IUU, DWF & Data Layers BIOL3305 PDF

IUU, DWF & data layers Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean IUU ?  Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated Illegal fishing Fishing in violation of the laws of a fishery – Jurisdiction of a coastal state – High seas fisheries regulated b...

IUU, DWF & data layers Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean IUU ?  Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated Illegal fishing Fishing in violation of the laws of a fishery – Jurisdiction of a coastal state – High seas fisheries regulated by an RFMO (Regional Fisheries Management Organisation) Unreported fishing Fishing that is unreported to the relevant national authority or the responsible RFMO Unregulated fishing Fishing by vessels without nationality, vessels flying the flag of a country not party to the RFMO governing that fishing area or species on the high seas, e.g., squid fishing in Indian Ocean high seas (see: Seto et al. (2023) Fishing through the cracks: The unregulated nature of global squid fisheries. Science Advances 9(10): eadd8125. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8125 Any fishing for which there is no mandate of reporting or management (“open access”) Doulman (2000) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), AUS:IUU/2000/4, Rome 16 p. www.fao.org/3/Y3274E/y3274e06.htm#bm06 Bray (2000) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), AUS:IUU/2000/6, Rome. 53 p. www.fao.org/3/Y3274E/y3274e08.htm#fn67  Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated Problems with this term Confounding: Mixes question of legality with question around reporting and question around management mandate Illegal: May not have permission to fish in an EEZ (illegal), yet data are reported to its flag country – Illegal but not Unreported May not have permission to fish in an EEZ (illegal), and data are not reported to its flag country – Illegal and Unreported Theilen JT (2013) What's in a name? The illegality of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28: 533-550  Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated Problems with this term Confounding: Mixes question of legality with question around reporting and question around management mandate Unreported: Catches may be unreported and taken illegally Catches may be unreported but taken legally (e.g., recreational and traditional fisheries) Theilen JT (2013) What's in a name? The illegality of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28: 533-550 5/33  Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated Problems with this term Confounding: Mixes question of legality with question around reporting and question around management mandate Unregulated: May report catches or may not, may abide by “someone’s” management rules or not Theilen JT (2013) What's in a name? The illegality of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28: 533-550  Illegal, Unreported & Unregulated Much better to avoid the term “IUU”, and only use its individual components when discussing fisheries Furthermore, increasingly the term IUU has been misused or misapplied to only refer to international illegal activities …… e.g., pirate fishing and illegal foreign fishing in EEZs Legal conundrum, thus “IUU” useful in media and politics, but scientifically better stick with “illegal” or “unreported” or “unregulated”…. But clearly define what you mean That’s it for IUU… questions before I move on? Theilen JT (2013) What's in a name? The illegality of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28: 533-550 DWF ?  Distant-Water Fishing (Distant-Water Fleets) Commonly accepted international definition: Fishing outside a country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), i.e., on the high seas or in another country's EEZ Australia fishing in high seas waters in the Eastern Indian Ocean…. DWF Indonesian vessels fishing 400 km offshore from Perth …. DWF  Distant-Water Fishing Commonly accepted international definition: Fishing outside a country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), i.e., on the high seas or in another country's EEZ Australia fishing in high seas waters in the Eastern Indian Ocean…. DWF Indonesian vessels fishing 400 km offshore from Perth …. DWF Sea Around Us modified definition: DWF is fishing in FAO areas other than a country’s home FAO area 10/33  Distant-Water Fishing Australia fishing in W Indian Ocean = DWF 11/33  Distant-Water Fishing Australia fishing in E Indian Ocean high seas ≠ DWF 12/33  Distant-Water Fishing Indonesia fishing in high seas off WA ≠ DWF 13/33  Distant-Water Fishing Real challenges with who and where Monitoring and enforcement EEZs … national