Module 6 Option Strategies PDF

zerodha.com/varsity  TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Orientation 1 1.1 Setting the context 1 1.2 What should you know? 3 2 Bull Call Spread 6 2.1 Background...

zerodha.com/varsity  TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Orientation 1 1.1 Setting the context 1 1.2 What should you know? 3 2 Bull Call Spread 6 2.1 Background 6 2.2 Strategy notes 8 2.3 Strike selection 14 3 Bull Put spread 22 3.1 Why Bull Put Spread? 22 3.2 Strategy notes 23 3.3 Other strike combinations 28 4 Call ratio back spread 32 4.1 Background 32 4.2 Strategy notes 33 4.3 Strategy generalization 38 4.4 Welcome back the Greeks 39 5 Bear call ladder 46 5.1 Background 46 5.2 Strategy notes 46 5.3 Strategy generalization 52 5.4 Effect of Greeks 54 6 Synthetic long & arbitrage 57 6.1 Background 57 zerodha.com/varsity 6.2 Strategy notes 58 6.3 The Fish market Arbitrage 62 6.4 The options arbitrage 65 7 Bear put spread 70 7.1 Spreads versus naked positions 70 7.2 Strategy notes 71 7.3 Strategy critical levels 75 7.4 Quick notes on Delta 76 7.5 Strike selection and effect of volatility 78 8 Bear call spread 83 8.1 Choosing Calls over Puts 83 8.2 Strategy notes 84 8.3 Strategy generalization 88 8.4 Strike selection and impact of volatility 88 9 Put ratio back spread 94 9.1 Background 94 9.2 Strategy notes 95 9.3 Strategy generalization 99 9.4 Delta, strike selection, and effect of volatility 100 10 The long straddle 104 10.1 The directional dilemma 104 10.2 Long straddle 105 10.3 Volatility matters 109 10.4 What can go wrong with the straddle? 111 zerodha.com/varsity  11 The short straddle 113 11.1 Context 113 11.2 The short straddle 114 11.3 Case study 116 11.4 The Greeks 119 12 The long & short straddle 121 12.1 Background 121 12.2 Strategy notes 122 12..3 Delta and Vega 128 12.4 Short strangle 129 13 Max pain & PCR ratio 130 13.1 My experience with option theory 130 13.2 Max pain theory 130 13.3 Max pain calculation 132 13.4 A few modifications 137 13.5 The put call ratio 138 13.6 Final thoughts 140 zerodha.com/varsity  CHAPTER 1 Orientation 1.1 – Setting the context Before we start this module on Option Strategy, I would like to share with you a Behavioral Finance article I read couple of years ago. The article was titled “Why winning is addictive”. Here is the article, authored by B.Venkatesh (a regular columnist for HBL) – “To buy and bet on a lottery ticket – a game that you typically avoid because you understand the odds of winning the jackpot is really low. However, if you do win the ticket, you will be most likely tempted to buy a lottery ticket regularly thereafter! We exhibit similar behavior when it comes to our investments as well. What drives such behavior? As humans, our life is governed by anticipation. So, looking forward to winning a lottery is exciting and so is realizing that expectation. Research in neuroscience has however shown that anticipating a win is more exciting than actual winning! Nevertheless, once you experience the excitement of winning a lottery you feel the need to indulge. That is, your brain compels you to buy a lottery ticket, even though you are aware of the odds of winning the second one. This happens because we tend to use more of reflexive brain than reflective brain. The reflective brain performs calculation that helps you analyze and think. The reflexive brain helps you feel and is more intuitive. When you feel an urge to buy a lottery ticket, it is your reflexive brain that is pushing you to do so. Your reflective brain is likely to tell you that the odds of winning the jackpot for the second time are low! Now consider trading in equity options. You know that buying calls and puts has its risk, as options often expire worthless. Yet we may choose to buy them regularly, especially if we have already experienced large gains from such investments, for it is the reflexive brain in action. With trading options there is another factor at play. We know that zerodha.com/varsity 1 options carry the risk of losing capital when our view on the underlying stock or the index turns wrong. The fact that we can lose money makes our experience of winning against such odds even more exciting! This is not so much true of lottery because a lottery is a game of chance while investments, we believe, require some degree of skill” You maybe be wondering, why I chose to post the above article right at the beginning of this module. Well, this article echoes some of my own thoughts; in fact it goes a step further to put things in the behavioral finance context. From the many interactions that I’ve have had with both experienced and aspiring options traders, one point is quite common - most options traders treat options trading as a ‘hit or miss” kind of a trade. There is always a sense of amusement when one initiates an option trade, many don’t realize how fatal this naïve amusement can be. Traders buy options (month after month) with a hope they would double their investment. Trading options with such a mindset is a perfect recipe for a P&L disaster. The bottom line is this – if you aspire to trade options, you need to do it the right way and follow the right approach. Else you can be rest assured the gambling attitude will eventually consume your entire trading capital and you will end up having a short, self destructive option trading career. zerodha.com/varsity 2 I do have to mention this now - the common phrase that goes like this (w.r.t options) “limited risk, unlimited profit potential” is a silent P&L killer. Newbie traders are disillusioned by this ‘theoretically correct’ but practically disastrous fact and thereby end up blowing up their books, slowly and steadily. Hence I do believe that trading options blindly without a strategy is a “dangerous but irresistible pass time” (courtesy - Pink Floyd). I don’t intend to scare you with this note; I’m only trying to set the context here. With the previous module on Options Theory, I’m sure you would have realized that unlike other topics in the markets, the science involved in Options is heavy duty. It can be quite overwhelming, but you will have to trust me here – the only way to understand and master options trading is by structuring your learning path with a good judicious mix of theory and practice. In this module, I will attempt to give you a good overview of what you really need to know about some of the popular options strategies. Like always, I will try and stick to the practical aspect and ignore the unwanted (and confusing) theory part. zerodha.com/varsity 3 As far as I’m aware, there are close to 475 options strategies out there in the public domain and I’m sure at least another 100 odd strategies are hidden in the proprietary books of brokers, bankers, and traders. Given this should you know all these strategies put up in the public domain? Answer is a simple no. 1.2 – What should you know? You only need to know a handful of strategies but you need to know them really well. Once you know these strategies all you need to do is analyze the current state of markets (or the stock) and map it with the right option strategy from your strategy quiver. Keeping this in perspective we will discuss certain strategies. Bullish Strategies Bearish Spreads Neutral Strategies 1. Bull Call Spread 1. Bear Call Spread 1. Long & Short Straddles 2. Bull Put Spread 2. Bear Put Spread 2. Long & Short Strangles 3. Call Ratio Back Spread 3. Bull Put Ladder 3. Long & Short Iron 4. Bear Call Ladder 4. Put Ratio Back spread Condor 5. Call Butterfly 5. Strip 4. Long & Short Butterfly 6. Synthetic Call 6. Synthetic Put 5. Box 7. Straps Besides discussing the above strategies I also intend to discuss – 1. Max Pain for option writing – (some key observations and practical aspects) 2. Volatility Arbitrage employing Dynamic Delta hedging zerodha.com/varsity 4 The plan is to discuss one option strategy per chapter so that there is ample clarity about the strategy, without any mix up or confusion. This means to say we will have roughly about 20 chapters in this module, although I suppose each chapter would not be too lengthy. For each of the strategy I will discuss the background, implementation, payoff, breakeven, and perhaps the right strikes to use considering the time to expiry. I also intend to share a working excel model which would come handy if you intent to employ the strategy. Do note, while I will discuss all these strategies keeping the Nifty Index as reference, you can use the same for any stock options. Now here is the most important thing I want you to be aware of – do not expect a holy grail in this module. None of the strategies that we discuss here in the module is sure shot money making machine; in fact nothing is in the markets. The objective here in this module is to ensure that we discuss few basic but important strategies, if you deploy them right you can make money. Think about this way – if you have a nice car and drive it properly, you can use it to commute and ensure comfort of yourself and your family. However if you are rash with the car, then it can be dangerous to you and everyone else around you. Likewise these strategies make money if you use it right; if you don’t then they can create a hole in your P&L. My job here is to help you understand these strategies (help you learn how to drive the car) and I will also attempt to explain the best condition under which you can use these strategies. But making sure it works for you is in your control, this really depends on your discipline and reading of markets. Having said this, I’m reasonably certain your application of strategies will improve as and when you spend more ‘quality’ time in