Môn Văn Hóa Anh - VB2.docx

Торіс 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chapter 1: Country and people ----------------------------- What is Britain? What is the difference between these terms? 1. 2. 3. **Looking for a name** - - - - - **National teams in selected sports**  **Other sign...

Торіс 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chapter 1: Country and people ----------------------------- What is Britain? What is the difference between these terms? 1. 2. 3. **Looking for a name** - - - - - **National teams in selected sports**  **Other signs of national identity** - - - - - - - Should \"Britain\" be called as \"England\"? - - **In the past \...** - - - - **Nowadays** - - - -  What is the name of the national flag of the UK? Union Jack **THE IRISH FLAG** - - -  **Surnames** - - - - **First name for men** - - - - =\> Be careful: Only use for friends! Never use plural! Scottish \'kilt\' and \'bagpipe\'; Irish cap Welsh hat & English bowler hat **The dominance of England** - - - - - **National loyalties** - - - - - **Migration & identity** - - - **Migration & identity** - - **Questions** 1. 2. 3. 4. Chapter 2: History ------------------ **Prehistory** - - - - - - **Stonehenge** - - - - - - **The Roman Period (43-410)** Anglo-Saxon: ng gốc Đức  **The Germanic Invasions (410 - 1066)** The Jutes (Jutland) The Angles (South Denmark) and the Saxons (Germany) invaded and settled in the south-east. In the west, they were halted temporarily by the Celts led by the legendary King Arthur. Vua Arthur ngăn lại sự tấn công của Celts và có câu chuyện : thanh gươm trong đá, vua Arthur và 5 vị hiệp sĩ **Anglo-Saxon Britain** Late 6th century: Anglo-Saxon lifestyle predominated most of England (self-sufficient Villages) Celtic culture survived in Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall 6th - 7th century: Christianity spread throughout Britain (đạo Ki tô vào nước Anh) **Viking Britain** 8th century: first wave of Viking invasions The Vikings conquered and settled in some islands in Scotland & Ireland. **King Alfred (đại đế, đẩy lùi quân Vikings)** defeated the Vikings but allowed them to settle in eastern England Norman Conquest **Invasion of England** King Edward the Confessor died, having no child to inherit the throne. He named Harold Godwinson (the powerful earl of Wessex his heir on January 5, 1066.  **Battle of Stamford Bridge September 25, 1066** At Stamford Bridge, King Harold II won a smashing victory against Harald III (King of Norway) & Tostig **Before the Battle** While Harold was occupied in the north, William crossed the Channel with an army of 4000-7000 men. Harold, hurrying southward with 7000 men, approached Hastings on October 13. **Battle of Hastings October 14, 1066** Harold\'s wall of highly trained infantry held firm against William\'s cavalry. The Norman forces panicked by the rumour of William\'s death. But William removed his helmet to show he was alive and rallied his troops. By late afternoon, Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye. The English army scattered and fled. **After the Battle** William marched swiftly to London. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066. He is known as \"William the Conqueror\" **The medieval period (1066-1458)** Following the Norman conquest, a strict feudal system (feudalism) was imposed. The peasants: English-speaking Saxons The nobles: French-speaking Normans →\> The start of the English class system.  **The medieval period (1066-1458)** Middle English was the dominant language in all classes of society in England. Despite English rule, the Welsh, Irish and highland Scottish still retained Celtic language and customs. Parliament (French \'parler\' - to speak) gradually evolved into a democratic body. (13th century: an assembly of nobles called together by the king) - **Robin Hood** A legendary folk hero, living with his band of \'Merry Men\' in Sherwood Forest outside Nottingham. He stole from the rich and gave to the poor. **The 16th century** The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed 1/3 of population =\> shortage of labour. Trade and towns flourished. Power struggles among nobles broke out. → The Wars of the Roses (1455 - 1485) **The House of Tudor** The wars continued for 3 decades. Henry Tudor defeated Richard Ill at the battle of Bosworth (August 22nd 1485). He married Elizabeth of York and joined the two houses, founding the House of Tudor.  **King Henry VIII (1509 - 1547)** Son of Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York. Married 6 times and beheaded 2 of his wives. The main instigator of the English Reformation, turning Britain into a Protestant nation. Pope : giáo hoàng **English Reformation** Wanting a male heir, Henry wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragorn, but the Pope wouldn\'t allow In 1534, Henry VIII declared himself supreme head of the Church of England, independent of Rome\'s power. =\> Anglicanism. **English Reformation** Henry introduced several laws outlining the relationships between the king, the pope, and the structure of the Church of England. The Act of Appeals, the Acts of Succession and the first Act of Supremacy declared the king was \"the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England.\". The Church of England was under England\'s rule, not Rome's Faith must trample under foot all reason, sense, and understanding. \- Martin Luther **Anglican vs. Catholic** There are few differences btw the Anglican Church and the Catholic Church. Henry VIII had few issues with the practices of the Catholic Church. His issue was with the power of the Pope. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the symbolic leader of the Anglican Church. However, King Henry VIII faced with much opposition from Catholic priests and monks, destroyed many churches and killed whoever opposed his authority. **The 17th century** James VI of Scotland became James I of England (Stuart dynasty). Tension increased between religion and politics. Parliament dominated the monarchy, but the king raised tax without the consent of the House of Commons. Puritanism (a branch of Protestantism criticized the luxurious lifestyle of the King. →\> The English Civil War broke out in 16429 **English Civil War** Royalists (Cavaliers ) Vs Parliamentarians (Roundheads). The Battle of Naseby (June 14th 1645): The New Model Army (Roundheads) led by Oliver Cromwell defeated the Royalist army. Charles I was executed and his son Charles I\| was exiled Cromwell then led a brutal military campaign to crush resistance in Ireland. =\> English monarchy was replaced with the Commonwealth, then Protectorate; Oliver Cromwell became Protector of the Realm. **Cromwell\'s rule** Cromwell imposed a strict system of government and puritan ethics. All forms of entertainment (pubs, theater, play house etc.) and celebrations (even Christmas) were banned. The system were so unpopular that King Charles I\'s exiled son was recalled and became King Charles II. Cromwell imposed a strict system of government and puritan ethics. All forms of entertainment (pubs, theater, play house etc.) and celebrations (even Christmas were banned. The system were so unpopular that King Charles I\'s exiled son was recalled and became King Charles II. **Glorious revolution** King James Il inherited the throne from his brother (Charles lI). The King wanted to impose religious tolerance (giving full right to the Catholic). Leading politicians invited William of Orange and Mary (daughter of King James Il) to assume the throne. King James Il went into exile in France. **William of Orange** Parliament drew up Bill of Rights to limit monarch\'s power. Dissenters (Protestants opposed to Anglicanism) are allowed to form Presbyterian Church in lowland Scotland. But Dissenters were not allowed to hold government posts or become MPs. **English Bill of Rights** In general, the Bill of Rights limited the power of the monarchy, elevated the status of Parliament and outlined specific rights of individuals. Freedom to elect members of Parliament, without the king or queen\'s interference Freedom of speech in Parliament Freedom from royal interference with the law Freedom to petition the king Freedom to bear arms for self-defense Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail Freedom from taxation by royal prerogative, without the agreement of Parliament Freedom of fines and forfeitures without a trial Freedom from armies being raised during peacetimes **Battle of the Boyne** King James Il fled to Ireland and mustered an army. His Catholic Irish army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. Laws was passed forbidding Catholics to vote or even own land. →\> the split society in Northern Ireland In Ulster, a large number anti-Catholic Scottish