Multiple Choice Quiz.docx

**Multiple Choice Quiz: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Blood Therapy** **Questions:** 1. What is the primary determinant of serum osmolality and water transport? a) Potassium concentration\ b) Sodium concentration\ c) Magnesium concentration\ d) Calcium concentration 2. Which hormone...

**Multiple Choice Quiz: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Blood Therapy** **Questions:** 1. What is the primary determinant of serum osmolality and water transport? a) Potassium concentration\ b) Sodium concentration\ c) Magnesium concentration\ d) Calcium concentration 2. Which hormone is released by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to hypotension? a) ADH\ b) Renin\ c) Aldosterone\ d) Angiotensin II 3. Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II? a) Liver\ b) Heart\ c) Lungs\ d) Kidneys 4. What is a primary function of angiotensin II? a) Increase heart rate\ b) Stimulate vasodilation\ c) Stimulate vasoconstriction\ d) Decrease sodium reabsorption 5. Which hormone increases renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and water? a) ADH\ b) Aldosterone\ c) ANP\ d) Cortisol 6. What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary? a) Decrease in blood volume\ b) Decrease in serum osmolality\ c) Increase in serum osmolality\ d) Increase in blood pressure 7. Which structure plays an essential role in maintaining the normal fluid homeostasis of the body? a) Endothelial glycocalyx\ b) Renal glomeruli\ c) Hepatic sinusoids\ d) Lymphatic vessels 8. What can damage the endothelial glycocalyx layer? a) Crystalloids\ b) Colloids\ c) Pathophysiological conditions\ d) All of the above 9. Which fluid solution is preferable for resuscitation related to dehydration conditions? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Crystalloids\ d) Colloids 10. What is the most isotonic of the balanced salt solutions? a) Normal Saline\ b) Normosol-R\ c) Lactated Ringers\ d) Hydroxyethyl Starch 11. What does ANP stimulate the removal of from the body? a) Potassium\ b) Sodium and water\ c) Calcium\ d) Bicarbonate 12. Which of the following is not a function of cortisol? a) Stimulate protein catabolism\ b) Increase metabolic rate\ c) Increase plasma proteins\ d) Stimulate renal excretion of potassium 13. What type of fluid is 0.9% sodium chloride? a) Colloid\ b) Crystalloid\ c) Buffered solution\ d) None of the above 14. Which of the following crystalloids is most associated with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis? a) Lactated Ringers\ b) Normal Saline\ c) Normosol-R\ d) Isolyte-S 15. What does ADH primarily function to regulate? a) Sodium balance\ b) Potassium balance\ c) Water balance\ d) Calcium balance 16. Which hormone is released in response to increased preload or hypervolemic states? a) ADH\ b) ANP\ c) Aldosterone\ d) Renin 17. What type of solution is Lactated Ringers? a) Colloid\ b) Crystalloid\ c) Isotonic\ d) Both b and c 18. Which electrolyte is the primary cation in the intracellular fluid? a) Sodium\ b) Potassium\ c) Calcium\ d) Magnesium 19. What is the risk associated with hydroxyethyl starches? a) Hyperkalemia\ b) Nephrotoxicity\ c) Hypernatremia\ d) Hypercalcemia 20. Which of the following is not an effect of ADH release? a) Increased urine osmolality\ b) Decreased blood volume\ c) Increased circulating volume\ d) Increased arterial vasoconstriction 21. Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex? a) ADH\ b) Aldosterone\ c) ANP\ d) Renin 22. Which electrolyte is the primary anion in the intracellular fluid? a) Chloride\ b) Phosphate\ c) Bicarbonate\ d) Sulfate 23. Which fluid solution is best avoided in patients with pre-existing renal injury? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Hydroxyethyl Starches\ d) Albumin 24. What is the role of plasma oncotic pressure? a) Promote filtration into the interstitial space\ b) Promote absorption/retention of fluid within the vascular space\ c) Increase hydrostatic pressure\ d) Decrease vascular tone 25. What is a potential risk of using normal saline for resuscitation? a) Hypochloremia\ b) Hyperchloremia\ c) Hyperkalemia\ d) Hyponatremia 26. Which hormone functions as a potent arterial vasoconstrictor? a) Aldosterone\ b) ANP\ c) ADH\ d) Renin 27. Which of the following fluids contains calcium and is contraindicated with citrated infusion products? