Module 7: Inorganic and Organic Chemistry PDF - Pines City Colleges

Pines City Colleges GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT First Semester, A.Y. 2024-2025 Course Number: CHEM 101 Course Title: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Modular Learning Guide #7 Topic: COMPLEX FORMATIO...

Pines City Colleges GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT First Semester, A.Y. 2024-2025 Course Number: CHEM 101 Course Title: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Modular Learning Guide #7 Topic: COMPLEX FORMATION Expected Time of Completion: 3 hours A. Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss the composition of complex compounds and their formation 2. Identify the components of a complex ion formula B. Learning Content Overview MLG 7 one of the substances produced during a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions occur in order to form useful and stable substances. Recap/Review of the Past Lesson In the previous MLGs, topics about the classes of matter have been discussed. Elements, compounds and mixtures are important forms of matter and these substances help us in our day to day activities. These substances interact with each other to form other substances. Concepts What are Chemical Reactions? Chemical reaction is the process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products. A chemical equation (see an example below) consists of a list of reactants (the starting substances) on the left-hand side, an arrow symbol, and a list of products (substances formed in the chemical reaction) on the right-hand side. Combustion Reactions A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat. Combustion reactions must involve O2 as one reactant. The combustion of hydrogen gas produces water vapor. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) The products of the combustion of hydrocarbons are carbon dioxide and water. Many hydrocarbons are used as fuel because their combustion releases very large amounts of heat energy. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) 1|Page  Decomposition Reactions A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. The general form of a decomposition reaction is: AB → A + B Most decomposition reactions require an input of energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity. Binary compounds are compounds composed of just two elements. The simplest kind of decomposition reaction is when a binary compound decomposes into its elements. Mercury (II) oxide, a red solid, decomposes when heated to produce mercury and oxygen gas. 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g) A metal carbonate decomposes into a metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) Metal hydroxides decompose on heating to yield metal oxides and water. 2NaOH(s) → Na2O(s) + H2O(g) Neutralization (Acid-Base) Reactions A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water. Single-Replacement Reactions A single displacement reaction, also known replacement reaction, is a reaction in which one element replaces a similar element (metal replaces metal; nonmetal replaces nonmetal) in a compound. The general form of a single-replacement reaction is: A + BC → AC + B or Y + XZ → XY + Z Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) F₂+ 2NaBr ⇾ 2NaF + Br₂ Many metals react easily with acids, and, when they do so, one of the products of the reaction is hydrogen gas. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous zinc chloride and hydrogen. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 2|Page  Double-Replacement Reactions A double displacement reaction, also known as metathesis, is a reaction in which the positive and negative ions of two ionic compounds exchange places to form two new compounds. The general form of a double-replacement reaction is: AB + CD → AD + CB A precipitate forms in a double displacement reaction when the cations from one of the reactants combine with the anions from the other reactant to form an insoluble ionic compound. When aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate are mixed, the following reaction occurs. 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(aq) Reduction-Oxidation (RedOx) Reactions A redox reaction can be defined as a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between two reactants participating in it. This transfer of electrons can be identified by observing the changes in the oxidation states of the reacting species. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 H2+ Cl2 → 2HCl 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 CHEMICAL EQUATION Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions in which the reactants and the products are expressed in terms of their respective chemical formulae. Methods of Balancing Equations: 1. Inspection (Trial and Error) Method 2. Algebraic Method 3. Oxidation State Method 4. Ion-Electron Partial Method 3|Page  What is the meaning of Equilibrium? An equilibrium represents a state in a process when the observable properties such as color, tem- perature, pressure, concentration, etc. do not show any change. The word equilibrium means ‘balance’ which indicates that a chemical reaction represents a bal- ance between the reactants and products taking part in the reaction. The equilibrium state is also no- ticed in certain physical processes such as the melting point of ice at 0℃, both ice and water are pre- sent at equilibrium. In the case of physical processes such as the melting of solid, dissolution of salt in water etc., the equilibrium is called physical equilibrium while the equilibrium associated with chemical reaction is known as a chemical equilibrium. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chemical equilibrium refers to the state of a system in which the concentration of the reactants and the concentration of the products do not change with time and the system does not display any further change in properties. COORDINATION CHEMISTRY Coordination chemistry is the study of compounds formed between metal ions and other neutral or negatively charged molecules such as [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2ClNH3]2+ Cl22-. In this formula, [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2ClNH3]2+ is known as a metal complex, which is a charged species consisting of metal ion bonded to one or more groups of molecules. The bonded molecules are called ligands. COMPLEX FORMATION 4|Page  COMPONENTS OF COMPLEX IONS NOTE: Coordination number is also called ligancy. For the oxidation number (electric charge on the central metal atom), calculate using the charge of the complex and the charge of the ligands. [CuCl(NO2)(NH3)4]+ 1. Central ion = 2. Ligand/s = 3. Coordination sphere = 4. Coordination number = 5. Charge on complex = 6. Oxidation number = [Pt(C2O4)2(H2O)2]- 1. Central ion = 2. Ligand/s = 3. Coordination sphere = 4. Coordination number = 5. Charge on complex = 6. Oxidation number C. Learning Activities Search for 5 coordination complexes. Give the formula and the systematic name of the complex. D. Resources The following materials are worthy references for you to understand chemistry better: 1. Chemical Reactions https://byjus.com/chemistry/chemical-reactions/ 2. Chemical Equilibrium https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/courses/cem152/Chap15_2023.pdf 3. Complex Ion https://byjus.com/chemistry/complex- ion/#:~:text=How%20are%20complex%20ions%20formed,acts%20as%20a%20Lewis%20base. E. Assessment Prepare for a quiz next meeting. F. References Bettelheim, Frederick, William Brown, Mary Campbell, and Shawn Farrel. (2010). Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry (8th edition). U.S.A.: Thomson-Brooks/Cole Co. Stoker, H. Stephen. (2013). Exploring General, Organic & Biological Chemistry (6th edition). Singapore: Cengage Learning Co. 5|Page