MT 632 LAB Anatomy of the Muscular System

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - Ex. deltoid MUSCULAR S...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - Ex. deltoid MUSCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM - The Muscular System - Consists only of skeletal muscles - Muscle organization dramatically affects the power, range, and speed of movement FASCICLE ARRANGEMENT - Skeletal muscle fibers form bundles called fascicles - Muscles are classified based on the pattern of fascicle CIRCULAR MUSCLES arrangement - Parallel muscles - Aka sphincters - Convergent muscles - The fascicles are concentrically arranged around an - Pennate muscles opening - Circular muscles - Surround body openings and hollow organs and act as valves in digestive and urinary tracts PARALLEL MUSCLES - Contraction makes the diameter of the opening smaller - Ex. orbicularis oris of the mouth - Fascicles are parallel to the long axis of muscle - Can be flat or spindle-shaped muscles with a central body (belly) - Entire muscles can shorten about 30% when contracting - Ex. rectus abdominus and biceps brachii LEVERS - Almost all skeletal muscles attach to bones - Site of connection to a bone affects force, CONVERGENT MUSCLES speed, and range of movement - Muscle fascicles spread in a broad area on one side and - Lever converge on an attachment site on the other - Rigid structure that moves on a fixed point - Muscle may pull on a tendon, aponeurosis or raphe called Fulcrum (F) (slender band of collagen fibers) - A lever moves when muscles provided a - Fibers can pull in different directions pressure called applied force (AF) to overcome - Ex. pectoralis muscles a load (L) - Bones act as levers and joint are fulcrums and muscles provide the applied force - Levers can change the - Direction of the AF, distance and speed produced by the AF, effective strength of the AF FIRST-CLASS LEVER - The fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load - Like a pry bar or crowbar - Ex. extension of the next and lifting the head PENNATE MUSCLES - The fascicles form a common angle with the tendon - Compared to parallel muscles, pennate muscles do not move their tendons as far, contain more myofibrils and develop more tension - Type of pennate muscles: - Unipennate - all fascicles on same side of tendon - Ex. extensor digitorum - Bipennate - fascicles on both sides of a central SECOND-CLASS LEVER tendon - Ex. rectus femoris - The load lies between the applied force and the fulcrum - Multipennate - the tendon branches within the - Like a wheelbarrow muscle - Small force can be used to move a large weight - Ex. ankle extension (plantar flexion) by calf muscles TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 1  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ THIRD-CLASS LEVER - The applied force is between the load and the fulcrum - Like a pair of tongs - Most common lever in the body - Maximizes the speed and distance traveled at the expense of effective force - Ex. elbow flexion by the biceps brachii MUSCLE TERMS - The human body has approximately 700 skeletal muscles MUSCLE ACTION - Names of muscles included descriptive information about - Origin - The region of the body - Fixed (less movable) point of attachment of a - The preposition, direction, or fascicle muscle to a bone arrangement - Insertion - The structural characteristics - More movable point of attachment of a muscle - The action to a bone - The origin is usually proximal to the insertion - Action TERMS INDICATING SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE BODY - Specific movement produced by the contraction - Abdominal (abdomen) - Lumbar (lumbar) - Ancon (elbow) - Nasalis (nose) of a muscle - Auricular (ear) - Nuchal (back of neck) - Ex. adduction, elevation, pronation - Brachial (arm) - Ocular (eye) - Described in terms of the effect on the bone or - Capitis (head) - Oris (mouth) the effect on the joint - Carpi (wrist) - Palpebra (eyelid) - Ex. flexion of the forearm or flexion at - Cervicis (neck) - Pollex (thumb) the elbow - Coccygeal (coccyx) - Popliteal (posterior - Muscle Interactions - Costal (rub) knee) - Cutaneous (skin) - Psoas (loin) - Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency - Femoris (thigh) - Radial (forearm) - Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, - Glossal (tongue) - Scapular (scapula) followed by larger, primary muscles increasing - Hallux (great toe) - Temporal (temple) tension - Ilium (groin) - Thoracic (thorax) - Four functional types of muscles - Inguinal (groin) - Tibial (tibia; shin) - Agonist (prime mover) - the main muscle - Ulnar (ulna) responsible for producing a particular movement - Antagonist - opposes the