Module 8 and Module 9 - Operating Systems & Applications (PDF)

Module 9: System and Application Software Operating Systems - Provide file management and other device or media-related tasks - Updating operating system software - Control a network - Administer security OS Functions: - You need to press a power button in order to on a comp...

Module 9: System and Application Software Operating Systems - Provide file management and other device or media-related tasks - Updating operating system software - Control a network - Administer security OS Functions: - You need to press a power button in order to on a computer or mobile device - An operating system includes various power options Sleep mode: Places the computer in a low-power state while retaining any open documents and running programs or apps to RAM and turns off all unneeded functions. Hibernate mode: Removes power from the device after saving any open documents and running programs or apps to an internal hard drive User interface(UI) - controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen Graphical user interface(GUI) - interact with menus and visual images Command-line interface - user types commands represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions - How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity: Single tasking and multitasking Foreground and background Single user and multiuser Memory management - optimizes the use of the computer or device’s internal memory Virtual memory - a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM - OS determines the order in which tasks are processed Driver - small program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a specific device Plug and Play - automatically configures new devices as you install or connect them Performance monitor(task manager) - program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices - OS can also let you have Internet access - OS usually have a automatic update feature that regularly provides new features or corrections to the program - Common tools that OS provides users related to managing a computer: File Manager Search Image Viewer Uninstaller Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Screen Saver File Compression PC Maintenance Backup and Restore Power Management - Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a network Multiuser operating systems - allows multiple users to share a printer, Internet access, files, and programs - A network administrator uses the server operating system to: Add and remove users, computers, and other devices Configure the network, install software and administer network security - A user account enables a use to sign in to, or access resources on, a network or computer: User name/user ID: identifies a specific user Password: a private combination of characters associated with the user name Types of OS: Desktop Operating System - a complete operating system that works on desktops, laptops, and some tablets ex. Windows macOS UNIX Linux Chrome OS Latest version of Windows offer the following features: Uses tiles to access apps Includes the desktop interface Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard Email app, calendar app, and browser (Edge) included Photos, files, and settings you can sync with One-Drive Enhanced security through an antivirus program, firewall, and automatic updates Windows Store offers additional applications for purchase - Macintosh OS(macOS)has earned a reputation for its ease of use - UNIX: multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s - Linux: popular multitasking UNIX-based OS - Chrome OS: Linux-based OS design to work with web apps Server OS: Windows Server macOS Server UNIX Linux Mobile OS - OS on mobile devices and many consumer electronics, resides on firmware ex. Android: open source, Linux-based mobile OS designed by Google for smartphones and tablets Apple iOS: A proprietary OS made specifically for Apple's devices Windows (Mobile Edition): A proprietary mobile operating system that runs on some smartphones, developed by Microsoft Continuation of Mod 9... Program/Software - a set of instructions, organized for a common purpose that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them Application - consists of programs for productivity purposes and/or to assist with personal tasks - extends the functionality of your OS Operating System(OS) - a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer or mobile device hardware: Tools and utilities System software The technologies that developers use to create apps often depends whether they will be installed on a user’s device or accessed via a network Native app Cloud app Web app Mobile web app - Programs and apps are distributed in a variety of forms ex. Shareware Software - copyrighted software, provides trial period but then requires money to continue using said software. Freeware - program available for free to use, has copyright Open-source software - program code is available for free without copyright - done for people to modify and make it better Retail software - mass-produced and copyrighted software that meets the needs of a wide variety of users Custom software - developed and written in-house to meet the needs of a unique individual or company. - software only exclusive to a client Public domain software - distributed for free without a copyright Productivity Applications - allows you to be more effective and efficient in doing daily activities at work, school, and home ex. Word processing software - create and manipulate documents, used for developing documents such as letters, memos, reports, mailing labels, and newsletters Presentation software - create visuals for presentations to communicate ideas, messages, and other information to a group Spreadsheet software - organize data in columns and rows and perform calculations on the data. Data is stored in a cell Database - collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data - Database software: to create, access, and manage a database Note taking software - enables users to enter typed text, handwritten comments, drawings, sketches, photos, and links anywhere on a page Calendar and contact management software - allows you to organize your calendar, keep track of contacts, and share this information with other users Project management software - allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project Accounting software - helps businesses of all sizes record and report their financial transactions Personal finance software - simplified accounting application that helps home users and small/home office users balance their checkbooks, pay bills, and anything that involves their personal money. Legal software - assists in the preparation of legal documents and provides legal information to individuals, families, and small businesses Tax preparation software - guide individuals, families, or small businesses through the process of filing federal and state taxes Document conversion software - saves documents created in any application into a common format that has the same appearance as the original document - essentially converts file formats(ex. DOCX to PDF) Other Productivity