Musculoskeletal System 1 PDF

[email protected] @AnatomyCraig Musculoskeletal System 1 Musculoskeletal System Foundations in Bioscience II Dr Craig Johnson Intended Learning Outcomes - MSK Components and organisation of the skeletal system Growth in the musculoskeletal system tissues Components and organisation of the...

[email protected] @AnatomyCraig Musculoskeletal System 1 Musculoskeletal System Foundations in Bioscience II Dr Craig Johnson Intended Learning Outcomes - MSK Components and organisation of the skeletal system Growth in the musculoskeletal system tissues Components and organisation of the muscular system Classification of joint types Today How muscles contract and move the skeleton The effect of exercise on the musculoskeletal system The effect of aging on the musculoskeletal system Hormones influencing the musculoskeletal system 16/2 Muscular system MUSCLES TENDONS LIGAMENTS MyMyoMusMusculoe.g. Musculocutaneous nerve; Myology; Myocardium Skeletal system BONES CARTILAGE JOINTS Os Osteo Oss_ e.g. Os coxae; Ossiculum; Ossicle; Ossification; Osteology https://www.flickr.com/photos/olatheanimalhospital/4701309188/ Skeletal system Functions Support Protection Movement Storage Haematopoeisis Flat Long Bone - Classification Irregular Sesamoid Short Epiphysis Metaphysis Articular surface (articular cartilage) Epiphyseal line Spongy bone Compact bone Marrow/medullary cavity Diaphysis Periosteum Bone Marrow Metaphysis Epiphysis Anatomy of a long bone Cancellous Spongy bone Trabecular Compact Cortical bone Cavity Skull / Cranium Bony Thorax Vertebral Column Girdles Limbs The Skeleton Axial SKULL / CRANIUM VERTEBRAL COLUMN BONY THORAX Appendicular LIMBS (APPENDAGES) PECTORAL GIRDLE PELVIC GIRDLE Skeleton of head and cranial vault The Skull Neurocranium Part of the AXIAL SKELETON Made up of many bones Split into 2 main regions Skeleton of face Viscerocranium Facilitates initial entry of food, oxygen, etc into the body Supports organs of special senses Protects brain CERVICAL Vertebral Column Part of the AXIAL SKELETON Made up of many bones (vertebrae) Grouped into 5 regions THORACIC Typically associated with ribs Weight bearing LUMBAR Protects spinal cord SACRAL COCCYGEAL (CAUDALS) Locomotion Bony thorax Consists of ribs and a sternum Attached to thoracic vertebral column Muscle attachment Human thorax, Anterior view Respiration Protect thoracic organs Dog thorax, lateral view Appendicular Skeleton Attaches to axial skeleton 2 girdles either side (4 in total) 1 pectoral/cranial/shoulder girdle 1 Pelvic/caudal/hip Main contributors to locomotion in terrestrial life Extensive and significant adaptations Basic arrangement is the same in all mammals Pectoral girdle SCAPULA (Shoulder blade) CLAVICLE (Collar bone) Human pectoral girdle, anterior view Human pectoral girdle, posterior view Human pectoral girdle, lateral view Human pelvic girdle, anterior view Pelvic girdle Not weight bearing in humans Weight bearing 1 Bone for proximal part Upper limb (human) Forelimb (quadrupeds) 2 Bones in forearm/leg Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Numerous short bones with long bones for digits Lower limb (human) Hindlimb (quadrupeds) Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Skeletal conservation? Skeletal homology as evidence of evolution Form follows function Limbs http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Image:Evolution_pl.png Giraffes and mice have 7 cervical vertebrae Mammalian http://jim-howl.tumblr.com/post/126987966300/diamondback-rattlesnake-skeleton-par Snakes can have up to 400 vertebrae in total Stance e.g. ruminants, pigs, horses e.g. cats, dogs, e.g. humans, bears Muscle Proximal attachments Origin Tendons Dense regular connective tissue Muscle belly Skeletal muscle tissue Distal attachments Insertion Tendons Dense regular connective tissue MUSCLE FASCICLE MUSCLE FIBRE / CELL MYOFIBRIL MYOFILAMENTS Tendons Connect muscle to bone Rich in collagen Can by cylindrical or flat Aponeurosis attaches muscle to bone/muscle flat sheet rather than round tendon Horse pelvis and thigh, Lateral view Human thorax and arm, Anterior view The muscle mass is normally proximal in the limb http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab05/Img5-9.html Tendons The muscle mass is normally proximal in the limb Ligaments Connect bone to bone Stabilize joints Muscles contract by shortening. Muscles always pull - they never push Muscles contract by shortening. Muscles always pull - they never push For a muscle to move a joint, it needs to attach to a bone either side of it (needs to span it) For a muscle to move a joint, it needs to attach to a bone either side of it (needs to span it) Some muscles span only one joint (e.g. brachialis and pectineus) Some muscles span multiple joints (e.g. biceps brachii and sartorius) Muscles never work alone When a PRIME MOVERS contracts, the ANTAGONIST muscle / muscle group relaxes Muscles never work alone When a PRIME MOVERS contracts, the ANTAGONIST muscle / muscle group relaxes Muscles never work alone An ANTAGONIST muscle / muscle contracts to oppose the action of a PRIME MOVER Muscles never work alone An ANTAGONIST muscle / muscle contracts to oppose the action of a PRIME MOVER MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES FAST TWITCH SLOW TWITCH Fast contractions Quick to fatigue Slower contractions Resistant to fatigue e.g. chicken breast Fast flight over short distances e.g. duck breast Slower flight over longer distances Muscles can have both fibre types Normally muscles are in a state of partial contraction – MUSCLE TONE Human thigh, cross section Anterior view Anterior compartment of the thigh Contains quadriceps muscles Innervated by femoral nerve Extensors of the knee Muscles can be arranged into compartments. They typically share the same function(s) and nerve supply Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Joints Cavitated Synovial Freely moveable joints Solid Fibrous Cartilaginous Gomphosis Teeth Syndesmosis Tibiofibula Suture Skull Primary Synchondrosis Growth plates Secondary Symphysis Pelvis Intended Learning Outcomes - MSK Components and organisation of the skeletal system Growth in the musculoskeletal system tissues Components and organisation of the muscular system Classification of joint types Today How muscles contract and move the skeleton The effect of exercise on the musculoskeletal system The effect of aging on the musculoskeletal system Hormones influencing the musculoskeletal system 16/2