Presbyterian settled (their descendants are Orangemen). The other half is \'native\' Irish Catholics. **The 18th century** In 1707, the Act of Union was passed. =\> Scottish parliament was dissolved & joined with English and Welsh parliament in London: \"United Kingdom of Great Britain\" The political system remained stable with harmony between Monarch and Parliament. Division between two groups within Parliament: \- The Whigs (Protestanism) \- The Tories (monarchy and Anglicanism) →\> Beginning of the party system in Britain.. Highland Scotland twice supported Catholic Stuart kings but failed.. Highlanders were massacred and exiled. =\> Celtic way of life was destroyed.. Britain began colonizing the Americas, west Africa and India. Naval trade bloomed and paved the way for the Industrial Revolution. In 1782, James Watt invented the first steam engine. Chapter 4: Identity. -------------------- Strong national loyalties =\> people from non-English origins: \- Scotland \- Wales \- Ireland **Scotland** Strong national pride & distinctiveness: \- Different public life aspects: education, legal & welfare systems. \- Different dialects (Scots) \- Different cultural symbols Highland Scotland - Burns supper: Robert Burns\' poems, kilts, traditional songs, bagpipes, haggis (sheep\'s heart, lung, liver & stomach) **Wales** Not much national distinctiveness - quite similar to English culture. National Welsh hero: Owain Glyndwr (Owen Glendower) In 19th century, Scottish, Irish & English people came to find work in Wales =\> They integrated into Welsh society. One single highly important symbol of Welsh identity: the Welsh language 20% of population have Welsh as 1st language Government have launched campaigns & programs to preserve Welsh: school, media, public life... **England** Little distinction between \"English\" and \"British\" The bulldog spirit: *\... dogged, unyielding courage \[which\] we think of as a great national virtue \... and I realised I was extremely proud of (the players) and proud of England\... it reawakened a sense of national solidarity in me \[and presumably that is what it was doing for every other Englishman and woman.* Title: \"To understand Britishness, watch rugby\" The Scottish, Irish, and Welsh have their own anthems. English & British anthem: God Save the Queen English anthem: Land of Hope and Glory Union Jack vs. St. George\'s Cross English vs. British vs. European  **Other ethnic identities** Peoples of the four nations, even those whose family origins are in continental Europe: almost similar to each other. Two major groups of \"other ethnicities\" : \- Black Caribbeans: great wave of immigration during 1948-1962. \- Indians: immigration wave at the same time. **Black Caribbeans** First immigrants mostly took low-paid manual jobs. Cultural practices are quite similar to the British. Language variety: creole & patwa. Caribbean music (reggae, calypso, ska) & festivals (Notting Hill Carnival) integrated into the local culture. They are proud of their cultural roots (just like Irish, Welsh & Scottish). **Indians** Often referred as \"Asians\". Their communities stay close together =\> retain much of culture (languages, non-Christian religions, music, clothes, food). Parents have more control over children. Indian British (Hindus or Sikhs) assimilate better than Bangladeshi / Pakistani British (Muslims). **The family** \"Family\" means \"nuclear family\"(gia đình 2 thế hệ) (not \"extended family\"). Family identity is weak, though family gatherings occur during family events (weddings, births, funerals). Ceremonial roles (godfather/godmother, best man (phụ rể) \...) do not come with lifelong responsibilities. For most British, Christmas is the only time for family reunion. British average number of family members is lower than European average. British average for people living alone is higher. More and more children are born outside marriage. Single-parent families are becoming popular. British people are less concerned about marriage formalities. \"Partners\" are often used than \"husband\", \"wife\", \"boyfriend\", or \"girlfriend\" **Geographical identity**. Sense of loyalty to place of birth is uncommon because people are very mobile. Local pride arises because of people's affection to their towns, not sense of belonging. City identity: Scousers (nickname ng sống tại Liverpool) (Liverpool), Geordies (Newcastle), Mancunians (Manchester), Glaswegians (Glassgow) and Londoners (London). County identity: Yorkshire (north of England) and Cornwall (south-western of England) **The north vs. The south** Định kiến phía bắc phía nam Northerners: tough, honest, warm-hearted. Southerners: soft, hypocritical, unfriendly. Phía nam: định kiến: yếu đuối, giả tạo, k thân thiện Common stereotype among northerners: \"Rich southerners are exploiting labour northerners.