Multiple1.3.docx

Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which condition is most likely to lead to acute kidney injury (AKI)? \- A) Chronic hypertension \- B) Severe dehydration \- C) Diabetes Mellitus \- D) Hyperlipidemia Answer: B) Severe dehydration 2\. Which of the following drugs should be avoided in patients wit...

Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which condition is most likely to lead to acute kidney injury (AKI)? \- A) Chronic hypertension \- B) Severe dehydration \- C) Diabetes Mellitus \- D) Hyperlipidemia Answer: B) Severe dehydration 2\. Which of the following drugs should be avoided in patients with a high risk of AKI? \- A) ACE inhibitors \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) NSAIDs \- D) Statins Answer: C) NSAIDs 3\. Which of the following is a potential cause of post-renal AKI? \- A) Renal artery stenosis \- B) Glomerulonephritis \- C) Ureteral obstruction \- D) Acute tubular necrosis Answer: C) Ureteral obstruction 4\. Which of the following is the first-line treatment for diabetic nephropathy? \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) ACE inhibitors or ARBs \- C) Insulin therapy \- D) Thiazolidinediones Answer: B) ACE inhibitors or ARBs 5\. Which of the following is a common sign of volume overload in CKD patients? \- A) Hypotension \- B) Edema \- C) Polyuria \- D) Weight loss Answer: B) Edema 6\. Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of AKI? \- A) Oliguria \- B) Hypertension \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Increased serum creatinine Answer: C) Hypokalemia 7\. Which of the following is a typical finding in a patient with nephrotic syndrome? \- A) Hematuria \- B) Proteinuria \- C) Hypercalcemia \- D) Increased GFR Answer: B) Proteinuria 8\. Which of the following electrolyte disturbances is commonly associated with AKI? \- A) Hypokalemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hypernatremia \- D) Hypocalcemia Answer: B) Hyperkalemia 9\. Which of the following interventions is most effective in preventing AKI in at-risk patients? \- A) Aggressive fluid management \- B) High-dose diuretics \- C) Long-term NSAID use \- D) Low-protein diet Answer: A) Aggressive fluid management 10\. Which of the following is a key feature of prerenal AKI? \- A) Intrinsic kidney damage \- B) Reduced renal perfusion \- C) Obstruction of the urinary tract \- D) Elevated GFR Answer: B) Reduced renal perfusion 11\. Which of the following medications is most likely to cause hyperkalemia in CKD patients? \- A) Thiazide diuretics \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Beta-blockers Answer: C) ACE inhibitors 12\. Which of the following conditions may lead to intrarenal AKI? \- A) Sepsis \- B) Renal artery embolism \- C) Nephrotoxic drugs \- D) Hypovolemia Answer: C) Nephrotoxic drugs 13\. What is the primary treatment goal for patients with AKI? \- A) Rapidly increase blood pressure \- B) Restore renal perfusion and function \- C) Increase fluid intake \- D) Reduce protein intake Answer: B) Restore renal perfusion and function 14\. Which of the following is a common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? \- A) Acute kidney injury (AKI) \- B) Glomerulonephritis \- C) Hypertension \- D) Pyelonephritis Answer: C) Hypertension 15\. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with CKD? \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Cardiovascular disease \- C) Renal failure \- D) Infections Answer: B) Cardiovascular disease 16\. Which of the following is an early marker of kidney damage in diabetes? \- A) Microalbuminuria \- B) Hyperglycemia \- C) Polyuria \- D) Hypoglycemia Answer: A) Microalbuminuria 17\. Which of the following is a recommended dietary modification for CKD patients? \- A) High-protein diet \- B) Low-potassium diet \- C) High-sodium diet \- D) Low-calcium diet Answer: B) Low-potassium diet 18\. Which of the following is commonly used to treat hyperphosphatemia in CKD? \- A) Calcium supplements \- B) Phosphate binders \- C) Vitamin D analogs \- D) Potassium binders Answer: B) Phosphate binders 19\. Which of the following is a major complication of untreated nephrotic syndrome? \- A) Anemia \- B) Hyperlipidemia \- C) Hypertension \- D) Deep vein thrombosis Answer: D) Deep vein thrombosis 20\. Which of the following treatments is typically used to manage fluid overload in CKD patients? \- A) Loop diuretics \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Statins \- D) Calcium channel blockers Answer: A) Loop diuretics Short Answer Questions: 1\. What is a major advantage of early detection of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients? \- Answer: Early detection of microalbuminuria allows for timely intervention with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, potentially slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy. 2\. Describe the role of angiotensin II in kidney function. \- Answer: Angiotensin II constricts efferent arterioles, increasing glomerular pressure and filtration, and stimulates aldosterone release, promoting sodium and water retention. 3\. What is a common cause of postrenal AKI and how is it typically managed? \- Answer: A common cause of postrenal AKI is ureteral obstruction, often managed by relieving the obstruction through catheterization or surgery. 4\. Explain why hyperkalemia is a concern in CKD patients. \- Answer: Hyperkalemia can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, making it a critical concern in CKD patients where potassium excretion is impaired. 5\. What is the primary treatment for nephrotic syndrome? \- Answer: The primary treatment for nephrotic syndrome includes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, along with management of proteinuria, edema, and associated hyperlipidemia. \-\-- These questions and answers have been verified against the PDFs provided to ensure they are accurate.