movement of the TERMS INDICATING POSITION, DIRECTION, FASCICLE agonist Externus (superficials) - Synergist - a smaller muscle that assists an - Muscles visible at body surface agonist Internus (profundus) - Fixator - a synergist that assists an agonist by - Deeper muscles Extrinsic preventing movement at another joint - Superficial muscle that positions or stabilizes an organ - Muscle Opposition Intrinsic - Agonists and antagonists work in pairs - Located entirely within an organ - When one contracts, the other stretches (or Transversus undergoes an eccentric contraction) - Runs across the longitudinal axis of the body - Such as flexors-extensors and Oblique - Runs at a slant to the longitudinal axis of the body abductors-adductors Rectus - Straight muscle that runs along the longitudinal axis of the body TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 2  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ AXIAL MUSCLES TERMS INDICATING STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS - Grouped based on location, function or both Origin and Insertion - Muscles of the head and neck - move the face, tongue - First part of name indicates origin and second part and larynx indicates insertion - Muscles of the vertebral column - Ex. genioglossus - Oblique and rectus muscles - forms the walls of the trunk - Number of tendons at origin and found in the neck - Bicep - two heads - Triceps - three heads - Muscles of the pelvic floor - form the perineum - Quadriceps - four heads SHAPE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK Deltoid (triangle) Rhomboid (parallelogram) FACIAL EXPRESSION Orbicularis (circle) Serratus (serrated) - Orbicularis oris - purses lips, closes mouth Pectinate (comb-like) Spelnius (bandage) - Buccinator - compresses cheeks to move food across the Piriformis (pear shaped) Teres (round and long) teeth and provides suction for nursing Platysma (flat plate) Trapezius (trapezoid) Pyramidal (pyramid) - Temporoparietalis - tenses the epicranium (scalp) and moves ear SIZE AND OTHER STRIKING FEATURES - Occipitofrontalis Alba - white Longus - long Brevis - short Magnus - large - Frontal Belly - raises eyebrows and wrinkles Gracilis - slender Major - larger forehead Latae - wide Maximus - largest - Occipital Belly - tenses and retracts scalp Latissimus - widest Minimus - smallest - Separated by epicranial aponeurosis Longissimus - longest Minor - smaller - Platysma - tenses skin of the neck and depresses Vasus - great mandible - Zygomaticus major - elevates corners of mouth (smile) TERMS INDICATING GENERAL ACTIONS - Orbicularis oculi - closes eyes - Abductor - movement - Levator raising - Levator palpebrae superioris - elevate supper eyelids away movement - Adductor - movement - Pronator - turning into toward prone position - Depressor - lowering - Supinator - turning into movement supine position - Extensor - - Tensor - tensing straightening movement movement - Buccinator - trumpeter - Flexor - bending - Risorius - laugher movement - Sartorius - like a tailor DIVISIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE (oculomotor muscles) - move the eye - Axial muscles - position the axial skeleton - Inferior rectus - eye looks inferiorly - 60% of skeletal muscles - Medial rectus - eye looks medially - Position the head and vertebral column, move - Superior rectus - eye looks superiorly the rib cage and form the pelvic floor - Lateral rectus - eye looks laterally - Appendicular muscles - support and move the - Inferior oblique - eye looks superiorly and laterally appendicular skeleton - Superior oblique - eye looks inferiority and laterally - Move and support the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the limbs MUSCLE OF MASTICATION (chewing) - Masseter - elevates the mandible and closes the jaws - Temporalis - elevates the mandible TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 3  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - Pterygoid muscles - elevate, depress, protract and slide - Spinal Flexors the mandible side to side (lateral excursion) - Longus capitis - together flex neck, separately MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE - maneuver food, and used for rotate head laterally speech - Longus colli - rotates and flexes the neck - Palatoglossus - elevates tongue, depresses soft palate - Quadratus lumborum - together depress ribs, - Styloglossus - retracts tongue and elevates its sides separately flex the vertebral column laterally - Genioglossus - depresses and protracts the tongue - Hyoglossus - depresses and retracts tongue OBLIQUE AND RECTUS MUSCLES - Oblique muscles - compress underlying structures and rotate the vertebral column - Rectus muscles - flex the vertebral