Mental Health Disorders: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment

Disorder Definition How It Arises Diagnosis Treatment Recurrent,  Usually develops in Unexpected panic attacks CBT (addresses unexpected panic adolescence or the mid fo...

Disorder Definition How It Arises Diagnosis Treatment Recurrent,  Usually develops in Unexpected panic attacks CBT (addresses unexpected panic adolescence or the mid for at least 1 month cognitive distortions, attacks with ongoing 30s (intense episodes of fear or exposure) worry about future discomfort peaking within SSRIs or SNRIs attacks.  Genetic predisposition minutes). Benzodiazepines (short- to anxiety or panic like term relief) Panic symptoms Accompanied by 4 or more Lifestyle changes Disorder  A tendency to develop of the following symptoms: (regular exercise, stress anxiety or stress-related Sweating, palpitations, management) disorders shortness of breath,  Individuals experience dizziness etc or learn behaviours Fear of being in  May accompany panic Fear or anxiety of 2 or CBT (gradual exposure, situations where disorder, typically within more situations: targets maladaptive escape/help might a year Crowds, transport, being thoughts) be difficult or outside alone, enclosed Exposure therapy unavailable during  Negative outcome places etc (confrontation to reduce Agoraphobia panic attacks experiences fear)  Avoidance of feared SSRIs, Benzodiazepines situations Mindfulness and Fear of negative social relaxation techniques consequences Intense fear of  Begins in late Symptoms must be present CBT (gradual exposure, social/performance adolescence for at least 6 months with: maladaptive thoughts) situations due to - Persistent fear and Social possible negative  Gradual or sudden avoidance of evaluation. onset social situations Anxiety  Early social rejection - Excessive anxiety Disorder or humiliation in feared scenarios  Overactive social - Impact on daily threat detection function Persistent, excessive  Individual consistently Symptoms must last for at CBT fear of a specific experiences fear leading least 6 months: Exposure therapy (most Specific object/situation to avoidance behaviour Persistent fear of a specific effective) Phobias (e.g., heights, trigger, immediate anxiety SSRIs, Benzodiazepines animals).  The anxiety becomes response, avoidance, fear is Relaxation techniques automatic and is triggered disproportion to actual even by the anticipation danger  Excessive,  Often begins in Excessive anxiety or worry CBT (targets uncontrollable worry childhood or adolescence, occurring more days than maladaptive thoughts) Generalized about many areas of can also begin post 20s not for at least 6 months SSRIs, SNRIs, or Anxiety life (e.g., work, Benzodiazepines health). With at least 3 symptoms: Relaxation techniques Disorder Difficulty to control (GAD) restlessness, fatigue, tension, sleep issues, Disorder Definition How It Arises irritability etc Diagnosis Treatment Obsessions:  Typically, onsets in Presence of obsessions CBT – specifically Unwanted, intrusive adolescence or adulthood and/or compulsions exposure and response thoughts, images, or (childhood onset is prevention (ERP), other urges that cause recognised) Time-consuming or cause treatments include: anxiety Male 6 - 15yrs significant - Cognitive Female 20 - 29yrs distress/impairment. reconstructing And/or - Behavioural Obsessive - Not due to substances or experiments Compulsive Compulsions: another medical/mental - Mindfulness and Disorder Repetitive condition. cognitive diffusion (OCD) behaviours or - Danger ideation mental acts Not better explained by reduction therapy performed to reduce another disorder (DIRT) anxiety SSRIs Clomipramine Antipsychotics, anxiolytics Psychological Models of OCD Cognitive Model ○ People with OCD misinterpret intrusive thoughts as dangerous or morally wrong. ○ Leads to inflated responsibility ("If I think it, I might do it"). ○ Triggers anxiety → compulsion used to neutralize thought → reinforces cycle. Behavioural Model ○ Classical conditioning: Neutral stimuli (e.g., a doorknob) become associated with fear. ○ Operant conditioning: Compulsions (e.g., handwashing) reduce anxiety → negative reinforcement strengthens the behaviour. Cognitive-Behavioural Model ○ Combines thought misinterpretations with behavioural reinforcement and explains the obsession–compulsion loop and how rituals are maintained  A mental health  PTSD can occur at Requires exposure from all CBT, most effective condition triggered any age and often 4 symptoms: treatment incorporating: by experiencing or develops within 3 months - Intrusion symptoms: - psychoeducation witnessing a Flashbacks, nightmares, - cognitive traumatic event  Susceptibility to distressing memories. reconstruction Post - (e.g., assault, war, trauma related factors, - Avoidance symptoms: - exposure therapy Traumatic natural disaster). personal history, Feelings, thoughts, or Stress biological and genetic extreme reminders of - anxiety Disorder factors, environmental trauma management Early intervention (PTSD) influences - Negative cognitions and SSRIs mood: Beliefs, guilt, Betablockers, anxiolytics emotional detachment - Arousal and reactivity: Irritability, poor sleep, hypervigilance Disorder Definition How It Arises Diagnosis Treatment of