Principles of Medical Laboratory Science Practice 1 PDF

**REVIEWER** **Principles of Medical Laboratory Science Practice 1** **Chapter 1: History of the Medical Technology Profession** **▪ Hippocrates** o Father of Medicine **▪ Galen** o Greek physician and philosopher o Measured the body fluids **(4 Humors)** ** Blood :** hemoglobin rich in pro...

**REVIEWER** **Principles of Medical Laboratory Science Practice 1** **Chapter 1: History of the Medical Technology Profession** **▪ Hippocrates** o Father of Medicine **▪ Galen** o Greek physician and philosopher o Measured the body fluids **(4 Humors)** ** Blood :** hemoglobin rich in protein / "air -- hot and wet" ** Phlegm :** clear plasma / "water -- cold and wet" ** Yellow Bile :** residue (bilirubin) / "fire -- hot and dry" ** Black Bile** : platelets and clotting factors / "earth -- cold & dry" o Described diabetes as "diarrhea of urine" ** Polyuria :** excessive amount of urine ** Oliguria** : low amount of urine ** Anuria :** absence of urine ** Nocturia :** excessive amount of urine at night ** 2000 mL :** average amount of urine per day ** Pale yellow to yellow :** normal urine color **▪ Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek** o Father of Microbiology and Microscopy o Routine laboratory procedures ** Blood** : complete blood count ** Urine :** urinalysis ** Fecal :** fecalysis **▪ Edward Jenner** o In 1796, discovered vaccination to establish immunization to small pox o Impact of contribution: Immunology **▪ John Hutchinson** o Invented Spirometer for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs **▪ Jules Herrison** o Invented Sphygmomanometer for measuring blood pressure **▪ Rene Laennec** o In 1816, invented the Stethoscope, the first diagnostic breakthrough used to acquire information about the lungs and heartbeats **▪ Agostino Bassi** o In 1835, produced disease in worms by injection of organic material -- the beginning of bacteriology ▪ used to acquire information about the lungs and heartbeats ▪ In 1840, microscopes were developed for medical purposed due to advances in available lenses and lower costs **▪ Hermann von Helmholz** o In 1850, invented his first visual technology, Ophthalmoscope **▪ Manuel Garcia** o In 1855, devised Laryngoscope using two mirrors to observe the throat and larynx **▪ Louis Pasteur** o In 1857, successfully produced immunity to rabies **▪ Wilhelm Roentgen** o In 1859, invented X-ray to allow physicians to view the insides of the body without surgery; used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy (inflammation of pleural cavity caused by viral infection), and TB since WWII **▪ Gregor Mendel** o In 1868, enunciated his laws of inherited characteristics from studies on plants o Father of Heredity **▪ Joseph Lister** o In 1870, demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne pathogens **▪ Robert Koch** o In 1877, presented the first pictures of anthrax bacilli and later tubercle bacilli **▪ Marie Francois Xavier Bichat** o In 1880, identified organs by their types of tissues o Impact of contribution: Histology **▪ Elie Metchnikoff** o In 1886, described the role of phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infections **▪ Ernst Von Bergmann** o In 1886, introduced steam sterilization in surgery **▪ Karl Landsteiner** o In 1902, distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system **▪ William Einthoven** o In 1903, developed Electrocardiograph to measure electrical changes during the beating of the heart **▪ August von Wassermann** o In 1906, developed immunologic tests for syphilis **▪ Howard Ricketts** o In 1906, discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae **▪ Elizabeth Kenny** o In 1910, the Kenny Method served as the pioneering work for modern physical therapy in treatment to polio (infantile paralysis) using hot packs and muscle manipulation; prompted the invention of Sylvia Stretcher in 1927 which was a new stretcher intended for transporting patients in shock **▪ Phillip Drinker** o In 1927, invented Drinker Respirator to help patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover normal respiration with the assistance of artificial respirator **▪ Hans Fischer** o In 1929, worked out the structure of hemoglobin ▪ 1929 to 1941 o Cardiac catheterization and angiography was first operated by Forsmann in 1929 o Developed by Moniz, Reboul, and Rousthoi between 1930 and 1940 o Discovered safe for humans by Cournand o Made for seeing the heart, lung vessels, and valves by inserting a canula in the arm vein and into the heart with an injection of radiopaque dye for X-ray visualization o Electron Microscope gave way to the visualization of small cells including tumor cells o Adaptation of computers in