the markets. So starting from the next chapter we focus on the Bullish strategies with the ‘Bull Call Spread’ making its debut. Stay tuned. zerodha.com/varsity 5  CHAPTER 2 Bull Call Spread 2.1 – Background The spread strategies are some of the simplest option strategies that a trader can implement. Spreads are multi leg strategies involving 2 or more options. When I say multi leg strategies, it implies the strategy requires 2 or more option transactions. Spread strategy such as the ‘Bull Call Spread’ is best implemented when your outlook on the stock/index is ‘moderate’ and not really ‘aggressive’. For example the outlook on a particular stock could be ‘moderately bullish’ or ‘moderately bearish’. Some of the typical scenarios where your outlook can turn ‘moderately bullish’ are outlined as below – Fundamental perspective - Reliance Industries is expected to make its Q3 quarterly results announcement. From the management’s Q2 quarterly guidance you know that the Q3 results are expected to be better than both Q2 and Q3 of last year. However you do not know by how many basis points the results will be better. This is clearly the missing part of the puzzle. Given this you expect the stock price to react positively to the result announcement. However because the guidance was laid out in Q2 the market could have kind of factored in the news. This leads you to think that the stock can go up, but with a limited upside. Technical Perspective – The stock that you are tracking has been in the down trend for a while, so much so that it is at a 52 week low, testing the 200 day moving average, and also near a multi-year support. Given all this there is a high probability that the stock could stage a relief rally. However you are not completely bullish as whatever said and done the stock is still in a downtrend. zerodha.com/varsity 6 Quantitative Perspective – The stock is consistently trading between the 1st standard deviation both ways (+1 SD & -1 SD), exhibiting a consistent mean reverting behavior. However there has been a sudden decline in the stock price, so much so that the stock price is now at the 2nd standard deviation. There is no fundamental reason backing the stock price decline, hence there is a good chance that the stock price could revert to mean. This makes you bullish on the stock, but the fact that it there is a chance that it could spend more time near the 2nd SD before reverting to mean caps your bullish outlook on the stock. The point here is – your perspective could be developed from any theory (fundamental, technical, or quantitative) and you could find yourself in a ‘moderately bullish’ stance. In fact this is true for a ‘moderately bearish’ stance as well. In such a situation you can simply invoke a spread strategy wherein you can set up option positions in such a way that 1. You protect yourself on the downside (in case you are proved wrong) 2. The amount of profit that you make is also predefined (capped) 3. As a trade off (for capping your profits) you get to participate in the market for a lesser cost The 3rd point could be a little confusing at this stage; you will get clarity on it as we proceed. zerodha.com/varsity 7 2.2 – Strategy notes Amongst all the spread strategies, the bull call spread is one the most popular one. The strategy comes handy when you have a moderately bullish view on the stock/index. The bull call spread is a two leg spread strategy traditionally involving ATM and OTM options. However you can create the bull call spread using other strikes as well. To implement the bull call spread – 1. Buy 1 ATM call option (leg 1) 2. Sell 1 OTM call option (leg 2) When you do this ensure – 1. All strikes belong to the same underlying 2. Belong to the same expiry series zerodha.com/varsity 8  3. Each leg involves the same number of options For example – Date – 23rd November 2015 Outlook – Moderately bullish (expect the market to go higher but the expiry around the corner could limit the upside) Nifty Spot – 7846 ATM – 7800 CE, premium – Rs.79/- OTM – 7900 CE, premium – Rs.25/- Bull Call Spread, trade set up - 1. Buy 7800 CE by paying 79 towards the premium. Since money is going out of my account this is a debit transaction 2. Sell 7900 CE and receive 25 as premium. Since I receive money, this is a credit transaction 3. The net cash flow is the difference between the debit and credit i.e 79 – 25 = 54. Generally speaking in a bull call spread there is always a ‘net debit’, hence the bull call spread is also called referred to as a ‘debit bull spread’. After we initiate the trade, the market can move in any direction and expiry at any level. Therefore let us take up a few scenarios to get a sense of what would happen to the bull call spread for different levels of expiry. Scenario 1 - Market expires at 7700 (below the lower strike price i.e ATM option) The value of the call options would depend upon its intrinsic value. If you recall from the previous module, the intrinsic value of a call option upon expiry is – Max [0, Spot-Strike] In case of 7800 CE, the intrinsic value would be – zerodha.com/varsity 9 Max [0, 7700 – 7800] = Max [0, -100] =0 Since the 7800 (ATM) call option has 0 intrinsic value we would lose the entire premium paid i.e Rs.79/- The 7900 CE option also has 0 intrinsic value, but since we have sold/written this option we get to retain the premium of Rs.25. So our net payoff from this would be – -79 + 25 = 54 Do note, this is also the net debit of the overall strategy. Scenario 2 - Market expires at 7800 (at the lower strike price i.e the ATM option) I will skip the math here, but you need to know that both 7800 and 7900 would have 0 intrinsic value, therefore the net loss would be 54. Scenario 3 - Market expires at 7900 (at the higher strike price, i.e the OTM option) The intrinsic value of the 7800 CE would be – Max [0, Spot-Strike] = Max [0, 7900 – 7800] = 100 Since we are long on this option by paying a premium of 79, we would make a profit of – zerodha.com/varsity 10 100 -79 = 21 The intrinsic value of 7900 CE would be 0, therefore we get to retain the premium Rs.25/- Net profit would be 21 + 25 = 46 Scenario 4 - Market expires at 8000 (above the higher strike price, i.e the OTM option) Both the options would have a positive intrinsic value 7800 CE would have an intrinsic value of 200, and the 7900 CE would have an intrinsic value of 100. On the 7800 CE we would make 200 – 79 = 121 in profit And on the 7900 CE we would lose 100 – 25 = 75 The overall profit would be 121 – 75 = 46 To summarize – Market Expiry LS – IV HS – IV Net pay off 7700 0 0 (54) 7800 0 0 (54) 7900 100 0 +46 8000 200 100 +46 From this, 2 things should be clear to you – 1. Irrespective of the down move in the market, the loss is restricted to Rs.54, the maximum loss also happens to be the ‘net debit’ of the strategy zerodha.com/varsity 11  2. The maximum profit is capped to 46. This also happens to be the difference between the spread and strategy’s net debit We can define the ‘Spread’ as - Spread = Difference between the higher and lower strike price We can calculate the overall profitability of the strategy for any given expiry value. Here is screenshot of the calculations that I made on the excel sheet –  LS – IV - Lower Strike - Intrinsic value (7800 CE, ATM)  PP – Premium Paid  LS Payoff – Lower Strike Payoff  HS-IV – Higher strike - Intrinsic Value (7900 CE, OTM)  PR – Premium Received  HS Payoff – Higher Strike Payoff As you can notice, the loss is restricted to Rs.54, and the profit is capped to 46. Given this,we can generalize the Bull Call Spread to identify the Max loss and Max profit levels as - zerodha.com/varsity 12 Bull Call Spread Max loss = Net Debit of the Strategy Net Debit = Premium Paid for lower strike – Premium Received for higher strike Bull Call Spread Max Profit = Spread – Net Debit This is how the pay off diagram of the Bull Call Spread looks like – There are three important points to note from the payoff diagram – 1. The strategy makes a loss in Nifty expires below 7800. However the loss is restricted to Rs.54. 2. The breakeven point (where the strategy neither make a profit or loss) is achieved when the market expires at 7854 (7800 + 54). Therefore we can generalize the breakeven point for a bull call spread as Lower Strike + Net Debit 3. The strategy makes money if the market moves above 7854, however the maximum profit achievable is Rs.46 i.e the difference between the strikes minus the net debit a. 7900 – 7800 = 100 b. 100 – 54 = 46 I suppose at this stage you may be wondering why anyone would choose to implement a bull call spread versus buying a plain vanilla call option. Well, the main reason is the reduced strategy cost. zerodha.com/varsity 13 Do remember your outlook is ‘moderately bullish’. Given this buying an OTM option is ruled out. If you were to buy the ATM option you would have to pay Rs.79 as the option premium and if the market proves you wrong, you stand to lose Rs.79. However by implementing a bull call spread you reduce the overall cost to Rs.54 from Rs.79. As a tradeoff you also cap your upside. In my view this is a fair deal considering you are not aggressively bullish on the stock/index. 