skeletal Muscle: 1. Muscle Fiber (Cell): Individual muscle cell. 2. Fascicle: Bundle of muscle fibers. 3. Whole Muscle: Many fascicles together. E. Connective Tissue Layers: 1. Endomysium: Surrounds each muscle fiber; made of areolar connective tissue. 2. Perimysium: Surrounds each fascicle; made of dense irregular connective tissue. 3. Epimysium: Surrounds the whole muscle; made of dense irregular connective tissue. 4. Fascia: Surrounds groups of muscles; made of dense connective tissue. F. Components within a Skeletal Muscle Fiber: 1. Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of a muscle cell. 2. Transverse (T) Tubules: Invaginations of the sarcolemma that transmit action potentials. 3. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR): Stores calcium ions for muscle contraction. 4. Myofibrils: Rod-like units within muscle cells containing contractile proteins. 5. Thick Filaments (Myosin): Contractile protein that interacts with actin for muscle contraction. 6. Thin Filaments (Actin): Filamentous protein that works with myosin for contraction. 7. Troponin and Tropomyosin: Regulatory proteins on actin that control muscle contraction. G. Sarcomere Definition: - Sarcomere: The functional unit of a myofibril, responsible for muscle contraction, extending from one Z-disc to the next. H. Components of a Sarcomere: 1. A-Band: Dark region containing thick filaments (myosin). 2. I-Band: Light region containing only thin filaments (actin). 3. H-Zone: Central part of the A-band where only thick filaments are present. 4. Z-Disc: Anchors thin filaments and marks the boundary of a sarcomere. 5. M-Line: Center of the sarcomere where thick filaments are anchored. I. Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction: - The neuromuscular junction consists of a motor neuron’s axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and the muscle fiber’s motor endplate, where neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released to initiate contraction. J. Sliding Filament Model of Skeletal Muscle Contraction: - Describes the process in which myosin heads bind to actin filaments and pull them toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle. K. Sequence of Events in Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 1. Neuromuscular Junction: Action potential causes acetylcholine release, triggering an action potential in the muscle fiber. 2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling: The action potential travels down T-tubules, causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium. 3. Cross-Bridge Cycling: Calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, allowing myosin heads to bind to actin, leading to muscle contraction. L. Sequence of Events in Skeletal Muscle Relaxation: - Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, tropomyosin blocks actin's binding sites, and the muscle fiber relaxes. M. Sources of ATP for Muscle Contraction: 1. Glycolysis: Anaerobic breakdown of glucose. 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation: Aerobic production of ATP in mitochondria. 3. Creatine Phosphate: Rapid regeneration of ATP for short bursts of activity. N. Recovery Period from Skeletal Muscle Activity: - Replenishment of ATP, oxygen stores, and removal of lactic acid. O. Factors Contributing to Muscle Fatigue: - Depletion of ATP, accumulation of lactic acid, and electrolyte imbalances. P. Definitions: 1. Tension: Force exerted by a muscle. 2. Contraction: The process of generating tension within a muscle. 3. Twitch: A single, brief contraction of a muscle fiber. 4. Motor Unit:A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls. 5. Myogram: A graphical recording of muscle contraction. Q. Isotonic vs. Isometric Contraction: - Isotonic: Muscle changes length during contraction (e.g., lifting a weight). - Isometric: Muscle generates tension without changing length (e.g., holding a weight steady). R. Concentric vs. Eccentric Contraction: - Concentric: Muscle shortens during contraction. - Eccentric: Muscle lengthens during contraction. S. Cardiac vs. Skeletal Muscle Cells: - Cardiac: Short, branched, involuntary, with intercalated discs. - Skeletal: Long, multinucleated, voluntary, without intercalated discs. T. Cellular Features of Cardiac Muscle Cells: - Cardiac cells contain striations, a single nucleus, and intercalated discs, allowing for synchronized contractions. U. Calcium in Smooth Muscle Contraction: - Calcium enters the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid and SR, binds to calmodulin, and activates myosin light-chain kinase, initiating contraction. V. Signals for Muscle Contraction: - Skeletal: Initiated by nerve impulses. - Smooth: Initiated by various signals, including neural, hormonal, and chemical stimuli. W. Prime Mover, Antagonist, Synergist, and Fixator: - Prime Mover (Agonist): The main muscle responsible for a movement. - Antagonist: Muscle that opposes the prime mover. - Synergist: Muscle that assists the prime mover. - Fixator: Muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover. X. Muscle Naming: - Muscle names can reflect their location (e.g., brachialis), action (e.g., flexor), or shape (e.g., deltoid). Y. Major Skeletal Muscles: - Examples include the biceps brachii (arm flexion), quadriceps (knee extension), and trapezius (scapula movement). Z. Functional Groupings of Muscles: - Muscles within a compartment typically perform similar functions, such as the anterior arm muscles being involved in flexion.