\" ng phía bắc định kiến là ng phía nam giàu có do bốc lột ng phía bắc. Jamie Oliver (a Cockney chef) endorsement for the supermarket chain Sainsbury\'s: Jamie làm đại sứ thiên hiệu của nhãn hiệu Sainsbury và thành công ở phía nam, còn phía bắc thì thất bại do ng ta định kiến ng London (ông Jamie gôc LD) =\> Successful in the south but failed in the north **Class** British class system is flexible: it\'s always possible to \"climb the social ladder\". tầng lớp giai cấp có phân chia nhưng linh hoạt và ng dân có thể leo lên các tầng lớp phía trên. Awareness of class plays important role in British sense of identity. hiện tại Anh vẫn còn phân chia giai cấp , qua chức tước (nhưng trên danh nghĩa, k có tài sản do chức tước) British people think it\'s difficult to make friends with people from a different \"background\". Khó kết giao với tầng lớp khác nhau Different attitudes, daily habits: food, sports, pastime, conversation topics, accents, values. các tầng lớp khác nhau sẽ có những thái độ, thói quen khác nhau.... **Class component** tài sản của tầng lớp Wealth is not the only factor.Tài sản không phải là yếu tố duy nhất What and how people talk are definitely important: mà còn về cách ăn nói \- \"Standard British English\" =\> upper class. tiếng anh chuẩn , thuộc tầng lớp thượng lưu \- \"Non-standard English\" =\> working class. tiếng anh không chuẩn, thuộc tầng lớp bình dân - lao động Accent is also important: \- The most [prestigious (danh giá)]: \"Received Pronunciation\" (RP), aka. \"BBC English\" or \"the Queen\'s English\" =\> upper class. \- Strong regional accent giọng địa phương đặc =\> working class. **Change in class awareness**. In the late 20th century ,"social climbing" still goes on, but the opposite is more common. ở thế kỷ 20, quan niệm leo lên tầng lớp vẫn còn British people tend to define themselves as working class. ng Anh xem mình xuất thân bình dân và tự hào về nó. \"Inverted snobbery\": middle-class people try to adopt working-class values and habits. "inverted snobbery": sự kiêu căng- đảo ngược. ng ở tầng trung lưu nhận mình là ng tầng lớp bình dân They try to avoid being called \"snobbish\" or \"posh\" ng anh k thích bị gọi là.... nghĩa là kiêu căng, hống hách , hợm hĩnh Clear distinguish among classes is disappearing. ranh giới tầng lớp dần mất Wealthy people regard themselves as working class, while poor people regard themselves as middle class. ng tầng lớp bình dân tự xem mình là thuộc tầng trung lưu **Men and Women** (định kiến về giới tính) British society does not endorse differences in public and social roles of men and women. →\> sex discrimination is illegal. ng Anh k chấp nhận phân biệt giới tính, phân biệt giới tính là bất hợp pháp People, unconsciously (trong tiềm thức), expect differences in behaviors and roles: \- Untidy man vs. untidy woman ng đàn ông lôi thôi sẽ dễ chấp nhận hơn là phụ nữ \- Emotional man vs. emotional woman ng đàn ông dễ xúc động bị đánh giá hơn phụ nữ \- Grooming services for man vs. for woman dịch vụ làm đẹp dành cho nữ hơn nam \- Drunk man vs. drunk woman ng say sỉn **Domestic roles for man and woman** Vai trò trong gia đình. Man is still considered [bread-winner] (trụ cột gia đình) Though child-care is considered as woman\'s responsibility, man are expected to assist. **Public roles for man and woman** Vai trò trong xã hội của nam và nữ. Most jobs are no longer associated with either man or woman công việc không còn phân biệt. Britain is one of the first European countries to have a woman Prime Minister. Anh là nước đầu tiên của Euro có nữ thủ tướng 34% MPs (Nghị sĩ) and 25% executive directors of FTSE 100 are women. A much higher proportion of men work in skilled trades (process, plant, machine operatives), while women dominate work in administrative / secretarial roles and caring, leisure, and other services. **Social and everyday contact** Mối liên hệ XH hằng ngày Everyday personal contact is very important. Pubs and clubs (sports and pastimes): people