medical researches led to the development of Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) **▪ John Gibbon** o In 1939, invented his first visual technology called Heart-Lung Machine **▪ Jonas Salk** o In 1954, developed poliomyelitis vaccine **▪ James Westgard** o In 1973, introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory **▪ Baruch Samuel Blumberg** o In 1980, introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine **▪ Kary Mullis** o In 1985, developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) **▪ Andre van Steirteghem** o In 1992, introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF) **▪ James Thomson** o In 1998, derived the first human stem cell lineG. Other Notable Contributions **▪ Vivian Herrick** o Traced that intestinal parasites such as Taenia and Ascaris had been mentioned in early writings dating back to 1500 BC o Also traced the Ebers of Papyrus - book for treatment of diseases containing description of three stages of Hookworm **▪ Rufus of Ephesus** o Made the first description of hematuria as the presence of blood in urine **▪ Ruth Williams** o In her book, mentioned how quacks reaped fortunes from diagnosing disease by urine appearance and Hindu doctors observed how urine of some individuals attracted ants and had sweetish taste **▪ Alessandra Gilliani** o Italian physician at the University of Bologna and noted nosocomial diseases o She was an anatomist, served as the first woman pro-sector or preparer of dissections for anatomical study **▪ Marcello Malphigi** o Described as the greatest of the earliest microscopist o Called Founder of Pathology because of his contributions in embryology and anatomy **▪ Frederick Dekkers** o Observed that proteins in the urine precipitated when boiled with acetic acid **▪ Rudolf Virchow** o Father of Modern Pathology **▪ Herman von Fehling** o Fehling's reagent (1848) was developed and used in the quantitative test for sugar **▪ Anne Fagelson** o 14th century **History of Medical Technology in the US** ▪ **Dr. William H. Welch** - In 1878, established a lab at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College and he gave the first laboratory course in Pathology ever offered in an American medical school ▪ **William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine** - In 1895, the University of Pennsylvania's William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened to highlight the service role of clinical laboratories ▪ **Dr. James Todd** - In 1908, Todd wrote the book "A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis" which was later renamed "Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods" in its sixth edition by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur Sanford **▪ William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine** - In 1895, the University of Pennsylvania's William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened to highlight the service role of clinical laboratories **▪ John Kolmer** - In 1918, he called for the development of a method that would certify MTs on a national scale. He published the 'The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians' that included a description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology **▪ 1920** - The administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a Chief Physician **▪ American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) -** In 1922, ASCP was founded with the objective of encouraging cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists **▪ University of Minnesota** - In 1922, one of the first school to train laboratory workers. A course bulletin was entitled "Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians" ▪ **1936** - American Board of Pathology was established ▪ **1950** - MTs in the US sought professional recognition from the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws **History of Medical Technology in the Philippines** **▪ Hospital Real -** First hospital established by Spaniards in 1565 in Cebu was moved to Manila to cater to military patient **▪ San Lazaro Hospital -** Built by Franciscans in 1578 for the poor and the lepers **▪ Hospital de San Juan de Dios -** Founded in 1596 by the Spaniards for poor Spaniards **▪ Hospital de San Jose** - Founded in Cavite back in 1641 ▪ **1611** - The Dominicans founded the University of Santo Tomas and eventually in 1871 established the first faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine ▪ **1883** - The Board of Health and Charity was established and was expanded in 1886 **▪ Laboratorio Municipal de Manila** - Established by Spaniards in 1887 for lab examinations of food, water, and clinical samples headed by Gen. Antonio Luna as chemical