column and oppose erector spinae MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX OBLIQUE MUSCLES - Pharyngeal constrictor muscles - move food into - Cervical region esophagus - Scalene muscles - flex the neck and elevate ribs - Palatal muscles - elevate the soft palate and pull open - Thoracic region entrance to the auditory tube - External and internal intercostal muscles - aid in - Laryngeal elevators - raise the larynx breathing by elevating and depressing the ribs, respectively - Transversus thoracis - depresses ribs - Serratus posterior superior - pulls ribs up - Serratus posterior inferior - pulls ribs down - Abdominopelvic region - External oblique and internal oblique - compress abdomen, depress ribs and flex spine - Transversus abdominis - compresses abdomen RECTUS MUSCLES - Rectus abdominis - depresses ribs, flexes the vertebral MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR NECK column and compresses abdomen - Digastric - controls the position of the larynx - Divided longitudinally by linea alba - Mylohyoid - elevates the floor of the mouth and the hyoid - Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions bone and depresses mandible - Diaphragm - expands the thoracic cavity and compresses - Geniohyoid - depresses mandible or elevates larynx the abdomen - Sternocleidomastoid - Divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic - Both bellies together flex the neck cavities - One at a time, flex head toward shoulder and - Major muscle used in breathing rotate face to opposite side - Omohyoid and sternohyoid - depress hyoid and larynx MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN - Erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep layers) - together extend the vertebral column and the head, separately flex the vertebral column laterally - Spinalis group - superficial MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR - Longissimus group - superficial - Function - Iliocostalis group - superficial - Support organs of pelvic cavity - Semispinalis group - deeo - Flex sacrum and coccyx TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 4  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - Control movement of materials through the - Pectorlais major – flexion, adduction and medial rotation at urethra and anus shoulder - Perineum - region bounded by the inferior margins of the - Latissimus dorsi - extension, adduction and medial pelvis rotation at shoulder - Anterior urogenital triangle - Rotator cuff - muscles involved in shoulder rotation - Posterior anal triangle - Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, - Pelvic diaphragm - forms the muscular foundation of the subscapularis, and their tendons anal triangle - External urethral sphincter - closes the urethra - External anal sphincter - closes the anal opening - Levator ani - elevates and retracts anus - Transverse perineal muscles - stabilize the central tendon of the perineum - Muscles that move the forearm and hand - Most originate on the humerus and insert on the forearm and wrist - Exceptions are the biceps brachii and the long head of triceps brachii which originate on the scapula and insert on the forearm - Extensors - mainly on the posterior and lateral surfaces of APPENDICULAR MUSCLES arm - Position and stabilize the pectoral and pelvic girdles - Flexors - mainly on the anterior and medial surfaces - Move the upper and lower limbs - Triceps brachii - principal extensors at elbow - Two groups of appendicular muscles - Anconeus - extensors at elbow - Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs - Biceps brachii - principal flexor at elbow, supinates - Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs forearm, stabilizes the shoulder joint - Brachialis and brachioradialis - flexors the elbow - Supinator - supination (rotates radius) - Pronator teres - pronation (rotates radius) - Pronator quadratus - assists the pronator teres in pronation and opposing the actions of the supinator and biceps brachii - Flexor carpi ulnaris - flexes and adducts hand at the wrist - Flexor carpi radialis - flexes and abducts hand at the wrist - Palmaris longus - flexes hand and tenses skin of palm MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDERS AND UPPER LIMBS - Extensor carpi ulnaris - extends and adducts hand at the - Muscles that position the pectoral girdle wrist - Trapezius - large, superficial muscle that elevates the - Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis) - extend and clavicle, move the scapula and extends the neck abducts hand at the wrist - Serratus anterior - protracts shoulder - Tendons of the forearm muscles that cross the wrist pass - Subclavius - depresses and protracts shoulder