2.3 – Strike Selection How would you quantify moderately bullish/bearish? Would you consider a 5% move on Infosys as moderately bullish move, or should it be 10% and above? What about the index such as Bank Nifty and Nifty 50? What about mid caps stocks such as Yes Bank, Mindtree, Strides Arcolab etc? Well, clearly there is no one shoe fits all solution here. One can attempt to quantify the ‘moderate-ness’ of the move by evaluating the stock/index volatility. Based on volatility I have devised a few rules (works alright for me) you may want to improvise on it further - If the stock is highly volatile, then I would consider a move of 5- 8% as ‘moderate’. However if the stock is not very volatile I would consider sub 5% as ‘moderate’. For indices I would consider sub 5% as moderate. Now consider this - you have a ‘moderately bullish’ view on Nifty 50 (sub 5% move), given this which are the strikes to select for the bull call spread? Is the ATM + OTM combo the best possible spread? The answer to this depends on good old Theta! Here are a bunch of graphs that will help you identify the best possible strikes based on time to expiry. zerodha.com/varsity 14 Before understanding the graphs above a few things to note – 1. Nifty spot is assumed to be at 8000 2. Start of the series is defined as anytime during the first 15 days of the series 3. End of the series is defined as anytime during the last 15 days of the series 4. The bull call spread is optimized and the spread is created with 300 points difference The thought here is that the market will move up moderately by about 3.75% i.e from 8000 to 8300. So considering the move and the time to expiry, the graphs above suggest – 1. Graph 1 (top left) - You are at the start of the expiry series and you expect the move over the next 5 days, then a bull spread with far OTM is most profitable i.e 8600 (lower strike long) and 8900 (higher strike short) zerodha.com/varsity 15  2. Graph 2 (top right) - You are at the start of the expiry series and you expect the move over the next 15 days, then a bull spread with slightly OTM is most profitable i.e 8200 and 8500 3. Graph 3 (bottom left) - You are at the start of the expiry series and you expect the move in 25 days, then a bull spread with ATM is most profitable i.e 8000 and 8300. It is also interesting to note that the strikes above 8200 (OTM options) make a loss. 4. Graph 4 (bottom right) - You are at the start of the expiry series and you expect the move to occur by expiry, then a bull spread with ATM is most profitable i.e 8000 and 8300. Do note, the losses with OTM and far OTM options deepen. Here are another bunch of charts; the only difference is that for the same move (i.e 3.75%) these charts suggest the best possible strikes to select assuming you are in the 2nd half of the series. zerodha.com/varsity 16  1. Graph 1 (top left) – If you expect a moderate move during the 2nd half of the series, and you expect the move to happen within a day (or two) then the best strikes to opt are far OTM i.e 8600 (lower strike long) and 8900 (higher strike short) 2. Graph 2 (top right) - If you expect a moderate move during the 2nd half of the series, and you expect the move to happen over the next 5 days then the best strikes to opt are far OTM i.e 8600 (lower strike long) and 8900 (higher strike short). Do note, both Graph 1 and 2 are suggesting the same strikes, but the profitability of the strategy reduces, thanks to the effect of Theta! 3. Graph 3 (bottom right) - If you expect a moderate move during the 2nd half of the series, and you expect the move to happen over the next 10 days then the best strikes to opt are slightly OTM (1 strike away from ATM) 4. Graph 4 (bottom left) - If you expect a moderate move during the 2nd half of the series, and you expect the move to happen on expiry day, then the best strikes to opt are ATM i.e 8000 (lower strike, long) and 8300 (higher strike, short). Do note, far OTM options lose money even if the market moves up. 2.3 – Creating Spreads Here is something you should know, wider the spread, higher is the amount of money you can potentially make, but as a trade off the breakeven also increases. To illustrate – Today is 28th November, the first day of the December series. Nifty spot is at 7883, consider 3 different bull call spreads – Set 1 – Bull call spread with ITM and ATM strikes Lower Strike (ITM, Long) 7700 Higher Strike (ATM, short) 7800 Spread 7800 – 7700 = 100 Lower Strike Premium Paid 296 Higher Strike Premium Received 227 Net Debit 296 – 227 = 69 Max Loss (same as net debit) 69 Max Profit (Spread – Net Debit) 100 – 69 = 31 Breakeven 7700 + 69 = 7769 zerodha.com/varsity 17 Remarks Considering the outlook is moderately bullish, 7769 breakeven is easily achievable, however the max profit is 31, skewing the risk (69 pts) to reward (31 pts) ratio. Set 2 – Bull call spread with ATM and OTM strikes (classic combo) Lower Strike (ATM, Long) 7800 Higher Strike (ATM, short) 7900 Spread 7900 – 7800 = 100 Lower Strike Premium Paid 227 Higher Strike Premium Received 167 Net Debit 227 - 167 = 60 Max Loss (same as net debit) 60 Max Profit (Spread – Net Debit) 100 – 60 = 40 Breakeven 7800 + 60 = 7860 Remarks Risk reward is better, but the breakeven is higher Set 3 – Bull call spread with OTM and OTM strikes Lower Strike (ATM, Long) 7900 Higher Strike (ATM, short) 8000 Spread 8000 – 7900 = 100 Lower Strike Premium Paid 167 Higher Strike Premium Received 116 Net Debit 167 - 116 = 51 Max Loss (same as net debit) 51 Max Profit (Spread – Net Debit) 100 – 51 = 49 Breakeven 7900 + 51 = 7951 Remarks Risk reward is attractive, but the breakeven is higher So the point is that, the risk reward changes based on the strikes that you choose. However don’t just let the risk reward dictate the strikes that you choose. Do note you can create a bull call spread with 2 options, for example - buy 2 ATM options and sell 2 OTM options. Like other things in options trading, do consider the Greeks, Theta in particular! zerodha.com/varsity 18 I suppose this chapter has laid a foundation for understanding basic ‘spreads’. Going forward I will assume you are familiar with what a moderately bullish/bearish move would mean, hence I would probably start directly with the strategy notes. Key takeaways from this chapter 1. A moderate move would mean you expect a movement in the stock/index but the outlook is not too aggressive 2. One has to quantify ‘moderate’ by evaluating the volatility of the stock/index 3. Bull Call spread is a basic spread that you can set up when the outlook is moderately bullish 4. Classic bull call spread involves buying ATM option and selling OTM option – all belonging to same expiry, same underlying, and equal quantity 5. The theta plays an important role in strike selection 6. The risk reward gets skewed based on the strikes you choose Download the Bull Call Spread Excel sheet. zerodha.com/varsity 19  CHAPTER 3 Bull Put Spread 3.1 – Why Bull Put Spread? Similar to the Bull Call Spread, the Bull Put Spread is a two leg option strategy invoked when the view on the market is ‘moderately bullish’. The Bull Put Spread is similar to the Bull Call Spread in terms of the payoff structure; however there are a few differences in terms of strategy execution and strike selection. The bull put spread involves creating a spread by employing ‘Put options’ rather than ‘Call options’ (as is the case in bull call spread). You may have a fundamental question at this stage – when the payoffs from both Bull call spread and Bull Put spread are similar, why should one choose a certain strategy over the other? zerodha.com/varsity 20 Well, this really depends on how attractive the premiums are. While the Bull Call spread is executed for a debit, the bull put spread is executed for a credit. So if you are at a point in the market where – 1. The markets have declined considerably (therefore PUT premiums have swelled) 2. The volatility is on the higher side 3. There is plenty of time to expiry And you have a moderately bullish outlook looking ahead, then it makes sense to invoke a Bull Put Spread for a net credit as opposed to invoking a Bull Call Spread for a net debit. Personally I do prefer strategies which offer net credit rather than strategies which offer net debit. 3.2 – Strategy Notes The bull put spread is a two leg spread strategy traditionally involving ITM and OTM Put options. However you can create the spread using other strikes as well. To implement the bull put spread – 1. Buy 1 OTM Put option (leg 1) 2. Sell 1 ITM Put option (leg 2) When you do this ensure – 1. All strikes belong to the same underlying 2. Belong to the same expiry series 3. Each leg involves the same number of options For example – Date – 7th December 2015 Outlook – Moderately bullish (expect the market to go higher) Nifty Spot – 7805 Bull Put Spread, trade set up - zerodha.com/varsity 21  1. Buy 7700 PE by paying Rs.72/- as premium; do note this is an OTM option. Since money is going out of my account this is a debit transaction 2. Sell 7900 PE and receive Rs.163/- as premium, do note this is an ITM option. Since I receive money, this is a credit transaction 3. The net cash flow is the difference between the debit and credit i.e 163 – 72 = +91, since this is a positive cashflow, there is a net credit to my account. Generally speaking in a bull put spread there is always a ‘net credit’, hence the bull put spread is also called referred to as a ‘Credit spread’. After we initiate the trade, the market can move in any direction and expiry at any level. Therefore let us take up a few scenarios to get a sense of what would happen to the bull put spread for different levels of expiry. Scenario 1 - Market expires at 7600 (below the lower strike price i.e OTM option) The value of the Put options at expiry depends upon its intrinsic value. If you recall from the previous module, the intrinsic value of a put option upon expiry is – Max [Strike-Spot, o] In case of 7700 PE, the intrinsic value would be – Max [7700 - 7600 – 0] = Max [100, 0] = 100 Since we are long on the 7700 PE by paying a premium of Rs.72, we would make = Premium Paid – Intrinsic Value = 100 – 72 = 28 zerodha.com/varsity 