expert in this laboratory and pioneered water testing, forensics, and environmental studies **▪ Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott** - After the fall of Manila, Lipincott converted the Spanish Military Hospital into the First Reserve Hospital where he was a Chief Surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps ▪ **Bureau of Government Laboratories** - Established in 1901 by the US government through the Philippine Commission under the Philippine Commission Act No. 156 **▪ Bureau of Science** - Established in 1905 for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research ▪ **1914** - Bureau of Science worked with the Army Board for the Study of the Tropical Diseases until the latter was disbanded ▪ **1915** - Board of Health established by the Americans was changed into the Bureau of Health which was reorganized into the Philippine Health Service but reverted back into Bureau of Health by 1933 ▪ **UP College of Public Health** - In 1927, UPCPH formally opened its Certificate of Health Program in June 1927 with the aim of providing proper training to the Philippine Health Service's medical officers ▪ **December 8, 1941** - Japan attacked the whole area of Manila through aerial assault and deployment of troops just 10 hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor ▪ **June 18, 1942** - The 3rd Medical Laboratory was the first laboratory unit to be assigned in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) ▪ **26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army** - First clinical laboratory in the Philippines that is now known as the Manila Public Health Laboratory and is located at 208 Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila. When US Army left in June 1945, the lab was endorsed to the National Department of Health and was non-operational until it was reopened in October of the same year by **Dr. Pio de Roda** with the help of **Dr. Mariano Icasiano**, then Manila City Health Officer. Dr. de Roda along with **Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana** conducted a training program for aspiring lab workers and Dr. Sta. Ana later created six-month formal syllabus with certificate upon completion ▪ **Manila Sanitarium and Hospital** - Now known as the Adventist Medical Center Manila, opened the first school of Medical Technology under the leadership of Mrs. Willa Hedrick, wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick, in partnership with Antoinette Mckelvey -- medical internship and residency training was affiliated with Loma Linda University in California ▪ **Dr. Jesse Umali** - First graduate of the Medical Technology program. Graduate of MD program at FEU and a successful OB-GYN in the US Owner of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ▪ **Dr. Antonio Gabriel & Dr. Gustavo Reyes** - Ordered Medical Technology as an elective course in the Pharmacy program (4th to 5th years) of the University of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ▪ **1960** - CEU through the initiative of President Carmen de Luna and university registrar Generosa de Leo, delegated Dean Purification Suaco to work for BSMT offering ▪ **Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez** - Pulled out Medical Technology in Pharmacy in UST. June 17, 1957 temporary permit to operate (1st to 3rd year). June 1960 -- permit for internship (4th year) **Chapter 2 Medical Technology Professional Organizations** ▪ **Purpose of Professional Organizations** - Educate the public on relevant issues in the industry **▪ Membership in Professional Organizations** **o Recognition** -- organization recognizes their outstanding members and leaders in every practice and special; this enhances one's professional profile **o Profile** -- speaking engagements, career specialization, research journal publications, scholarships, training abroad **o Perks** -- in the form of monetary discounts on registration fees **o Professionalism** -- adhere to the set of rules or code of ethics prescribed by the professional society **o Education** -- offers activities for continuing professional development and organize CPD activities for their members **o Networking** -- gatherings and other activities build long-term linkages and connections with other professionals in the field **▪ Types of Professional Organizations** **o Accrediting Organizations** Accredit curricular programs in educational institutions Membership in this type of professional organization is limited and is usually institutional CHED ✓ Main accrediting agency of Medical Technology schools in the Philippines ✓ Accrediting organizations recognized by CHED include: ❖ PAASCU of Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges, and Universities ❖ PACUCOA or Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation **o Credentialing/Certifying Organizations** Provide certification examinations for professionals Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) is the government agency designated to administer the local Medical Technologist Licensure Examination ✓ Board of Medical Technology ❖ Chairperson: Dr. Marilyn Cabal-Barza ❖ Member: Dr. Leila Lany Florento **o Professional Societies** Contributes to the continued development of a specific group of professionals For MT, examples include: ✓ PSP or Philippine Society of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ✓ BRAP or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Association of the Philippines ✓ PBCC or Philippine \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Coordinating Council ✓ PCQACL or Philippine Council for Quality \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in Clinical Laboratories ✓ PSM or Philippine Society of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ✓ PhBBA or Philippine Biosafety and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Association **B. PASMETH** ▪ **Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health (PASMETH)** - National organization of schools of MT established in 1970 to maintain the highest standards of Medical Technology or Public Health in the Philippines. On May 13, 1970, Director Narcisso Albaraccin appointed Dr. Serafin Juliano (FEU) and Dr. Gustavo Reyes to organize and association of deans and heads of schools of MT. First organizational meeting was held on June 22, 1970 at\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the following became its first officials: President: Dr. Gustavo Reyes **B. PHISMETS** ▪ **Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students (PHISMETS)** - National organization of all medical technology or medical laboratory science students under the supervision of PASMETH o The first PHISMETS advisers were: Prof. Marilyn Bala (College of Holy Spirit) Prof. Nova Aida Cajucom (FEU-NRMF) Prof. Zennie B. Aceron (UST) **C. PAMET** ▪ Philippine Association of Medical Technologists (PAMET) - National organization of all registered medical technologists in the Philippines and is a non-stock, non-profit organization. It was organized by **Crisanto G. Almario** -- Father of PAMET **o Circle --** symbolizes the continuous involvement where practice and education must always be integrated **o Triangle** -- symbolizes the trilogy of love, respect, and integrity **o Microscope & Snake --** symbolize the science of Medical Technology profession **o Green** -- symbolizes the color of health **o 1964 --** year of the first PAMET election **o** President **Charlemagne Tamondong** **Chapter 4 Medical Terminologies & Abbreviations** **▪** A medical term has three basic parts -- the root word, the prefix, and the suffix. **Root Words** - The root word is the main part of the medical term that denotes the meaning of the word. **Colo** = colon **Hepa/hepato** = liver **Phlebo** = vein **Pyo** = pus **Hemat** = blood **Cranio** = skull **Aero** = air **Thrombo** = clot **Cardio** = heart **Pyro** = fever **Myo** = muscle **Nephro** = kidney **Arterio** = artery **Osteo** = bone **Cyto** = cell **Mast** = breast **Arthro** = joint **Prefix -** Prefix is found at the beginning of the term and it shows how meaning is assigned to the word. **A-/an-** = without/absence **Pseudo-** = false **Hyper**- = increased/above **Mono-** = one **Poly**- = many **Nano**- = billionth **Pre-** = before **Hypo**- = decreased **Iso-** = same **Anaero-** = without oxygen **Micro-** = small **Homo-** = same, like **Macro**- = large **Cryo-** = cold **Intra-** = inside/within **Neo**- = new **Suffix** - Suffix is found at the terminal portion or at the end of the term and denotes the meaning to the root word. **-megaly** = enlargement **-meter** = measure **-uria** = urine **-ectomy** = surgical removal **-emia** = blood -**emia** = blood condition **-ostomy** = to make an opening or mouth -**pathy** = diseases **-itis** = inflammation -**penia** = deficiency **-blast** = young -**oma** = tumor, growth **-cidal** = killing of -**tome** = cutting instrument **-poiesis** = formation **Medical Abbreviations** **A/G ratio** = Albumin-globulin ratio **ABG** = Arterial blood gas **ACP** = Acid phosphatase **ACTH** = Adrenocorticotropic hormone **ADH** = Antidiuretic hormone **AFB** = Acid fast bacilli **AFP** = Alpha fetoprotein **AIDS** = Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome **ALL** = Acute lymphocytic leukemia **ALT** = Alanine aminotransferase **ALP** = Alkaline phosphatase **AML** = Acute myelogenous leukemia **ANA** = Antinuclear antibody **AST** = Aspartate