Motivation PDF

MOTIVATION Learning Objectives You will learn: how psychologists define motivation. the elements that motivate behavior. why we eat and why we sleep. the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. different theories of motivation. about Maslow's hierarchy of need...

MOTIVATION Learning Objectives You will learn: how psychologists define motivation. the elements that motivate behavior. why we eat and why we sleep. the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. different theories of motivation. about Maslow's hierarchy of needs. what is flow and the elements needed to achieve flow.  What motivates behavior? MOTIVATION – the process that propels and sustains activity – Derives from the Latin word “movere” =“to move”  What motivates behavior? Instincts – the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior Needs – a requirement of some material essential for survival of the organism Drives – the desire to reduce unpleasant arousal states resulting from basic physiological needs Incentives – any rewarding condition that provides a motive for behavior  Drive Reduction Theory assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal DRIVE-REDUCING NEED DRIVE BEHAVIOR Drive Reduction Theory Food Hunger Eating Water Thirst Drinking  Drives PRIMARY DRIVES SECONDARY DRIVES Involve needs of the body Learned through experience (e.g. hunger, thirst). or conditioning (e.g. money, social approval).  Homeostasis the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state – Negative-feedback model of homeostasis  Why do we eat? Physiological component – Ventromedial hypothalamus – Lateral hypothalamus Hormonal activity – Insulin – Ghrelin – Leptin  The Role of Hypothalamus Figure 9.4 The rat on the left has reached a high level of obesity because its ventromedial hypothalamus has been deliberately damaged in the laboratory. The result is a rat that no longer receives signals of being satiated, and so the rat continues to eat and eat and eat.  Social Factors in Eating Why do we eat when we are not hungry?  Why do we sleep?  Sleep Theories:  Adaptive theory - survival  Restorative theory – physical health; memory consolidation  Stages of Sleep:  Rapid eye movement (REM) - dreams  NREM (non-REM) sleep  Incentive Theory People do not wait for a deficient needs to drive behavior in daily life. They are motivated by their desire to achieve external goals.  Two Major Types of Motivation INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC The act itself is fun, rewarding, There is an external reward (e.g. satisfying. money, grades).  McClelland’s Theory David McClelland’s theory – McClelland proposed that people have psychological needs that motivate our behavior. – Psychological needs have different levels for different people. – 3 psychological needs  McClelland’s Theory Need for Affiliation (nAff) Need for Power (nPow) Need for Achievement (nAch)  Carol Dweck’s Self-Theory of Motivation The need to achievement is linked to personality factors, including view of self LOCUS OF CONTROL: internal or external? Abraham Maslow and Hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) – Humanistic approach to psychology – Best known for his hierarchy of needs – He was interested in human potential and how to fulfil this potential “What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self- actualization…It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.” (Maslow, 1954, Motivation and Personality, p. 93)  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs SELF-ACTUALIZATION – People satisfied their lower needs and achieved their full potential Peak Experiences – times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved  Limitations to Maslow’s theory Theory is based on observations not empirical research Exceptions to the hierarchical order? – Artists, scientists Theory demonstrated low validity across cultures  Positive Psychology and Flow Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi – State of flow = “optimal experience” FLOW - “a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience is so enjoyable that people will continue to do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it.” (Cskikszentmihalyi, 1990, p.4) Elements Needed to achieve FLOW Clear goals every step of the way Immediate feedback Balance between challenges and skills Action and awareness Distractions are excluded from consciousness No worry of failure No self-consciousness Learning to enjoy the immediate experience Being immersed in the experience The sense of time becomes distorted The activity becomes an end in itself