depression Persistent  Genetics (first-degree At least 4 symptoms for 2 depressed mood or relatives at higher risk) weeks: loss of - Depressed mood interest/pleasure  Neurotransmitter - Loss of interest every day for 2 imbalance (↓ serotonin, - Weight/appetite weeks. norepinephrine) Major change Depressive  Cognitive distortions - Sleep issues/ Disorder (e.g., negative triad) fatigue (MDD) - Worthlessness  Stressful life events - Concentration problems - Thoughts of death Chronic low-level Similar to MDD, but Depressed mood most days depression for at often starts earlier and for 2 years + 2 additional least 2 years lasts longer symptoms from MDD CBT Persistent criteria Interpersonal therapy  Personality traits (e.g., Depressive (IPT) neuroticism) may play a Chronic but milder than Disorder Behavioural activation role MDD (Dysthymia) therapy SSRIs SNRIs Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) Monoamine oxidase Chronic irritability  Onset before age 10 Severe temper outbursts inhibitors (MAOI) and frequent (verbal/behavioural) temper outbursts occurring three or more   Abnormal emotional times a week for at least 1 Electroconvulsive regulation year therapy (ECT) = severe Disruptive cases Mood  Possible genetic and Mood between outburst is neurodevelopmental persistently irritable or Dysregulation factors angry Disorder (DMDD)  Often comorbid with ADHD or anxiety Severe mood  Hormonal sensitivity Occurs during most symptoms before (esp. to progesterone) menstrual cycles in the past menstruation, year Premenstrual improving after  Serotonin involvement onset 5 symptoms in final week Dysphoric before period, improving Disorder after onset (PMDD) Disorder Definition How It Arises Diagnosis Treatment Mental health At least 1 manic episode condition characterised by 1 Major depressive episodes or more manic are common but not episodes, which required can be severe enough to cause Manic episodes must last at hospitalisation least 1 week and involve: - Decreased sleep Bipolar I - Inflated self Disorder esteem (BP-I) - Distracted Psychoeducation - Risk taking CBT behaviour Interpersonal and social - Flight of ideas rhythm therapy (IPSRT) - Pressured speech Family focused therapy - Increased goal direction Mood stabilisers – Lithium (reducing mania May include psychotic and preventing relapse) symptoms Anticonvulsants (mood stabilization)  Mood disorder At least 1 major depressive characterised by episode and 1 hypomanic Atypical antipsychotics – alternating periods  Complex interplay of episode (Treat manic and mixed of hypomania (less genetic predisposition, episodes) severe than mania) biological factors, and No history of full manic Olanzapine and major environmental influences episodes (if manic episode Quetiapine Bipolar II depressive occurs, the diagnosis shifts Aripiprazole Disorder episodes, but never to BP-I) (BP-II) experiencing a full Antidepressants – May manic episode Hypomanic episodes are trigger manic episodes, so less severe than manic combined with mood episodes, last around 4 stabilizer days, do not require hospitalisation or impairment Mood disorder Chronic fluctuating mood characterised by disturbances lasting 2 years chronic, or more fluctuating mood disturbances that Numerous periods of involve periods of hypomanic symptoms and Cyclothymic hypomanic) and depressive symptoms that Disorder depressive do not meet the criteria for symptoms, but not BP-I or BP-II severe enough to be full blown hypomanic or depressive disorders Disorder Definition How It Arises Diagnosis Treatment A chronic, severe  typically emerges in 2 or more symptoms persist CBT mental disorder late adolescence or early for at least 1 month, with a Family therapy characterized by childhood total duration of Vocational support distortions in disturbances lasting at least thinking, 6 months: Antipsychotics target perception, - Delusions dopamine dysfunction but Schizophrenia emotions, and - Hallucinations have side effects behaviour. - Disorganised speech These include - Grossly delusions, disorganised hallucinations, and - Catatonic disorganized behaviour thinking. - Negative emotions Signs and Symptoms Bleuler’s Fundamental Symptoms Disturbances of association (loose, illogical thought processes) Disturbances of affect (indifference, apathy, or inappropriateness) Disturbances of attention Ambivalence (conflicting thoughts, emotions, or impulses) Autism (detachment from social life) Abulia (lack of drive of motivation) Dementia (irreversible change in personality) Schneiders ‘first rank’ symptoms Thought echoing or audible thoughts, thought broadcasting, thought intrusion, thought withdrawal, somatic hallucinations, passivity hallucinations, passivity feelings, delusional perception Positive Symptoms Disorganised Symptoms ○ Delusions ○ formal thought disorder ○ Hallucination - loosening of associations ○ passivity phenomena - clang associations ○ thought disorder - word salad ○ motor disturbances - circumstantiality - tangentiality Negative Symptoms - neologisms ○ affective flattening - derailment ○ restricted emotional range ○ avolition Cationic Symptoms ○ apathy ○ stupor, catalepsy, waxy flexibility ○ negativism ○ social withdrawal ○ ambitendence ○ posturing ○ poverty of thought and speech ○ echopraxia ○ echolalia ○ poor attention ○ stereotypes