through synovial tendon sheaths - Pectoralis minor - depresses and protracts shoulder, - Extensor retinaculum - wide band of connective elevates ribs tissue on the posterior surface of the wrist that - Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor - adduct the scapula stabilizes the tendons of the extensor muscles and rotate it downward - Flexor retinaculum - wide band of connective - Levator scapulae - elevates the scapula tissue on the anterior surface of the wrist that stabilizes the tendons of the flexor muscles - Muscles that move the arm - Deltoid - major arm abductor at the shoulder, also responsible for flexion and extension, and medial and lateral rotation at shoulder - Supraspinatus - assists deltoid in arm abduction - Subscapularis and teres major - medial rotation at shoulder - Infraspinatus and teres minor - lateral rotation at shoulder - Coracobrachialis - flexion and adduction at shoulder TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 5  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - Lateral rotator group - group of six muscles including the dominant - Piriformis - Obturators - Adductor Group - Pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, and gracilis - adduction, flexion and medial rotation at hip - Adductor magnus - produces adduction and extension and lateral rotation (inferior part) or flexion medial rotation (superior part) - Iliopsoas Group - two hip flexors that insert on the same tendon - Psoas major and Iliacus - Muscles that move the fingers and thumb - Muscles that move the leg - The intrinsic muscles that originate on the carpal and - Flexors of the knee metacarpal bones are responsible for fine motor - Hamstrings movement of the hand - Biceps femoris - No muscles originate on the phalanges - Semitendinosus - Palmaris brevis - moves skin towards midline of palm - Semimembranosus - Adductor pollicis - adducts thumb - Sartorius - Abductor pollicis brevis - adducts thumb - Popliteus - Flexor pollicis brevis - flexes thumb - Extensors of the knee - Opponens pollicis - opposition of thumb - Quadriceps femoris consist of - Rectus femoris - Vastus intermedius - Vastus lateralis - Vastus medialis - Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs - The pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton - Permits little movement - Few axial muscles influence the position of the pelvis - Muscles that move the foot and toes - A wide range of movements is possible in the lower limbs - Extrinsic muscles that produce extension at the ankle - Muscles that move the thigh (plantar flexion) - Gluteal Group - Gastrocnemius - knee flexion, foot inversion, - Gluteus maximus - largest, most posterior plantar flexion gluteal muscle that extends and laterally rotates - Soleus the hip - Fibularis brevis and longus - foot eversion and - Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus - abduct plantar flexion and medially rotate the hip - Tibilaist posterior - food adduction and inversion - Tensor fasciae latae - works with gluteus and plantar flexion maximus in lateral rotation of leg; pulls on the - Calcaneal tendon - aka achilles tendon - shared by the iliotibial tract of the lateral surface of the thigh gastrocnemius and the soleus TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 6  ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1st Year | 1st Semester | 1C-MT S.Y. 2024 – 2025 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - Extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at ankle (dorsiflexion) - Tibialis anterior - opposes the gastrocnemius - Extrinsic muscles that produce extension at toes - Extensor digitorum longus - Extensor hallucis longus - Extensor reticasula - stabilize synovial tendon sheaths of these muscles - Extrinsic muscles that produces flexion at toes - Flexor digitorum longus - Flexor hallucis longus - Intrinsic muscles of the foot - originate on tarsal and metatarsal bones - Move the toes and maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot - Flexors include: flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae - Extensors include: extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis - Adductors include: adductor hallucis, plantar interosseous - Abductors include: abductor hallucis, dorsal interosseous, abductor digiti minimi MUSCULAR SYSTEM INTEGRATION WITH OTHER SYSTEMS - Cardiovascular System - Delivers oxygen and nutrients - Removes carbon dioxide - Respiratory System - Responds to the oxygen demand of muscles - Integumentary System - Disperses hear from muscle activity - Nervous and endocrine systems - Direct responses of all systems TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 7 TRANSCRIBED BY: PAULA MARI ROXAS 8