MSK System and Associated Disorders PDF

M S SYSTEM & ASSOCIATED DISORDERS K FEMIE GRACE G. SARACIA, BSN, RN, MAN  OBJECTIVES To understand the musculoskeletal system's anatomy, physiology, common disorders, treatments, and rehabilitation. To explain the structure, function, pathophysiology, diagnosis, tr...

M S SYSTEM & ASSOCIATED DISORDERS K FEMIE GRACE G. SARACIA, BSN, RN, MAN  OBJECTIVES To understand the musculoskeletal system's anatomy, physiology, common disorders, treatments, and rehabilitation. To explain the structure, function, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of four common musculoskeletal disorders: fractures, carpal tunnel syndrome, Dupuytren's contracture, and osteomalacia. To understand the musculoskeletal system and its disorders to better manage patient care. To compare and contrast the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders. 1/1 6 /2 02 5 2  INTRODUCTION TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW Is one of the body systems that provides support, stability, shape and movement of the body. It’s a combination of 2 systems ( muscular and skeletal systems) that are working together to support the move of the body. 1 /1 6/ 20 2 5 3  THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW Composed of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Provides support, movement, protection of organs, and blood cell production Bones provide structural framework. Joints allow movement. Muscles provide force for movement. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bones to bones. Cartilage cushions joints. 1/1 6 /2 02 5 4  FLAT BONE IRREGULAR BONE TYPE OF LONG BONE BONES SHORT BONE SESAMOID BONE 1 /7 /2 0X X 5  MUSCULAR SYSTEM IT’S A SYSTEM OF THE BODY THAT GIVES AN INDIVIDUAL THE ALITY TO MOVE USING THEIR MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM. Types of muscles SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 6  JOINTS, CARTILAGE, LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS JOINTS CARTILAGE LIGAMENTS TENDONS 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 7  WHAT IS FRACTURE A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture happens, it’s classified as either open or closed: Open fracture (compound fracture): The bone pokes through the skin and can be seen. Or a deep wound exposes the bone through the skin. Closed fracture (simple fracture). The bone is broken, but the skin is intact. Fractures have a variety of names. 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 8  WHAT CAUSES FRACTURES Fractures most often happen when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can take. Bones are weakest when they are twisted. Bone fractures can be caused by falls, injury, or as a result of a direct hit or kick to the body. 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 9  TYPES OF FRACTURES Comminuted: Bone fragmented into multiple pieces. Greenstick: Incomplete fracture, common in children. Spiral: Fracture line spirals around the bone shaft. Transverse: Fracture line is perpendicular to the bone's long axis. Oblique: Fracture line is diagonal to the bone's long axis (displaced or nonD is placed) Linear: Fracture line that appears as thinline and the bone itself doesn’t move. 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 10  FRACTURES Stress: Microscopic cracks from repetitive stress. 11  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Sudden pain Trouble using or moving the injured area or nearby joints Unable to bear weight Swelling Obvious deformity Warmth, bruising, or redness 12  HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED? Full body physical exam X-ray MRI CT Scan 13  FRACTURES Pathologic: Fracture in a weakened bone due to disease. 14  TREATMENTS OF FRACTURES Goal of treatment is to put the pieces of bone back in place, control the pain, give the bone time to heal, prevent complications, and restore normal use of the fractured area Treatments: Splint or cast Medicine 15  TREATMENTS OF FRACTURES Traction ( Skin or Skeletal) 16  TREATMENTS OF FRACTURES Surgery 17  COMMON REHABILITATION FOR FRACTURES Range of Mortion Exercises Strengthening Exercises Manual Therapy Ultrasound Therapy Gait Training HomExercise Program 18  KEY CONSIDERATION FOR FRACTURE REHABILITATION Early intervention Individualized Approach Multidisciplinary Care Follow up Care 19  WHAT IS CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common condition that affects the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand. This nerve controls sensation and movement in the thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger. 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 20  WHAT CAUSE CTS The exact cause of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is often unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of factors, including: Anatomical Factors Repetitive Hand Motions Wrist Injuries Fluid Retention Underlying Medical Condition 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 21  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Symptoms of CTS typically begin gradually and worsen overtime. Common symptoms include: Numbness and Tingling Pain Weakness Nighttime Symptoms 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 22  HOW TO DIAGNOSE CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Diagnosing CTS typically involves the combination of: Physical Exam (Phalens Test & Tinel Sign) History and Symptoms Nerve Conduction Studies Electromyography X-rays 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 23  TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Treatment for CTS depends on the severity of the symptoms and underlying cause. 