22 Likewise, in case of the 7900 PE option it has an intrinsic value of 300, but since we have sold/written this option at Rs.163 Payoff from 7900 PE this would be – 163 - 300 = - 137 Overall strategy payoff would be – + 28 – 137 = - 109 Scenario 2 - Market expires at 7700 (at the lower strike price i.e the OTM option) The 7700 PE will not have any intrinsic value, hence we will lose all the premium that we have paid i.e Rs.72. The 7900 PE’s intrinsic value will be Rs.200. Net Payoff from the strategy would be – Premium received from selling 7900PE - Intrinsic value of 7900 PE – Premium lost on 7700 PE = 163 – 200 – 72 = - 109 Scenario 3 - Market expires at 7900 (at the higher strike price, i.e ITM option) The intrinsic value of both 7700 PE and 7900 PE would be 0, hence both the potions would expire worthless. Net Payoff from the strategy would be – zerodha.com/varsity 23 Premium received for 7900 PE - Premium Paid for 7700 PE = 163 – 72 = + 91 Scenario 4 - Market expires at 8000 (above the higher strike price, i.e the ITM option) Both the options i.e 7700 PE and 7900 PE would expire worthless, hence the total strategy payoff would be Premium received for 7900 PE - Premium Paid for 7700 PE = 163 – 72 = + 91 To summarize – Market Expiry 7700 PE (intrinsic value) 7900 PE (intrinsic value) Net pay off 7600 100 300 -109 7700 0 200 -109 7900 0 0 91 8000 0 0 91 From this analysis, 3 things should be clear to you – 1. The strategy is profitable as and when the market moves higher 2. Irrespective of the down move in the market, the loss is restricted to Rs.109, the maximum loss also happens to be the difference between “Spread and net credit’ of the strategy 3. The maximum profit is capped to 91. This also happens to be the net credit of the strategy. We can define the ‘Spread’ as - Spread = Difference between the higher and lower strike price zerodha.com/varsity 24 We can calculate the overall profitability of the strategy for any given expiry value. Here is screenshot of the calculations that I made on the excel sheet –  LS – IV --- Lower Strike - Intrinsic value (7700 PE, OTM)  PP --- Premium Paid  LS Payoff --- Lower Strike Payoff  HS-IV --- Higher strike - Intrinsic Value (7900 PE, ITM)  PR --- Premium Received  HS Payoff --- Higher Strike Payoff As you can notice, the loss is restricted to Rs.109, and the profit is capped to Rs.91. Given this, we can generalize the Bull Put Spread to identify the Max loss and Max profit levels as - Bull PUT Spread Max loss = Spread – Net Credit Net Credit = Premium Received for higher strike – Premium Paid for lower strike Bull Put Spread Max Profit = Net Credit This is how the pay off diagram of the Bull Put Spread looks like – zerodha.com/varsity 25 There are three important points to note from the payoff diagram – 1. The strategy makes a loss if Nifty expires below 7700. However the loss is restricted to Rs.109. 2. The breakeven point (where the strategy neither make a profit or loss) is achieved when the market expires at 7809. Therefore we can generalize the breakeven point for a Bull Put spread as Higher Strike - Net Credit 3. The strategy makes money if the market moves above 7809, however the maximum profit achievable is Rs.91 i.e the difference between the Premium Received for ITM PE and the Premium Paid for the OTM PE 1. Premium Paid for 7700 PE = 72 2. Premium Received for 7900 PE = 163 3. Net Credit = 163 – 72 = 91 3.3 – Other Strike combinations Remember the spread is defined as the difference between the two strike prices. The Bull Put Spread is always created with 1 OTM Put and 1 ITM Put option, however the strikes that you choose can be any OTM and any ITM strike. The further these strikes are the larger the spread, the larger the spread the larger is possible reward. Let us take some examples considering spot is at 7612 – zerodha.com/varsity 26 Bull Put spread with 7500 PE (OTM) and 7700 PE (ITM) Lower Strike (OTM, Long) 7500 Higher Strike (ITM, short) 7700 Spread 7700 – 7500 = 200 Lower Strike Premium Paid 62 Higher Strike Premium Received 137 Net Credit 137 – 62 = 75 Max Loss (Spread – Net Credit) 200 – 75 = 125 Max Profit (Net Credit) 75 Breakeven (Higher Strike – Net Credit) 7700 – 75 = 7625 Bull Put spread with 7400 PE (OTM) and 7800 PE (ITM) Lower Strike (OTM, Long) 7400 Higher Strike (ITM, short) 7800 Spread 7800 – 7400 = 400 Lower Strike Premium Paid 40 Higher Strike Premium Received 198 Net Credit 198 – 40 = 158 Max Loss (Spread – Net Credit) 400 – 158 = 242 Max Profit (Net Credit) 158 Breakeven (Higher Strike – Net Credit) 7800 – 158 = 7642 Bull Put spread with 7500 PE (OTM) and 7800 PE (ITM) Lower Strike (OTM, Long) 7500 Higher Strike (ITM, short) 7800 Spread 7800 – 7500 = 300 Lower Strike Premium Paid 62 Higher Strike Premium Received 198 Net Credit 198 – 62 = 136 Max Loss (Spread – Net Credit) 300 – 136 = 164 Max Profit (Net Credit) 136 Breakeven (Higher Strike – Net Credit) 7800 – 136 = 7664 zerodha.com/varsity 27 So the point here is that, you can create the spread with any combination of OTM and ITM option. However based on the strikes that you choose (and therefore the spread you create), the risk reward ratio changes. In general, if you have a high conviction on a ‘moderately bullish’ view then go ahead and create a larger spread; else stick to a smaller spread. Download the Bull Put Spread excel. Key takeaways from this chapter 1. The Bull Put Spread is an alternative to the Bull Call Spread. Its best executed when the outlook on the market is ‘moderately bullish’ 2. Bull Put Spread results in a net credit 3. The Bull Put Spread is best executed when the market has cracked, put premiums are high, the volatility is on the higher side, and you expect the market to hold up (without cracking further) 4. The Bull Put strategy involves simultaneously buying a OTM Put option and selling a ITM Put option 5. Maximum profit is limited to the extent of the net credit 6. Maximum loss is limited to the Spread minus Net credit 7. Breakeven is calculated as Higher Strike – Net Credit 8. One can create the spread by employing any OTM and ITM strikes 9. Higher the spread, higher the profit potential, and higher the breakeven point. zerodha.com/varsity 28  CHAPTER 4 Call Ratio Back Spread 4.1 – Background The Call Ratio Back Spread is an interesting options strategy. I call this interesting keeping in mind the simplicity of implementation and the kind of pay off it offers the trader. This should certainly have a spot in your strategy arsenal. The strategy is deployed when one is out rightly bullish on a stock (or index), unlike the bull call spread or bull put spread where one is moderately bullish. At a broad level this is what you will experience when you implement the Call Ratio Back Spread- 1. Unlimited profit if the market goes up 2. Limited profit if market goes down 3. A predefined loss if the market stay within a range In simpler words you can get to make money as long as the market moves in either direction. zerodha.com/varsity 29 Usually, the Call Ratio Back Spread is deployed for a ‘net credit’, meaning money flows into your account as soon as you execute Call Ratio Back Spread. The ‘net credit’ is what you make if the market goes down, as opposed to your expectation (i.e market going up). On the other hand if the market indeed goes up, then you stand to make an unlimited profit. I suppose this should also explain why the call ratio spread is better than buying a plain vanilla call option. So let’s go ahead and figure out how this works. 4.2 – Strategy Notes The Call Ratio Back Spread is a 3 leg option strategy as it involves buying two OTM call option and selling one ITM Call option. This is the classic 2:1 combo. In fact the call ratio back spread has to be executed in the 2:1 ratio meaning 2 options bought for every one option sold, or 4 options bought for every 2 option sold, so on and so forth. Let take an example - assume Nifty Spot is at 7743 and you expect Nifty to hit 8100 by the end of expiry. This is clearly a bullish outlook on the market. To implement the Call Ratio Back Spread - zerodha.com/varsity 30  1. Sell one lot of 7600 CE (ITM) 2. Buy two lots of 7800 CE (OTM) Make sure – 1. The Call options belong to the same expiry 2. Belongs to the same underlying 3. The ratio is maintained The trade set up looks like this – 1. 7600 CE, one lot short, the premium received for this is Rs.201/- 2. 