governments High seas… flag states with/without RFMO mandates EEZ access Access agreement or not? Official country-to-country…. Publicly available or not? – Approach by EU vs China B2B…. Publicly available or not? – Most likely not Joint Venture operations - Real businesses with substantial local ownership, decision making and benefits? - Mailbox companies? Reflagging or not? Data & reporting implications International data reporting standards… flag state responsibility. Reality? https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/could-flag-states-be-sued-for-reckless-behavior 14/33 Ford et al. (2022) Fish and Fisheries 23(5): 1240-1248  Distant-Water Fishing Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) First binding international agreement to target illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing Objective is to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing by preventing vessels engaged in IUU fishing from using ports and landing their catches Access to ports Vessel inspections in ports Information sharing - Global Record of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels. http://www.fao.org/global-record/en - Enhancing transparency and traceability That’s it for general DWF… questions? FAO (2016) Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and 15/33 Unregulated Fishing. Revised Edition. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. xi + 100 p.  Sea Around Us, DWF & foreign fishing Three catch data layers in the Sea Around Us reconstructed catch database 1. Domestic fishing within national EEZ waters… currently reconstructed catch data layer Documented in technical reports and papers listed on each EEZ page 2. Fishing outside own EEZ, except for large pelagic fisheries under tuna-RFMO mandates… currently not reconstructed Approach broadly described in Zeller et al. (2016) 3. Large pelagic fisheries under tuna-RFMO mandates … currently not reconstructed Preliminary data harmonization described in Coulter et al. (2020) & first reconstruction published in Heidrich et al. (2023) 16/33 Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  Data layer 1: Domestic fishing Covered under “catch reconstructions” Spanish vessels fishing inside Spain’s EEZs (Atlantic or Med) Catch type: Landed & discarded catches are comprehensively estimated Sector: Industrial, artisanal, subsistence and recreational Status: Reported & unreported data Excludes Spanish vessel fishing anywhere else, e.g., Europe, Canada, high seas, Indian Ocean etc. 17/33 Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Data layer 2: Fishing outside own EEZ (excl. large pelagics) Not reconstructed at present, data derived via: Some data as secondary data from domestic reconstructions Indirectly derived for each fishing entity (fishing country) in each FAO statistical area FAOnon-home: Layer 2 catch = FAO reported catch FAOhome: Layer 2 catch = FAO catch – reconstructed reported catch (EEZ) Add some preliminary, basic discards (flat 2% or 5%)… a bit of a mess & causing spatial allocation problems Detailed reconstructions needed Example: Spanish trawlers in Indian Ocean or in European water outside Spanish EEZ Catch type: Landed & (some, preliminary) discarded catches Sector: Industrial only by definition Status: Reported landings & (minimal) unreported discard data 18/33 Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  Data layer 3: Large pelagic fisheries (tuna RFMOs) Five tuna RFMOs ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) Atlantic and Mediterranean IOTC (Indian Ocean Tuan Commission) Indian Ocean WCPFC (Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission) W&C Pacific IATTC (Inter-American Tropical Tuan Commission) E Pacific CCSBT (Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna) Southern Atlantic, Indian and SW Pacific Ocean Single species tuna RFMO Heidrich et al. (2022) Fish & Fisheries 23: 1264-1281 19/33  Data layer 3: Large pelagic fisheries (tuna RFMOs) Each tuna RFMO has own data reporting system, quirks, caveats, advantages and disadvantages Common across all - two basic catch datasets Nominal catch data – Catch by year, taxon, flag (fishing entity/country) and gear Spatial catch data – Catch by year, taxon, flag (fishing entity/country), gear and reporting area (“tuna block”) – Highly variable subset of nominal data Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Coulter et al. (2020) Fisheries Research 221: 105379 20/33 Heidrich et al. (2023) Frontiers in Marine Science 10: 1177872  Data layer 3: “Tuna blocks” Coverage varies by RFMO, year, taxon, flag and gear… mix-n-match of spatialized data Subset: nominal > spatial Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Coulter et