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Normosol-R\ d) Hydroxyethyl Starches 28. What condition is primarily managed by the administration of crystalloids? a) Hyperkalemia\ b) Dehydration\ c) Hypercalcemia\ d) Hypophosphatemia 29. Which hormone inhibits the release of renin and ADH? a) Aldosterone\ b) ANP\ c) Cortisol\ d) Renin 30. What can contribute to the development of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis? a) Normosol-R\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Normal Saline\ d) Albumin 31. Which of the following is a low-molecular-weight substance used in fluid therapy? a) Colloids\ b) Crystalloids\ c) Hydroxyethyl Starches\ d) Albumin 32. Which fluid solution is preferred for intravascular replacement during acute volume loss with intact endothelial glycocalyx? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Albumin\ d) Hydroxyethyl Starches 33. What stimulates the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla during surgery? a) Increased serum osmolality\ b) SNS stimulation\ c) Increased blood volume\ d) Decreased serum osmolality 34. What is a side effect of hyperchloremia caused by normal saline administration? a) Increased glomerular filtration rate\ b) Improved renal function\ c) Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption\ d) Increased potassium reabsorption 35. What is a contraindication for the use of Lactated Ringers in large volumes? a) Hyperkalemia\ b) Diabetes\ c) Hypocalcemia\ d) Hyponatremia 36. What is the primary anion in the extracellular fluid? a) Phosphate\ b) Bicarbonate\ c) Chloride\ d) Sulfate 37. Which hormone causes aquaporin channels in the kidney to reabsorb water? a) Aldosterone\ b) ANP\ c) ADH\ d) Renin 38. Which fluid solution is often used in anesthetic practice as a volume expander in active blood loss? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Albumin\ d) Hydroxyethyl Starches 39. What effect does cortisol have during surgery? a) Decrease metabolic rate\ b) Decrease O2 demand\ c) Increase HR\ d) Stimulate hepatic gluconeogenesis 40. What is the osmotic force of proteins within the vascular space called? a) Interstitial fluid pressure\ b) Capillary hydrostatic pressure\ c) Plasma oncotic pressure\ d) Interstitial oncotic pressure 41. Which electrolyte is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid? a) Potassium\ b) Sodium\ c) Magnesium\ d) Calcium 42. Which hormone primarily functions to regulate water balance? a) Aldosterone\ b) ANP\ c) ADH\ d) Renin 43. Which fluid solution should be avoided in patients with sepsis due to the risk of renal injury and increased mortality? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Hydroxyethyl Starches\ d) Albumin 44. What is the hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid called? a) Plasma oncotic pressure\ b) Interstitial oncotic pressure\ c) Capillary hydrostatic pressure\ d) Interstitial fluid pressure 45. Which hormone stimulates the renal tubules to reabsorb sodium and water? a) Aldosterone\ b) ANP\ c) ADH\ d) Renin 46. Which fluid solution is not balanced and contains a high concentration of chloride? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Normosol-R\ d) Hydroxyethyl Starches 47. What does hyperkalemia refer to? a) Low potassium levels in the blood\ b) High potassium levels in the blood\ c) Low sodium levels in the blood\ d) High sodium levels in the blood 48. Which fluid is isotonic and does not contain calcium, making it suitable for administration with blood products? a) Normal Saline\ b) Lactated Ringers\ c) Normosol-R\ d) Hydroxyethyl Starches 49. What is the most common cause of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in patients receiving fluid therapy? a) Albumin\ b) Normal Saline\ c) Lactated Ringers\ d) Hydroxyethyl Starches 50. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with Addison\'s disease? a) Hypernatremia\ b) Hyponatremia\ c) Hyperkalemia\ d) Hypokalemia