7800 CE, two lots long, the premium paid is Rs.78/- per lot, so Rs.156/- for 2 lots 3. Net Cash flow is = Premium Received – Premium Paid i.e 201 – 156 = 45 (Net Credit) With these trades, the call ratio back spread is executed. Let us check what would happen to the overall cash flow of the strategies at different levels of expiry. Do note we need to evaluate the strategy payoff at various levels of expiry as the strategy payoff is quite versatile. Scenario 1 – Market expires at 7400 (below the lower strike price) We know the intrinsic value of a call option (upon expiry) is – Max [Spot – Strike, 0] The 7600 would have an intrinsic value of Max [7400 – 7600, 0] =0 Since we have sold this option, we get to retain the premium received i.e Rs.201 The intrinsic value of 7800 call option would also be zero; hence we lose the total premium paid i.e Rs.78 per lot or Rs.156 for two lots. Net cash flow would Premium Received – Premium paid zerodha.com/varsity 31 = 201 – 156 = 45 Scenario 2 – Market expires at 7600 (at the lower strike price) The intrinsic value of both the call options i.e 7600 and 7800 would be zero, hence both of them expire worthless. We get to retain the premium received i.e Rs.201 towards the 7600 CE however we lose Rs.156 on the 7800 CE resulting in a net payoff of Rs.45. Scenario 3 – Market expires at 7645 (at the lower strike price plus net credit) You must be wondering why I picked the 7645 level, well this is to showcase the fact that the strategy break even is at this level. The intrinsic value of 7600 CE would be – Max [Spot – Strike, 0] = [7645 – 7600, 0] = 45 Since, we have sold this option for 201 the net pay off from the option would be 201 – 45 = 156 On the other hand we have bought two 7800 CE by paying a premium of 156. Clearly the 7800 CE would expire worthless hence, we lose the entire premium. Net payoff would be – 156 – 156 zerodha.com/varsity 32 =0 So at 7645 the strategy neither makes money or loses any money for the trader, hence 7645 is treated as a breakeven point for this trade. Scenario 4 – Market expires at 7700 (half way between the lower and higher strike price) The 7600 CE would have an intrinsic value of 100, and the 7800 would have no intrinsic value. On the 7600 CE we get to retain 101, as we would lose 100 from the premium received of 201 i.e 201 – 100 = 101. We lose the entire premium of Rs.156 on the 7800 CE, hence the total payoff from the strategy would be = 101 – 156 = - 55 Scenario 5 – Market expires at 7800 (at the higher strike price) This is an interesting market expiry level, think about it – 1. At 7800 the 7600 CE would have an intrinsic value of 200, and hence we have to let go of the entire premium received i.e 201 2. At 7800, the 7800 CE would expire worthless hence we lose the entire premium paid for the 7800 CE i.e Rs.78 per lot, since we have 2 of these we lose Rs.156 So this is like a ‘double whammy’ point for the strategy! The net pay off for the strategy is – Premium Received for 7600 CE – Intrinsic value of 7600 CE – Premium Paid for 7800 CE = 201 – 200 - 156 zerodha.com/varsity 33 = -155 This also happens to be the maximum loss of this strategy. Scenario 6 – Market expires at 7955 (higher strike i.e 7800 + Max loss) I’ve deliberately selected this strike to showcase the fact that at 7955 the strategy breakeven! But we dealt with a breakeven earlier, you may ask? Well, this strategy has two breakeven points – one on the lower side (7645) and another one on the upper side i.e 7955. At 7955 the net payoff from the strategy is – Premium Received for 7600 CE – Intrinsic value of 7600 CE + (2* Intrinsic value of 7800 CE) – Premium Paid for 7800 CE = 201 – 355 + (2*155) – 156 = 201 – 355 + 310 – 156 =0 Scenario 7 – Market expires at 8100 (higher than the higher strike price, your expected target) The 7600 CE will have an intrinsic value of 500, and the 7800 CE will have an intrinsic value of 300. The net payoff would be – Premium Received for 7600 CE – Intrinsic value of 7600 CE + (2* Intrinsic value of 7800 CE) – Premium Paid for 7800 CE = 201 – 500 + (2*300) – 156 = 201 – 500 + 600 -156 zerodha.com/varsity 34 = 145 Here are various other levels of expiry, and the eventual payoff from the strategy. Do note, as the market goes up, so does the profits, but when the market goes down, you still make some money, although limited. 4.3 – Strategy Generalization Going by the above discussed scenarios we can make few generalizations –  Spread = Higher Strike – Lower Strike  Net Credit = Premium Received for lower strike – 2*Premium of higher strike  Max Loss = Spread – Net Credit  Max Loss occurs at = Higher Strike  The payoff when market goes down = Net Credit  Lower Breakeven = Lower Strike + Net Credit  Upper Breakeven = Higher Strike + Max Loss Here is a graph that highlights all these important points – zerodha.com/varsity 35 Notice how the payoff remains flat even when the market goes down, the maximum loss at 7800, and the way the payoff takes off beyond 7955. 4.4 – Welcome back the Greeks I suppose you are familiar with these graphs by now. The following graphs show the profitability of the strategy considering the time to expiry and therefore these graphs help the trader select the right strikes. zerodha.com/varsity 36 Before understanding the graphs above, note the following – 1. Nifty spot is assumed to be at 8000 2. Start of the series is defined as anytime during the first 15 days of the series 3. End of the series is defined as anytime during the last 15 days of the series 4. The Call Ratio Back Spread is optimized and the spread is created with 300 points difference The thought here is that the market will move up by about 6.25% i.e from 8000 to 8500. So considering the move and the time to expiry, the graphs above suggest – 1. Graph 1 (top left) and Graph 2 (top right) - You are at the start of the expiry series and you expect the move over the next 5 days (and 15 days in case of Graph 2), then a Call Ratio Spread with 7800 CE (ITM) and 8100 CE (OTM) is the most profitable wherein you would sell 7800 CE and buy 2 8100 CE. Do note - even though zerodha.com/varsity 37  you would be right on the direction of movement, selecting other far OTM strikes call options tend to lose money 2. Graph 3 (bottom left) and Graph 4 (bottom right) - You are at the start of the expiry series and you expect the move in 25 days (and expiry day in case of Graph 3), then a Call Ratio Spread with 7800 CE (ITM) and 8100 CE (OTM) is the most profitable wherein you would sell 7800 CE and buy 2 8100 CE. You must be wondering that the selection of strikes is same irrespective of time to expiry. Well yes, in fact this is the point – Call ratio back spread works best when you sell slightly ITM option and buy slightly OTM option when there is ample time to expiry. In fact all other combinations lose money, especially the ones with far OTM options and especially when you expect the target to be achieved closer to the expiry. Here are another bunch of charts; the only difference is that the move (i.e 6.25%) occurs during the 2nd half of the series - zerodha.com/varsity 38  1. Graph 1 (top left) & Graph 2 (top right) – If you expect the move during the 2nd half of the series, and you expect the move to happen within a day (or within 5 days, graph 2) then the best strikes to opt are deep ITM and slightly ITM i.e 7600 (lower strike short) and 7900 (higher strike long). Do note, this is not the classic combo of an ITM + OTM spread, instead this is an ITM and ITM spread! In fact all other combinations don’t work. 2. Graph 3 (bottom right) & Graph 4 (bottom left) - If you expect the move during the 2nd half of the series, and you expect the move to happen within 10 days (or on expiry day, graph 4) then the best strikes to opt are deep ITM and slightly ITM i.e 7600 (lower strike short) and 7900 (higher strike long). This is similar to what graph 1 and graph 2 suggest. Again, the point to note here is besides getting the direction right, the strike selection is the key to the profitability of this strategy. One needs to be diligent enough to map the time to expiry to the right strike to make sure that the strategy works in your favor. What about the effect of volatility on this strategy? Well, volatility plays a key role here, have a look at the image below – zerodha.com/varsity 39 There are three colored lines depicting the change of “net premium” aka the strategy payoff versus change in volatility. These lines help us understand the effect of increase in volatility on the strategy keeping time to expiry in perspective. 1. Blue Line – This line suggests that an increase in volatility when there is ample time to expiry (30 days) is beneficial for the Call ratio back spread. As we can see the strategy payoff increases from -67 to +43 when the volatility increase from 15% to 30%. Clearly this means that when there is ample time to expiry, besides being right on the direction of stock/index you also need to have a view on volatility. For this reason, even though I’m bullish on the stock, I would be a bit hesitant to deploy this strategy at the start of the series if the volatility is on the higher side (say more than double of the usual volatility reading) 2. Green line - This line suggests that an increase in volatility when there are about 15 days time to expiry is beneficial, although not as much as in the previous case. As we can see the strategy payoff increases from -77 to -47 when the volatility increase from 15% to 30%. 3. Red line – This is an interesting, counter intuitive outcome. When there are very few days to expiry, increase in volatility has a negative impact on the strategy! Think about it, increase in volatility when there are few days to expiry enhances the possibility of the option to expiry OTM, hence the premium decreases. So, if you are bullish on a stock / index with few days to expiry, and you also expect the volatility to increase during this period then thread cautiously. Download the Call Ratio Back spread Excelsheet. Key takeaways from this chapter 1. The Call Ratio Backspread is best executed when your outlook on the stock/index is bullish 2. The strategy requires you to sell 1 ITM CE and buy 2 OTM CE, and this is to be executed in the same ratio i.e for every 1 sold option, 2 options have to be purchased 3. The strategy is usually executed for a ‘net Credit’ 4. The strategy makes limited money if the stock price goes down, and unlimited profit if the stock price goes up. The loss is pre defined 5. There are two break even points – lower breakeven and upper breakeven points zerodha.com/varsity 40 6. Spread = Higher Strike – Lower Strike 7. Net Credit = Premium Received for lower strike – 2*Premium of higher strike 8. Max Loss = Spread – Net Credit 9. Max Loss occurs at = Higher Strike 10. The payoff when market goes down = Net Credit 11. Lower Breakeven = Lower Strike + Net Credit 12. Upper Breakeven = Higher Strike + Max Loss 13. Irrespective of the time to expiry opt for slightly ITM + Slightly OTM combination of strikes 14. Increase in volatility is good for this strategy when there is more time to expiry, but when there is less time to expiry, increase in volatility is not really good for this strategy. zerodha.com/varsity 41  zerodha.com/varsity 42  CHAPTER 5 Bear Call Ladder 5.1 – Background The ‘Bear’ in the “Bear Call Ladder” should not deceive you to believe that this is a bearish strategy. The Bear Call Ladder is an improvisation over the Call ratio back spread; this clearly means you implement this strategy when you are out rightly bullish on the stock/index. In a Bear Call Ladder, the cost of purchasing call options is financed by selling an ‘in the money’ call option. Further, the Bear Call Ladder is also usually setup for a ‘net credit’, where the cash flow is invariably better than the cash flow of the call ratio back spread. However, do note that both these strategies showcase similar payoff structures but differ slightly in terms of the risk structure. 