socialize with others with the same interests and attitudes.. Professions and skills are also important **Religion and politics** Tôn giáo và chính trị Most of the cases (except N. Ireland, Scotland and Islamic community), both religion and politics are unimportant in British people\'s identity. ngoại trừ bắc Ireland, Scotland, cộng đồng Islamic thì ng vùng khác k quan tâm Religion or politics rarely affects people\'s decisions on important aspects of their lives (jobs and relationships). tôn giáo và chính trị k ảnh hưởng đến cuộc sống ng dân **Identity in Northern Ireland** Identity is totally different from other nations. Ethnicity, family, politics and religion are interrelated, while social class has a minor role. Northern Ireland is a polarized society: most people are born into and stay, for their whole life, in one of the two communities: \- Protestant community: want to be part of the UK. \- Catholic community: want to be part of Irish Republic **Protestant and Catholic** 2 cộng đồng ở Bắc Ireland Though living side by side, their lives are segregated. bị chia tách Different housing estates, radios, TV channels, newspapers, anniversaries, schools, hospitals, and other facilities. 2 bên ở các khu khác nhau, các dịch vụ công ích đều khác biệt Students from two communities may meet each other first time at university. trường học cũng chia cách tới bậc đại học Most people from two communities rarely talk with each other. **Being British** yêu nước Do British people feel they belong to Britain? →\> Not really! Only 46% people regard themselves as \"British\" (2001); less than 50% teenagers think the national flag is important to them (2002); 50% people want to emigrate if they can (2007) British people are not actively patriotic **Concerns about "Britishness"**. The need to find common values in a multicultural society.. The UK has much less influence on the world. The fear that the UK might break up. In 2006, the government suggested a British national day, which many people thought ridiculous and unnecessary. **Personal identity : a sense of humour** Sense of humour is highly appreciated in British culture. It is expected in either informal or formal situations. Telling jokes, esp. about yourself, is highly prized. →\> Bravery in the face of adversity (stiff upper lip), modesty and sense of humour. Chapter 6: Political Life ------------------------- **The public attitudes to politics** Britain people hold a negative attitudes towards politicians = dishonest & untrustworthy. Most people don\'t care about politicians = People don\'t know their names. \"Politics\" is often considered a bad choice of conversation topic. Politics is generally accepted as a dirty but necessary business.  **The style of democracy** Phong cách nền dân chủ British people have deep respect for the principles of law, but not keen to make new laws. Tôn trọng luật pháp, nhưng k quan tâm đến luật mới In many aspects, Britain have few rules and regulations: \- British citizens don\'t have ID cards. k có thẻ CC \- Until 21st century, people can demand for information disclosure of the government. ng dân có thể yêu cầu chính phủ giải mật \- The 30-year rule is stiff in effect. (access to government papers is restricted for 30 years) tài liệu chính phủ chỉ đc truy cập 30 năm sau The people and the government \"leave each other alone\" as much as possible.ng dân và chính phủ k quan tâm nhau quá nhiều The people are supposed to obey the law and pay taxes. The government has a \"free hand\" to run the country. → British democracy means that people choose the government and let them do their job. **The constitution** Britain is a constitutional monarchy: a country \"governed\" by a king or queen with \"advice\" from the government. - Quân chủ lập hiến. Quốc huy của anh  Nghị viện Britain is also a parliamentary democracy: the government controlled by an elected parliament. nước anh cũng là dân chủ nghị viện: chính phủ được quản lý bởi nghị viện The head of state (the King) has little real power. Technically, Britain does not have a physical constitution (the highest law of the land). k có hiến pháp chính thức, chỉ có đại hiến chương (xem làm hiến pháp k chính thức) All rules, regulations, principles, and procedures have been built up over centuries. các luật lệ xây dựng tích lũy There is no written law about PM\'s requirements and powers. =\> custom and practice.