aminotransferase **Bands** = Banded neutrophil **Bili (T/D)** = Bilirubin (Total/Direct) **BT** = Bleeding Time **BUA**= Blood uric acid **BUN** = Blood Urea Nitrogen **Bx** = Biopsy **C & S or CS** = Culture and Sensitivity **Ca** = Calcium **CBC** = Complete blood count **CDC** = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention **Chol** = Cholesterol **CK** = Creatine kinase **Cl** = Chloride **CLL** = Chronic lymphocytic leukemia **CML** = Chronic myelogenous leukemia **CMV** = Cytomegalovirus **CPD** = Continuing professional development **CSF** = Cerebrospinal fluid **DI** = Diabetes insipidus **DIC** = Disseminated intravascular coagulation **Diff**. = Differential count **DM** = Diabetes mellitus **DOB** = Date of Birth **DVT** = Deep vein thrombosis **Dx** = Diagnosis **E. coli** = Escherichia coli **EBV** = Epstein Barr Virus **EDTA** = Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid **ELISA** = Enzyme -- linked immunosorbent assay **Eos** = Eosinophil **ER** = Emergency room/Estrogen receptor **ESR** = Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate **FBS** = Fasting blood sugar **FDA** = Food and Drug Administration **Fe** = Iron **FS** = Frozen section **FSH** = Follicle stimulating hormone **FTA** = Fluorescent treponemal antibody **GFR** = Glomerular filtration rate **GH** = Growth hormone **GI** = Gastrointestinal **Glu** = Glucose **GTT** = Glucose tolerance test **H & H** = Hematocrit and Hemoglobin **HCG** = Human chorionic gonadotropin **Hct** = Hematocrit **HDL** = High density lipoprotein **Hgb** = Hemoglobin **HIV** = Human immunodeficiency virus **HPF** = High -- power field **HPV** = Human papilloma virus **HSV** = Herpes simplex virus **HTN** = Hypertension **ICU** = Intensive care unit **IDDM** = Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus **IM** = Intramuscular **IUD** = Intrauterine device **IV** = Intravenous **IVF** = In vitro fertilization **K** = Potassium **KS** = Kaposi's sarcoma **LDH** = Lactate dehydrogenase **LDL** = Low density lipoprotein **LH** = Luteinizing hormone **LP** = Lumbar puncture **LPF** = Low power field **lymphs** = Lymphocytes **MCH** = Mean corpuscular hemoglobin **MCHC** = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration **MCV** = mean corpuscular volume **MI** = Myocardial infarction **Mono** = Monocytes **MS** = Multiple sclerosis **Na** = Sodium **neg**. = Negative **NM** = Nuclear medicine **NPO** = Nothing by mouth **NSS** = Normal saline solution **O & P** = Ova and Parasites **OCP** = Oral contraceptive pills **OGCT** = Oral glucose challenge test **OGTT** = Oral glucose tolerance test **OSHA** = Occupational Safety and Health Administration **Pap smear** = Papanicolaou's smear **PCP** = Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia **PID** = Pelvic inflammatory disease **PKU** = Phenylketonuria **PMN** = Polymorphonuclear leukocyte **PBS** = Peripheral blood smear **PPBS** = Postprandial blood sugar **PPD** = Purified protein derivative **PSA** = Prostatic specific antigen **PTH** = Parathyroid hormone **PT** = Prothrombin time **PTT** = partial thromboplastin time **Px** = Physical examination **QC** = quality control **QA** = quality assurance **RA** = Rheumatoid arthritis **RBC** = Red blood cell **retic** = Reticulocyte count **RF** = Rheumatoid factor **Rh** = Rhesus (monkey) factor **RHD** = Rheumatic heart disease **RIA** = Radioimmunoassay **RPR** = Rapid plasma regain **segs** = Segmented neutrophils **SGOT** = Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase **SGPT** = Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase **SLE** = Systemic Lupus erythematosus **SpG** = Specific gravity **STAT** = Immediately **STI** = Sexually transmitted infection **T & C** = Type and crossmatch **T3 test** = Triiodothyronine test **T4 test** = Thyroxine test **TB** = Tuberculosis **TFT** = Thyroid function test **TIBC** = Total iron binding capacity **tPA** = Tissue plasminogen activator **Trig**. = Triglycerides **TSH** = Thyroid stimulating hormone **TSS** = Toxic shock syndrome **Tx** = Treatment **U/O** = Urinary output **U/A** = Urinalysis **UTI** = Urinary tract infection **UV** = Ultraviolet **VD** = Venereal disease **VDRL** = Venereal disease research laboratories **VLDL** = Very low density lipoprotein **WBC** = White blood cell **WNL** = Within normal limits **X -- match** = Crossmatch **DOH** = Department of Health **CHED** = Commission on Higher Education **AIDs** = Autoimmune disorders/ diseases **AIDS** = Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome **AMI** = Acute Myocardial Infarction **2PPBS** = 2 hours Postprandial Blood Sugar **AFS** = Acid Fast Stain **AFB** = Acid Fast Bacilli **IU** = International Unit **BAP** = blood agar plate