1. Non Surgical Treatment Wrist Splinting Over the Counter Medicines Corticostereoids Injection Physical Therpay Activity Modification 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 24  TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME 2. Surgical Treatment- if non- surgical treatments fail to provide relief or if symptoms are severe, surgery may be recommended. Carpal tunnel release surgery involves cutting the transverse carpal ligament, which relieves pressure on the median nerve 1 /7 /2 0X X 25  REHABILITATION Rehabilitation after carpal tunnel surgery is crucial for restoring hand function and preventing complications Immobilization Gentle Range of Motion Strengthening Exercises Occupational Therapy 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 26  DUPUYTREN'S DISEASE Dupuytren's disease, also known as Dupuytren's contracture, is a condition that affects the palmar fascia, the fibrous tissue located beneath the skin of the palm and fingers “Dupuytren’s contracture” 1 /7 /2 0X X 27  WHAT CAUSES DUPUYTREN’S DISEASE FACTORS THAT INCREASE THENRISK Age The exact cause of Dupuytren's disease is unknown, but it is believed Gender to be a genetic disorder Genetics Ethnicityl Lifestyle Factors 1 /7 /2 0X X 28  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Dupuytren's disease progresses Nodules gradually over years, with Cords symptoms appearing in distinct Contracture phases 1 /7 /2 0X X 29  HOW TO DIAGNOSE DUPUYTREN’S DISEASE Physical Examination Table top test Ultrasound 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 30  TREATMENT FOR DUPUYTREN’S DISEASE Treatment for Dupuytren's Observation disease aims to relieve Non-Surgical treatment includes: symptoms and slow the Injection progression of the condition Needle Aponeurotomy 1 /7 /2 0X X 31  TREATMENT FOR DUPUTREN’S DISEASE Surgical Treatment Fasciectomy Dermo-Fasciectomy Percutaneous Neddle Fasciotomy 1 /7 /2 0X X 32  REHABILIATATION Rehabilitation after treatment is Hand Therapy crucial for restorinhand function Splintering and preventing recurrence. Pain Management Education 1 /7 /2 0X X 33  PAGET’S DISEASE Paget's disease of bone, also known as osteitis deformans, is a chronic bone disorder characterized by an abnormal bone turnover process. This process involves excessive bone breakdown (resorption) followed by an accelerated but disorganized bone formation, resulting in weakened and deformed bones. 1 /7 /2 0X X 34  WHAT CAUSE PAGET’S DISEASE? The exact cause of Paget's disease is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic predisposition Viral Infection Environmental Factors 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 35  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PIAGET’S DISEASE Most individuals with Paget's disease are asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they can vary depending on the location and severity of the bone involvement. Common symptoms include: Bone pain Deformities Fractures Headaches Hearing loss Neurological Symptoms 1 /7 /2 0X X 36  HOW TO DIAGNOSE PAGET’S DISEASE It’s a combination of the following: Physical Examination X-Rays Bone Scan Alkaline Phosphatase 1 /7 /2 0X X 37  TREATMENTS OF PAGET’S DISEASE Treatment for Paget's disease aims to control the disease activity, minimize complications, and relieve symptoms. Medical: Biphosphonates Calcitonin Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements 1 /7 /2 0X X 38  TREATMENT FOR PAGET’S DISEASE Surgical Orthopedic Surgery Joint Replacement 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 39  REHABILITATION FOR PAGET’S DISEASE Pain Management Exercise Weight Management Fall Prevention 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 40  OSTEOMALACIA Osteomalacia, also known as "soft bones," is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by inadequate mineralization of newly formed bone tissue The bones become soft and weak. 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 41  CAUSES OF OSTEOMALACIA The primary cause of osteomalacia is a deficiency in vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption from the gut. This deficiency can arise from: Inadequate Dietary Intake Certain Medications Limited Sun Exposure Kidney Disease Malabsorption Disorder Phosphate Deficiency 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 42  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOMALACIA The signs and symptoms varies depending on the severity of the condition. Common symptoms are: Bone Pain Deformities Muscle Weakness Waddling Gait Fractures Bone Tenderness 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 43 How to diagnose osteomalacia In diagnosing osteomalacia it’s a combination of: Physical Examination Blood Test ( Vit. D levels, Ca & PSO4 levels, & ALP) Imaging test ( X-rays and Bone Biopsy) 1 /7 /2 0X X 44  TREATMENT OF OSTEOMALACIA Treatment for osteomalacia focuses on correcting the underlying cause of the condition and improving bone Medical Management: health. Vit. D Supplemts Calcium Sumpplements Phosphate Supplements Bisphosphinates 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 45  TREATMENT OF OSTEOMALACIA Surgical Management Fracture Repair Orthopedic Surgery 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 46  REHABILATION FOR OSTEOMALACIA Physical Therapy Rehabilitation for osteomalacia post- a. Resistnce training management is a crucial aspect of recovery, focusing on improving mobility, reducing b. Flexibility Exercise pain, and preventing complications. c. Balance Exercise Occupation Therapy The goal is to help patients regain their Pain managemnt functional independence and quality of life. Weight Mangament Fall Prevention 1 /7 /2 0X X 47  Activity 1 SPRAINS VS. STRAINS Create a diagram involving the key features involved in the anatomy and physiology of the disease, include specific activities or events that commonly cause injury. Include the grading system and classifications that affects the treatment highlighting the difference of the tissues affected and the resulting damage 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 48  HOMEWORK 1 List the different types of Rehabilitation techniques and therapies used for patients recovering from a musculoskeletal injuries or condition, its definition, the specific body part targeted and duration of the treatment. 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 49  REFERRENCES 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 50  THANK YOU 1 /7 /2 0X X PITCH DECK 51