5.2 – Strategy Notes The Bear Call Ladder is a 3 leg option strategy, usually setup for a “net credit”, and it involves – 1. Selling 1 ITM call option 2. Buying 1 ATM call option 3. Buying 1 OTM call option This is the classic Bear Call Ladder setup, executed in a 1:1:1 combination. The bear Call Ladder has to be executed in the 1:1:1 ratio meaning for every 1 ITM Call option sold, 1 ATM and 1 OTM Call option has to be bought. Other combination like 2:2:2 or 3:3:3 (so on and so forth) is possible. Let’s take an example - assume Nifty Spot is at 7790 and you expect Nifty to hit 8100 by the end of expiry. This is clearly a bullish outlook on the market. To implement the Bear Call Ladder - zerodha.com/varsity 43  1. Sell 1 ITM Call option 2. Buy 1 ATM Call option 3. Buy 1 OTM Call option Make sure – 1. The Call options belong to the same expiry 2. Belongs to the same underlying 3. The ratio is maintained The trade set up looks like this – 1. 7600 CE, one lot short, the premium received for this is Rs.247/- 2. 7800 CE, one lot long, the premium paid for this option is Rs.117/- 3. 7900 CE, one lot long, the premium paid for this option is Rs.70/- 4. The net credit would be 247-117-70 = 60 With these trades, the bear call ladder is executed. Let us check what would happen to the overall cash flow of the strategies at different levels of expiry. Do note we need to evaluate the strategy payoff at various levels of expiry as the strategy payoff is quite versatile. Scenario 1 – Market expires at 7600 (below the lower strike price) We know the intrinsic value of a call option (upon expiry) is – Max [Spot – Strike, 0] The 7600 would have an intrinsic value of Max [7600 – 7600, 0] =0 Since we have sold this option, we get to retain the premium received i.e Rs.247/- Likewise the intrinsic value of 7800 CE and 7900 CE would also be zero; hence we lose the premium paid i.e Rs.117 and Rs.70 respectively. zerodha.com/varsity 44 Net cash flow would Premium Received – Premium paid = 247 – 117 - 70 = 60 Scenario 2 – Market expires at 7660 (lower strike + net premium received) The 7600 CE would have an intrinsic value of – Max [Spot – Strike, 0] The 7600 would have an intrinsic value of Max [7660 – 7600, 0] = 60 Since the 7600 CE is short, we will lose 60 from 247 and retain the balance = 247 – 60 = 187 The 7800 and 7900 CE would expire worthless, hence we lose the premium paid i.e 117 and 70 respectively. The total strategy payoff would be - = 187 – 117 – 70 =0 Hence at 7660, the strategy would neither make money nor lose money. Hence this is considered a (lower) breakeven point. Scenario 3 – Market expires at 7700 (between the breakeven point and middle strike i.e 7660 and 7800) The intrinsic value of 7600 CE would be – zerodha.com/varsity 45 Max [Spot – Strike, 0] = [7700 – 7600, 0] = 100 Since, we have sold this option for 247 the net pay off from the option would be 247 – 100 = 147 On the other hand we have bought 7800 CE and 7900 CE, both of which would expire worthless, hence we lose the premium paid for these options i.e 117 and 70 respectively - Net payoff from the strategy would be – 147 – 117 – 70 = - 40 Scenario 4 – Market expires at 7800 (at the middle strike price) Pay attention here, as this is where the tragedy strikes! The 7600 CE would have an intrinsic value of 200, considering we have written this option for a premium of Rs.247, we stand to lose the intrinsic value which is Rs.200. Hence on the 7600 CE, we lose 200 and retain - 247 – 200 = 47/- Both 7800 CE and 7900 CE would expire worthless, hence the premium that we paid goes waste, i.e 117 and 70 respectively. Hence our total payoff would be – 47 – 117 – 70 = -140 zerodha.com/varsity 46 Scenario 5 – Market expires at 7900 (at the higher strike price) Pay attention again, tragedy strikes again The 7600 CE would have an intrinsic value of 300, considering we have written this option for a premium of Rs.247, we stand to lose all the premium value plus more. Hence on the 7600 CE, we lose - 247 - 300 = -53 Both 7800 CE would have an intrinsic value of 100, considering we have paid a premium of Rs.117, the pay off for this option would be - 100 – 117 = - 17 Finally 7900 CE would expire worthless, hence the premium paid i.e 70 would go waste. The final strategy payoff would be – -53 – 17 – 70 = -140 Do note, the loss at both 7800 and 7900 is the same. Scenario 6 – Market expires at 8040 (sum of long strike minus short strike minus net premium) Similar to the call ratio back spread, the bear call ladder has two breakeven points i.e the upper and lower breakeven. We evaluated the lower breakeven earlier (scenario 2), and this is the upper breakeven point. The upper breakeven is estimated as – (7900 + 7800) – 7600 – 60 = 15700 – 7600 - 60 zerodha.com/varsity 47 = 8100 – 60 = 8040 Do note, both 7900 and 7800 are strikes we are long on, and 7600 is the strike we are short on. 60 is the net credit. So at 8040, all the call options would have an intrinsic value – 7600 CE would have an intrinsic value of 8040 – 7600 = 440, since we are short on this at 247, we stand to lose 247 - 440 = -193. 7800 CE would have an intrinsic value of 8040 – 7800 = 240, since we are long on this at 117, we make 240 – 117 = +123 7900 CE would have an intrinsic value of 8040 – 7900 = 140, since we are long on this at 70, we make 140 – 70 = +70 Hence the total payoff from the Bear Call Ladder would be – -193 + 123 + 70 =0 Hence at 8040, the strategy would neither make money nor lose money. Hence this is considered a (upper) breakeven point. Do note, at 7800 and 7900 the strategy was making a loss and at 8040 the strategy broke even. This should give you a sense that beyond 8040, the strategy would make money. Lets just validate this with another scenario. Scenario 7 – Market expires at 8300 At 8300 all the call options would have an intrinsic value. 7600 CE would have an intrinsic value of 8300 – 7600 = 700, since we are short on this at 247, we stand to lose 247 - 700 = -453. zerodha.com/varsity 48 7800 CE would have an intrinsic value of 8300 – 7800 = 500, since we are long on this at 117, we make 500 – 117 = +383 7900 CE would have an intrinsic value of 8300 – 7900 = 400, since we are long on this at 70, we make 400 - 70 = +330 Hence the total payoff from the Bear Call Ladder would be – -453 + 383 + 330 = 260 As you can imagine, the higher the market move, the higher is the profit potential. Here is a table that gives you the payoffs at various levels. Do notice, when the market goes below you stand to make a modest gain of 60 points, but when the market moves up the profits are uncapped. 5.3 – Strategy Generalization Going by the above discussed scenarios we can make few generalizations –  Spread = technically this is a ladder and not really a spread. However the 1st two option legs creates a classic “spread” wherein we sell ITM and buy ATM. Hence the spread could zerodha.com/varsity 49  be taken as the difference between the ITM and ITM options. In this case it would be 200 (7800 – 7600)  Net Credit = Premium Received from ITM CE – Premium paid to ATM & OTM CE  Max Loss = Spread (difference between the ITM and ITM options) – Net Credit  Max Loss occurs at = ATM and OTM Strike  The payoff when market goes down = Net Credit  Lower Breakeven = Lower Strike + Net Credit  Upper Breakeven = Sum of Long strike minus short strike minus net premium Here is a graph that highlights all these important points – Notice how the strategy makes a loss between 7660 and 8040, but ends up making a huge profit if the market moves past 8040. Even if the market goes down you still end up making a modest profit. But you are badly hit if the market does not move at all. Given this characteristics of the Bear Call Ladder, I would suggest you implement the strategy only when you are absolutely sure that the market will move, irrespective of the direction. From my experience, I believe this strategy is best executed on stocks (rather than index) when the quarterly results are due. zerodha.com/varsity 50 5.4 – Effect of Greeks The effect of Greeks on this strategy is very similar to the effect of Greeks on Call Ratio Back spread, especially the volatility bit. For your easy reference, I’m reproducing the discussion on volatility we had in the previous chapter. There are three colored lines depicting the change of “net premium” aka the strategy payoff versus change in volatility. These lines help us understand the effect of increase in volatility on the strategy keeping time to expiry in perspective. 1. Blue Line – This line suggests that an increase in volatility when there is ample time to expiry (30 days) is beneficial for the Bear Call Ladder spread. As we can see the strategy payoff increases from -67 to +43 when the volatility increase from 15% to 30%. Clearly this means that when there is ample time to expiry, besides being right on the direction of stock/index you also need to have a view on volatility. For this reason, even though I’m bullish on the stock, I would be a bit hesitant to deploy this strategy at the start of the zerodha.com/varsity 51  series if the volatility is on the higher side (say more than double of the usual volatility reading) 2. Green line - This line suggests that an increase in volatility when there are about 15 days time to expiry is beneficial, although not as much as in the previous case. As we can see the strategy payoff increases from -77 to -47 when the volatility increase from 15% to 30%. 3. Red line – This is an interesting, counter intuitive outcome. When there are very few days to expiry, increase in volatility has a negative impact on the strategy! Think about it, increase in volatility when there are few days to expiry enhances the possibility of the option to expiry OTM, hence the premium decreases. So, if you are bullish on a stock / index with few days to expiry, and you also expect the volatility to increase during this period then thread cautiously. Download the Bear Call Ladder excel. Key takeaways from this chapter 1. Bear Call Ladder is an improvisation over the Call Ratio Spread 2. Invariably the cost of executing a bear call ladder is better than the Call Ratio Spread, but the range above which the market has to move also becomes large 3. The Bear Call Ladder is executed by selling 1 ITM CE, buying 1 ATM CE, and 1 OTM CE 4. Net Credit = Premium Received from ITM CE – Premium paid to ATM & OTM CE 5. Max Loss = Spread (difference between the ITM and ITM options) – Net Credit 6. Max Loss occurs at = ATM and OTM Strike 7. The payoff when market goes down = Net Credit 8. Lower Breakeven = Lower Strike + Net Credit 9. Upper Breakeven = Sum of Long strike minus short strike minus net premium 10. Execute the strategy only when you are convinced that the market will move significantly higher. zerodha.com/varsity 52  CHAPTER 6 Synthetic Long & Arbitrage 6.1 – Background Imagine a situation where you would be required to simultaneously establish a long and short position on Nifty Futures, expiring in the same series. How would you do this and more importantly why would you do this? We will address both these questions in this chapter. To begin with let us understand how this can be done and later move ahead to understand why one would want to do this (if you are curious, arbitrage is the obvious answer). Options as you may have realized by now, are highly versatile derivative instruments; you can use these instruments to create any kind of payoff structure including that of the futures (both long and short futures payoff). In this chapter we will understand how we can artificially replicate a long futures pay off using options. However before we proceed, you may want to just review the long Future’s ‘linear’ payoff here Alternatively, here is a quick overview – zerodha.com/varsity 53 As you can see, the long futures position has been initiated at 2360, and at that point you neither make money nor lose money, hence the point at which you initiate the position becomes the breakeven point. You make a profit as the futures move higher than the breakeven point and you make a loss the lower the futures move below the breakeven point. The amount of profit you make for a 10 point up move is exactly the same as the amount of loss you’d make for a 10 point down move. Because of this linearity in payoff, the future is also called a linear instrument. The idea with a Synthetic Long is to build a similar long Future’s payoff using options. 6.2 – Strategy Notes Executing a Synthetic Long is fairly simple; all that one has to do is – 1. Buy the ATM Call Option 2. Sell the ATM Put Option When you do this, you need to make sure – 1. The options belong to the same underlying 2. Belongs to the same expiry zerodha.com/varsity 54 Let us take an example to understand this better. Assume Nifty is at 7389, which would make 7400 the ATM strike. Synthetic Long would require us to go long on 7400 CE, the premium for this is Rs.107 and we would short the 7400 PE at 80. The net cash outflow would be the difference between the two premiums i.e 107 – 80 = 27. Let us consider a few market expiry scenarios – Scenario 1 – Market expires at 7200 (below ATM) At 7200, the 7400 CE would expire worthless, hence we would lose the premium paid i.e Rs.107/-. However the 7400 PE would have an intrinsic value, which can be calculated as follows – Intrinsic value of Put Option = Max [Strike-Spot, 0] = Max [7400 – 7200, 0] =Max [200, 0] = 200. Clearly, since we are short on this option, we would lose money from the premium we have received. The loss would be – 80 – 200 = -120 Total payoff from the long Call and short Put position would be – = -107 – 120 = -227 Scenario 2 – Market expires at 7400 (At ATM) If the market expires exactly at 7400, both the options would expire worthless and hence – zerodha.com/varsity 55  1. We lose the premium paid for the 7400 CE option i.e 107 2. We get the retain the premium for the 7400 PE option i.e 80 3. Net payoff from both the positions would be -27e 80 – 107 Do note, 27 also happens to be the net cash outflow of the strategy, which is also the difference between the two premiums Scenario 3 – Market expires at 7427 (ATM + Difference between the two premiums) 7427 is an interesting level, this is the breakeven point for the strategy, where we neither make money nor lose money. 1. 7400 CE – the option is ITM and has an intrinsic value of 27. However we have paid 107 as premium hence we experience a total loss of 80 2. 7400 PE – the option would expire OTM, hence we get to retain the entire premium of 80. 3. On one hand we make 80 and the other we lose 80. Hence we neither make nor lose any money, making 7427 the breakeven point for this strategy. Scenario 4 – Market expires at 7600 (above ATM) At 7600, the 7400 CE would have an intrinsic value of 200, we would make - Intrinsic value – Premium = 200 – 107 = 93 The 7400 PE would expire worthless; hence we get to retain the entire premium of Rs.80. Total payoff from the strategy would be – = 93 + 80 = 173 zerodha.com/varsity 56 With the above 4 scenarios, we can conclude that the strategy makes money while the market moves higher and loses money while the market goes lower, similar to futures. However this still does not necessarily mean that the payoff is similar to that of futures. To establish that the synthetic long payoff behaves similar to futures, we need evaluate the payoff of the strategy with reference to the breakeven point; let’s say 200 point above and below the breakeven point. If the payoff is identical, then clearly there is linearity in the payoff, similar to futures. So let’s figure this out. We know the breakeven point for this is – ATM + difference between the premiums = 7400 + 27 = 7427 The payoff around this point should be symmetric. We will consider 7427 + 200 = 7627 and 7427-200 = 7227 for this. At 7627 – 1. The 7400 CE would have an intrinsic value of 227, hence we get to make 227 – 107 = 120 2. The 7400 PE would expire worthless, hence we get to keep the entire premium of 80 3. In all we experience a payoff of 120 + 80 = 200 At 7227 – 1. The 7400 CE would not have any intrinsic value, hence we lose the entire premium paid i.e 107 2. The 7400 PE would have an intrinsic value of 7400 – 7227 = 173, since we have received 80 as premium the net loss would be 80 – 173 = -93. 3. In all we experience a payoff of -93-107 = -200 Clearly, there is payoff symmetry around the breakeven, and for this reason, the Synthetic Long mimics the payoff of the long futures instrument. zerodha.com/varsity 57 Further, here is the payoff at various expiry levels – And when you plot the Net Payoff, we get the payoff structure which is similar to the long call futures. zerodha.com/varsity 58 Having figured out how to set up a Synthetic long, we need to figure out the typical circumstances under which setting up a synthetic long is required. 6.3 – The Fish market Arbitrage I’ll assume that you have a basic understanding on Arbitrage. In easy words, arbitrage is an opportunity to buy goods/asset in a cheaper market and sell the same in expensive markets and pocket the difference in prices. If executed well, arbitrage trades are almost risk free. Let me attempt to give you a simple example of an arbitrage opportunity. Assume you live by a coastal city with abundant supply of fresh sea fish, hence the rate at which fish is sold in your city is very low, let’s say Rs.100 per Kg. The neighboring city which is 125 kms away has a huge demand for the same fresh sea fish. However, in this neighboring city the same fish is sold at Rs.150 per Kg. Given this if you can manage to buy the fish from your city at Rs.100 and manage to sell the same in the neighboring city at Rs.150, then in process you clearly get to pocket the price differential i.e Rs.50. Maybe you will have to account for transportation and other logistics, and instead of Rs.50, you get to keep Rs.30/- per Kg. This is still a beautiful deal and this is a typical arbitrage in the fish market! zerodha.com/varsity 59 It looks perfect, think about it - if you can do this everyday i.e buy fish from your city at Rs.100 and sell in the neighboring city at Rs.150, adjust Rs.20 towards expenses then Rs.30 per KG is guaranteed risk free profit. This is indeed risk free, provides nothing changes. But if things change, so will your profitability, let me list few things that could change - 1. No Fish (opportunity risk) – Assume one day you go to the market to buy fish at Rs.100, and you realize there is no fish in the market. Then you have no opportunity to make Rs.30/-. 