Applications: Support services Enterprise computing - A large organization, commonly referred to as an enterprise, requires special computing solutions because of its size and geographic distribution Software suite - collection of individual related applications available together Productivity application usage visualization: CREATE >> EDIT >> FORMAT >> SAVE >> DISTRIBUTE THE PROJECT - Graphics and Media Software Computer-aided design (CAD) software Desktop publishing software Paint/Image editing software Photo editing and photo management software Video and audio editing software Multimedia authoring software - text, graphics, audio, video, and animation combined in an interactive application Website authoring software - helps users create business websites for a variety of purposes Augmented reality app - info & digital content on top of irl objects or locations Virtual reality - immersive user experience Media player - allows users to view images, animations, and videos Security Tools Personal Firewall - detects and protects a personal computer and its data from unauthorized intrusions Antivirus program - protects a computer against viruses by identifying and removing any computer viruses in memory, storage, or in incoming files Spyware remover - detects and deletes spyware and similar programs Adware remover - detects and deletes adware File, Disk, and System Management Tools File manager - functions related to file management Search tool - can locate files, contacts, or any other items stored in your device Image viewer - allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file, such as a photo Uninstaller - allows removal of programs Disk cleanup - searches for and removes unnecessary files Disk defragmenter - reorganizes the files and unused space on a computer’s hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster Screen saver - displays a blank screen or moving image if the user is not inputting anything(inactive) File compression tool - shrinks the size of a file(s) PC maintenance tool - identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects and repairs drive problems, and includes the capability of improving a computer’s performance Backup tool - can copy or back up, selected files or the contents of an entire storage medium to another storage location Restore tool - returns backed up files to their original form power management tool - monitors a laptop or mobile device’s battery usage, showing apps that consume the most battery power, displaying battery usage Lecture: OS = Resource Allocator, Control Programs 3 components of OS - Kernel - Shell: provides interface - File n commands Command Line Interface(CLI) - used for administrator use, accepts text commands at a prompt, usually for immediate execution with immediate display of output Execution Process SJF Software Enterprise software - analyze buying patterns on their customers Website authoring software - create business websites Multimedia authoring software - Allows users to combine text, graphics, audio, video, and animation in an interactive application Media player software Augemented reality app - basically puts info and digital content on top of physical objects or locations AR vs VR AR basically uses real world to put info or digital content VR basically converts real world to a virtual one Communications applications - any app for communicating to individuals Personal firewall - security tool that detects and protects a PC and its data from unauthorized intrusions Antivirus program Spyware - type of malware that locates and saves data from users without your supervision Adware - basically software that displays advertisements unexpectedly Spyware remover Anti-spam program - Program that restricts access to certain materials on web Phishing filters - warns or blocks you from malicious websites Pop-ups and Pop-under blockers File manager - access, transmission, and other operations on your files in the computer uninstaller Disk cleanup - windows utility that removes unecessary files from the hard drive Disk Defrag(?)- tool that reorganizes file and unused space on a computer's hard disk Screen saver - essentially displays a blank screen or the wallpaper to save power File compression - backup tool power management tool - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Module 10: Network Communications Digital communications - a process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data, instructions, and information - Transmission media - Types of transmission: Duplex(Simplex), Half-Duplex, Full Duplex Network - collection of computers and devices connected together via communication devices and transmssion media - Advantages include: Facilitating communications Sharing data Sharing hardware and software Transferring Local area network(LAN) - network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area, ethernet Wireless LAN(WLAN) - LAN that uses no physical wires, utilizes wifi routers CAN(Campus area network) SAN(Storage area network) - high speed network that stores and provide access to large amounts of data Metropolitan area network(MAN) - multiple LAN in a metropolitan area, mainly utilizes fiber optic cables Wide area network(WAN) - covers a large geographic data(ex. internet) Personal area network(PAN) - allows connection of electronic devices close to the user - ex. hotspot Network architecture - basically how devices are connected P2P network - all computers have equal rights - all computers acts as a client and server Client server network - one computer acts as the server Communications software - consists of programs that basically allow devices to communicate with other devices which also allows the transfer of data between users Different communication standards: Ethernet LTE Bluetooth TCP/IP UWB Token Ring NFC Wi-Fi IrDA Network Communications Standards and Protocols Ethernet - network standard that specifies no central computer or device on the network(nodes) should control when data can be transmitted Token Ring - computers and devices on the network share or pass a special signal(token) TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - messages(data) are routed from one end of a network to another Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) - identify any network based on the 802.11 standard, which specifies how two wireless devices communicate LTE(Long Term Evolution) - network standard that defines how high-speed cellular transmissions use broadcast radio to transmit data for mobile communications Bluetooth - communication between two Bluetooth connected devices that use short-range radio waves to transmit data UWB(ultra-wideband) - network that allows two UWB devices to communicate at high speeds using short-range data IrDA(Infared Data Association) - utilizes infared to transfer data RFID(Radio frequency identification) - network uses radio waves to communicate with a tag attached or within an object NFC(Near Field Communication) - based on RFID, network uses close-range radio signals to communicate with devices with NFC technology. ex. Credit/Debit Cards, NFC tags Communication lines Cable: Broadband internet; 10Gbps(DOCSIS3.0); Hybrid(Star & Bus) DSL: Broadband internet; 100Mbps(VDSL); Star FTTP: Broadband internet; 10Gbps; P2P or Star T-Carrie: Dedicated digital circuit; T1=1.544Mbps, T3=44.736Mbps; P2P ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode): Network switching protocol; 25 Mbps - 622 Mbps; Mesh Speeds of Various Dedicated Digital Lines: Cable: 256 Kbps to 100 Mbps or higher DSL: 256 Kbps to 8.45 Mbps FTTP: 5 Mbps to 300 Mbps Fractional T1: 128 Kbps to 768 Kbps T1:1.544 Mbps T3:44.736 Mbps ATM: 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps, can reach 10 Gbps ADSL - type of DSL that supports faster downstream rates than upstream rates Communications Device - type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information between a sending device and a receiving device Broadband modem - sends and receives data to and from a digital line Wireless access point(WAP) - central communications device that allows computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly amongst themselves or to a wired network Router - connects multiple computers or other routers together and transmits data to its correct destination on a network Network card - enables a computer or device that has no network functionality to access a network Hub/Switch - devices that is a central point for cables in a network; connects several devices in a network together Home Networks - Many home users connect multiple computers and devices together in a home network Tranmission Media - carries one or more communications signals Broadband - can transmit multiple signals simultaneously Bandwith - amount of data that can travel over tranmission media Latency - time it takes the signal to travel from one location to another Physcial Transmission Media Types of Cable & LAN: Twisted-Pair Cable - consists of one or more twisted-pair wires, with each twisted pair color-coded for identification - 10Base-T to 1000Base-T = 10 Mbps to 1Gbps - Token Ring = 4 Mbps to 16 Mbps Coaxial Cable - data travels through copper wire - 10Base2(Thin Wire) = 10 Mbps - 10Base5(Thick Wire) = 10 Mbps Fiber-Optic Cable - hair-thin strands of glass or plastic that carry data as pulses of light - 10Base-F to 100 Base-FX = 10 to 100Mbps - FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface) token ring = 100 Mbps - Gigabit internet to 100-Gigabit Internet = 1 Gbps to 100 Gbps Wireless Transmission Media Infared Broadcast Radio Cellular Radio Microwave radio communications Broadcast radio - distributes radio signals through the air over long distances Cellular radio - broadcast radio but for mobile communications Microwave - radiowaves that provide a high speed signal transmission Comunnication satellite - space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based station, amplifies, and then broadcasts over a wide area GPS(Global positioning system) - navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver's location Internet - worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses, agencies, educational institutions, and individuals - Originated as ARPANET in Sept. 1969: - allow scientists at different physical locations to share info and work together - Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by a disaster - Connecting to the internet may vary, with wired devices, it is physicially attached to a communications device; devices without said device can use a wireless modem or other that can enable wireless connectivity. Wired: Cable DSL Fiber to the Premises(FTTP) Wireless: Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) Mobile broadband Fixed wireless Satellite Internet Service Hot spot - wireless network that provides internet to mobile computers and devices Internet Service provider(ISP) - business that provides individuals and orgs access to the internet for free or for a fee Bandwidth - measure of capability of a network to send and receive data - in MB or GB IP address - sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies the location of each device connected to the network Domain Name - text-based name that corresponds to the IP address of a server DNS server - translates domain name to associated IP address Popular Top-level domains:.biz.com.edu.gov.mil.museum.name.net.org.pro.technology.travel World Wide Web(WWW) - web, consists of worldwide collection of electronic documents(webpages) Website - collection of webpages Web server - delivers requested webpages to your computer or mobile device HTML(Hypertext Markup Language) - set of symbols devs use to specify the headings, paragraphs, images, links and other content elements that a webpage contains. - essentially language of the web, alongside CSS(Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript Browser - application that, with Internet access, allows users to access and view webpages - mobile devices have mobile browsers Home page - first page that a website displays - Current browsers support tabbed browsing URL/Web address - a website's unique address Web app - app stored in a web server that you access through a browser Web search engine - software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, and other info related to a specific topic that you searched - Subject directory: webpages organized set of categories and related subcategories Operators Space or +: display search results that include specific words OR: display search results that include only one word from a list (): Combines search results that include specific words with those that include only one word from a list Web publishing - creation and maintenance of websites Multimedia - any application that combines text with media Graphic - visual representation of nontext information Infographic - visual representation of data and information which is designed to communicate quickly Animation - appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence Audio - music, speech, or any other sound - listened to a media player Virtual reality(VR) - use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a 3D space Plug-in/Add-on - program that extends the capability of a browser Email - transmission of messages and files via a computer network Email program - allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and delete email Email list - group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message Internet messaging - can occur in real time, notifies you when one or more of your established contacts are online and can exchange messages or files with them in a group chat or private message Chat - real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile device with many other online users Chat room - web or app that permits chatting with others who are online at the same time Online discussion - online area in which users have written discussions about a particular subject(ex. Forums) VoIP(Voice over IP) - enables users to speak to other users via Internet connection FTP(File Transfer Protocol) - internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading on the internet - FTP server: computer that allows users to upload and/or download files using FTP Netiquette - code of acceptable internet behaviour users should follow whilst on the Internet