al. (2020) Fisheries Research 221: 105379 21/33 Heidrich et al. (2023) Frontiers in Marine Science 10: 1177872  Data layer 3: Large pelagic fisheries (tuna RFMOs) We “harmonize” data across all 5 tuna RFMOs (Coulter et al. 2020) Use spatial data subset to assign all nominal catches into “tuna blocks” Add some preliminary discard estimates Feed “tuna block” harmonized (nominal) catch data into Sea Around Us spatial allocation to ½ degree cells (within tuna blocks) IOTC reconstruction is complete (Heidrich et al. 2023), others needed Catch type: Landed & (some) discarded catches Sector: Industrial Status: Reported landings & unreported discard data & IOTC unreported landings More by my former PhD student Kristina Heidrich Read: Heidrich et al. (2022) Fish and Fisheries 23: 1264-1281. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12687 Heidrich et al. (2023) Frontiers in Marine Science 10: 1177872. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1177872 Heidrich et al. (2023) Ocean & Coastal Management 246: 106902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106902 22/33 Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  Sea Around Us: Chinese DWF Pauly et al. (2012) Catches [of the Chinese distant-water fleet] pp. 21-29 & 81-85 In: Blomeyer R, Goulding I, Pauly D, Sanz A and KS (eds.), The role of China in World Fisheries. European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and 23/33 Cohesion Policies - Fisheries, Brussels.  Sea Around Us: Chinese DWF 14 pages, plus: 70 page online supporting materials 24/33 Pauly et al. (2014) Fish and Fisheries 15: 474-488  Sea Around Us: Chinese DWF China, which over-reports its domestic catch (Watson and Pauly 2001), substantially under- & miss- reports the catch of its distant-water fleets. (a) Marine fisheries catches of China, as reported to FAO, and the non-credible low catch that FAO reports on behalf of China for its distant-water fisheries, that is, outside the FAO area 61 (north-west Pacific) (b) Catches of the four major fishing countries and ‘others’ in the north-west Pacific (FAO area 61), illustrating how radically the trajectory for the Chinese reported catch differs from that of the other countries in its region 25/33 Pauly et al. (2014) Fish and Fisheries 15: 474-488  Sea Around Us: Chinese DWF Collected data on where Chinese fishing vessels reported/observed to operate during 2000-2011 Based on over 500 reports 26/33 Pauly et al. (2014) Fish and Fisheries 15: 474-488  Sea Around Us: Chinese DWF Two conceptual tools to estimate vessel presence and number of vessels 1. Any collective activity of such magnitude will generate a ‘shadow’ on the impacted society (Pauly 1998), from which the scale of the activity can be inferred 2. Large Fermi solution* used to estimate unknown quantity from limited, indirect data Reasonable estimate, not a definite number Catch per vessel, by vessel type, based on range of cost of fishing estimates by vessel type, and range of available catch per vessel type used by Chinese DWF *open-ended problems where one has to make assumptions, estimates, and educated guesses to creatively solve a problem 27/33 Pauly et al. (2014) Fish and Fisheries 15: 474-488  Sea Around Us: Chinese DWF During 2000s Presence in at least 93 maritime countries, plus Antarctica Seemingly not in Arctic, North America, Caribbean & Europe ~3,400 vessels DWF Catch ~4.6 million t·year-1 from 2000 to 2011 (vs. average of 368,000 t·year-1 reported to FAO) Geographic regions African waters (3.1 million t·year-1) Asia (1.0 million t·year-1) Oceania (198,000 t·year-1) Central and South America (182,000 t·year-1) Antarctica (48,000 t·year-1) Constraints inherent in the underlying data and method prevented us from distinguishing between legal and illegal catch Believe the spatial miss-reporting (NW Pacific) a result of landings versus catch location reporting - “miss-” not only “under-reporting” 28/33 Pauly et al. (2014) Fish and Fisheries 15: 474-488  Sea Around Us: Distance to fishing grounds Spatially allocated catch data by fishing entity, catch amount and year Mean distance of each ½ degree cell with catch to nearest home port for each fishing entity Catch weighted mean distance for each fishing entity and year (1950-2014) Tickler et al. (2018) Science Advances 4(8): eaar3279 29/33  Tickler et al. (2018) Science Advances 4(8): eaar3279 30/33  IUU, DWF & data layers Overview Concept and challenges around Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fisheries and IUU term How this is treaded in Sea Around Us data What DWF is and challenges associated with DWF Refresher of Sea Around Us catch data layers Questions? 31/33 Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean