Motor Control and Expertise Lecture 2025 PDF

Motor Control and Expertise HLTH2031 Motor Behaviour topics At-a-glance WEEK 1 WEEK 2-4 WEEKS 5-9 WEEK 10-12 WEEKS 13-14 Introduction to subject and Focus on concepts related to Exploring the science of Explo...

Motor Control and Expertise HLTH2031 Motor Behaviour topics At-a-glance WEEK 1 WEEK 2-4 WEEKS 5-9 WEEK 10-12 WEEKS 13-14 Introduction to subject and Focus on concepts related to Exploring the science of Exploring the impact of Bringing it all together. basic concepts. expertise and perception- designing practice, stress, attention, memory Programming design, cognition processes in developing instruction and and feedback of the principles and construction. movement and sport in demonstration methods, and development of expertise. various contexts. models for learning. 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 March March April May June Today’s lecture At-a-glance INTRODUCTION MOTOR DEGREES OF MOTOR DYNAMIC CONTROL FREEDOM PROGRAMS SYSTEMS To motor control Coordination and The degrees of Generalized motor An alternate theory relative to Motor control. freedom problem and programs and and where to for next Behavior. Burnstein. Schmidt. Schema, week. parameters, and attractors.  Motor behaviour: study of movement and What is motor movement processes behaviour? Motor control: Motor learning: Motor development: study of how processes study of the learning of study of how the learning affect the control of skilled movements and control of motor skills movement change across a lifespan Example questions: Example questions: Example questions: How do we control motor How does practice What are the differences in skills? influence the learning of a how children and adults motor skill? learn motor skills? How do we coordinate all of our body parts in Does providing a How does control of performing a motor skill? demonstration help in movement occur in infancy learning a motor skill? and childhood? Coordination and Control COORDINATION The process of organizing the: elements of a complex body or activity that enables them to work together effectively the degrees of freedom into an efficient movement pattern to achieve a specific goal CONTROL Manipulation of variables within a movement to meet the demands of a given situation Degrees of Freedom Defined: The human body’s numerous independent elements that produce abundant action possibilities Degrees of freedom problem How do we coordinate and control the available degrees of freedom to produce a particular movement?  MOTOR PROGRAM THEORIES: Command centre in the brain thought to make all decisions regarding movement Explaining Skilled DYNAMIC INTERACTION THEORIES: Movement A command centre could not account for all variations and adjustments in skilled movement Movement results from interaction of body, environment, and skill MOTOR PROGRAM THEORIES Early Motor Program Theories Theory proposals: For each movement, a separate motor program existed and was stored in memory When a specific action was required, the program was retrieved from memory and executed Problems with theories: Storage requirements Production of new movements (Source: Kim, 2011) Generalized Motor Program A class of actions or movement patterns that can be modified to yield various outcomes Invariant features: Relatively fixed Define the motor program itself Parameters: More flexible Define the program’s execution Invariant Features Some underlying features of a movement remain constant Three possible features: 1. Sequence of actions or components 2. Relative timing 3. Relative force  Some features of a movement are flexible and are Parameters easily modified from one performance to the next Four possible parameters: 1. Overall duration 2. Overall force 3. Movement direction 4. Muscle selection  Directs decision making Develops as result of accumulated experiences Schema Each movement attempt gives the learner information to guide future attempts Cerebral Challenge One training technique is to practice when an athlete is fatigued. Good idea? Bad idea? You have too many students in your PE class for the number of baskets, so you use playground balls and tape targets on the wall at the height of a normal basket. Good idea? Bad idea? Motor Response Schema Recall schema: Responsible for organizing the motor program Recognition schema: Responsible for evaluating the movement attempt Open Loop (a) and Closed Loop (b) Control Systems Bilateral transfer and GMPs The transfer of learning between limbs. Why does it occur? -Cognitive explanation -Motor control explanation  Ella Bucio (Mex) Dynamic Systems Theory and Constraints led approach Dynamic Interaction Theories Ask yourself … You are helping a new client prepare for an important tennis tournament in three weeks, and you notice a flaw with his serve. Will you try to correct that flaw before the start of the tournament? What would you do if you were the tennis player in the tournament rather than the coach? Dynamic Systems Theory Task Movement patterns emerge, or self-organize, as a function of interactions among various Environment constraints. Learner That is, all of the factors—limiting and enabling—within the practice environment that influences skill acquisition and performance. Taking advantage of chaos. Interaction of Constraints that Shape Movement Behaviour Emergence of Movement Movement: Patterns a function of a system self- organizing and compressing available degrees of freedom into a single unit designed to carry out a specific task Movement pattern: the result of the constraints imposed by a given situation Stability and Movement Attractor Control parameter Variable that, when Preferred state of stability changed, leads to in a system corresponding changes Rate limiter An individual constraint MOTOR SKILL that holds back or slows the emergence of a Shallow vs. Deep Attractors Attractors function much like basins in which observable behaviours pool; that is their depth is an indication of the stability of the system: Deep attractor basins: stable systems, difficult to change Shallow basins: less stable, more susceptible to change Changes in Movement Behaviour Changes result from a series of transitions in a system’s state of stability (phase shifts): Shallow attractor state: a phase shift can occur abruptly Deep attractor state: intervention strategies have to cause instability, which leads to an increase in movement variability Over time, the pattern will reorganize, the new technique will take over, and a phase shift will occur to a new attractor state Non-Linear Pedagogy and the Constraints-Led Approach Non-linear pedagogy Constraints-led approach Learner searches through a Purposeful manipulation of range of potential movement key constraints to acquire solutions for the optimum movement skills and strategy decision-making behaviors Perceptual-motor workspace Hands-off practitioner  The Perceptual-Motor Workspace Adapted from Newell, K. M.; McDonald, P. V. Learning to coordinate redundant biomechanical degrees of freedom. In Swinnen, S., Heuer, H., Massion, J. & Casaer, P. (Eds.), Interlimb coordination: Neural, dynamical, and cognitive constraints, pp. 515–536. New York: Elsevier/Springer, 1994. Ask Yourself... When someone is teaching you a new skill, which do you prefer? Being an active problem- solver and figuring it out for yourself Having your instructor guide you in learning the skill in detail When you are the teacher, are you a hands-on or hands-off practitioner? Practical Implications Strategies for creating effective learning environments are limited only by the practitioner’s imagination Emphasize game and context-related skills Encourage learners to Hone decision-making skills Develop functional movement patterns Adapt movement behaviors to meet task requirements Ask Yourself... Fear can be a rate limiter. Novice ball players might be afraid of a ball hitting them, or novice hurdlers might be afraid of tripping over a hurdle. What could you do to help someone overcome such fears/rate limiters?