2. No Buyers (liquidity risk) – You buy the fish at Rs.100 and go to the neighboring town to sell the same at Rs.150, but you realize that there are no buyers. You are left holding a bag full of dead fish, literally worthless! 3. Bad bargaining (execution risk) – The entire arbitrage opportunity hinges upon the fact that you can ‘always’ bargain to buy at Rs.100 and sell at Rs.150. What if on a bad day you happen to buy at 110 and sell at 140? You still have to pay 20 for transport, this means instead of the regular 30 Rupees profit you get to make only 10 Rupees, and if this continues, then the arbitrage opportunity would become less attractive and you may not want to do this at all. zerodha.com/varsity 60  4. Transport becomes expensive (cost of transaction) – This is another crucial factor for the profitability of the arbitrage trade. Imagine if the cost of transportation increases from Rs.20 to Rs.30? Clearly the arbitrage opportunity starts looking less attractive as the cost of execution goes higher and higher. Cost of transaction is a critical factor that makes or breaks an arbitrage opportunity 5. Competition kicks in (who can drop lower?) – Given that the world is inherently competitive you are likely to attract some competition who would also like to make that risk free Rs.30. Now imagine this – a. So far you are the only one doing this trade i.e buy fish at Rs.100 and sell at Rs.150 b. Your friend notices you are making a risk free profit, and he now wants to copy you. You can’t really prevent his as this is a free market. c. Both of you buy at Rs.100, transport it at Rs.20, and attempt to sell it in the neighboring town d. A potential buyer walks in, sees there is a new seller, selling the same quality of fish. Who between the two of you is likely to sell the fish to the buyer? e. Clearly given the fish is of the same quality the buyer will buy it from the one selling the fish at a cheaper rate. Assume you want to acquire the client, and therefore drop the price to Rs.145/- f. Next day your friend also drops the price, and offers to sell fish at Rs.140 per KG, and therefore igniting a price war. In the whole process the price keeps dropping and the arbitrage opportunity just evaporates. g. How low can the price drop? Obviously it can drop to Rs.120 (cost of buying fish plus transport). Beyond 120, it does not makes sense to run the business h. Eventually in a perfectly competitive world, competition kicks in and arbitrage opportunity just ceases to exist. In this case, the cost of fish in neighboring town would drop to Rs.120 or a price point in that vicinity. I hope the above discussion gave you a quick overview on arbitrage. In fact we can define any arbitrage opportunity in terms of a simple mathematical expression, for example with respect to the fish example, here is the mathematical equation – [Cost of selling fish in town B - Cost of buying fish in town A] = 20 If there is an imbalance in the above equation, then we essentially have an arbitrage opportunity. In all types of markets - fish market, agri market, currency market, and zerodha.com/varsity 61 stock market such arbitrage opportunities exist and they are all governed by simple arithmetic equations. 6.4 – The Options arbitrage Arbitrage opportunities exist in almost every market, one needs to be a keen observer of the market to spot it and profit from it. Typically stock market based arbitrage opportunities allow you to lock in a certain profit (small but guaranteed) and carry this profit irrespective of which direction the market moves. For this reason arbitrage trades are quite a favorite with risk intolerant traders. I would like to discuss a simple arbitrage case here, the roots of which lie in the concept of ‘Put Call Parity’. I will skip discussing the Put Call Parity theory but would instead jump to illustrate one of its applications. However I’d suggest you watch this beautiful video from Khan Academy to understand the Put Call Parity – So based on Put Call Parity, here is an arbitrage equation – Long Synthetic long + Short Futures = 0 You can elaborate this to – Long ATM Call + Short ATM Put + Short Futures = 0 The equation states that the P&L upon expiry by virtue of holding a long synthetic long and short future should be zero. Why should this position result in a zero P&L, well the answer to this is attributable to the Put Call Parity. However, if the P&L is a non zero value, then we have an arbitrage opportunity. Here is an example that will help you understand this well. zerodha.com/varsity 62 On 21st Jan, Nifty spot was at 7304, and the Nifty Futures was trading at 7316. zerodha.com/varsity 63 The 7300 CE and PE (ATM options) were trading at 79.5 and 73.85 respectively. Do note, all the contracts belong to the January 2016 series. Going by the arbitrage equation stated above, if one were to execute the trade, the positions would be – 1. Long 7300 CE @ 79.5 2. Short 7300 PE @ 73.85 3. Short Nifty futures @ 7316 Do note, the first two positions together form a long synthetic long. Now as per the arbitrage equation, upon expiry the positions should result in a zero P&L. Let’s evaluate if this holds true. Scenario 1 – Expiry at 7200  The 7300 CE would expire worthless, hence we lose the premium paid i.e 79.5  The 7300 PE would have an intrinsic value of 100, but since we are short at 73.85, the net payoff would be 73.85 – 100 = -26.15 zerodha.com/varsity 64   We are short on futures at 7316, which would result in a profit of 116 points (7316 – 7200)  Net payoff would be -79.5 – 26.15 + 116 = +10.35 Clearly, instead of a 0 payoff, we are experiencing a positive non zero P&L. Scenario 2 – Expiry at 7300  The 7300 CE would expire worthless, hence we lose the premium paid i.e 79.5  The 7300 PE would expire worthless, hence we get to retain 73.85  We are short on futures at 7316, which would result in a profit of 16 points (7316 – 7300)  Net payoff would be -79.5 +73.85+16 = +10.35 Scenario 3 – Expiry at 7400  The 7300 CE would have an intrinsic value of 100, and therefore the payoff would be 100 – 79.5 = 20.5  The 7300 PE would expire worthless, hence we get to retain 73.85  We are short on futures at 7316, which would result in loss of 84 points (7316 – 7400)  Net payoff would be 20.5 + 73.85 - 84 = +10.35 You could test this across any expiry value (in other words the markets can move in any direction) but you are likely to pocket 10.35 points, upon expiry. I’d like to stress this again; this arbitrage lets you make 10.35, upon expiry. Here is the payoff structure at different expiry values – zerodha.com/varsity 65 Interesting isn’t it? But what’s the catch you may ask? Transaction charges! One has to account for the cost of execution of this trade and figure out if it still makes sense to take up the trade. Consider this –  Brokerage – if you are trading with a traditional broker, then you will be charged on a percentage basis which will eat away your profits. So on one hand you make 10 points, but you may end up paying 8 – 10 points as brokerage. However if you were to do this trade with a discount broker like Zerodha, your breakeven on this trade would be around 4-5 points. This should give you more reason to open your account with Zerodha  STT – Do remember the P&L is realised upon expiry; hence you would have to carry forward your positions to expiry. If you are long on an ITM option (which you will be) then upon expiry you will have to pay a hefty STT, which will further eat away your profits. Please do read this to know more.  Other applicable taxes – Besides you also have to account for service tax, stamp duty etc So considering these costs, the efforts to carry an arbitrage trade for 10 points may not make sense. But it certainly would, if the payoff was something better, maybe like 15 or zerodha.com/varsity 66 20 points. With 15 or 20 points you can even maneuver the STT trap by squaring off the positions just before expiry - although it will shave off a few points. Download the Synthetic long & Arbitrage excel. Key takeaways from this chapter 1. You can use options to replicate futures payoff 2. A synthetic long replicates the long futures payoff 3. Simultaneously buying ATM call and selling ATM Put creates a synthetic long 4. The breakeven point for the synthetic long is the ATM strike + net premium paid 5. An arbitrage opportunity is created when Synthetic long + short futures yields a positive non zero P&L upon expiry 6. Execute the arbitrage trade only if the P&L upon expiry makes sense after accounting for expenses. zerodha.com/varsity 67  zerodha.com/varsity 68  CHAPTER 7 Bear Put Spread 7.1 – Spreads versus naked positions Over the last five chapters we’ve discussed various multi leg bullish strategies. These strategies ranged to suit an assortment of market outlook - from an outrightly bullish market outlook to moderately bullish market outlook. Reading through the last 5 chapters you must have realised that most professional options traders prefer initiating a spread strategy versus taking on naked option positions. No doubt, spreads tend to shrink the overall profitability, but at the same time spreads give you a greater visibility on risk. Professional traders value ‘risk visibility’ more than the profits. In simple words, it’s a much better deal to take on smaller profits as long as you know what would be your maximum loss under worst case scenarios. Another interesting aspect of spreads is that invariably there is some sort of financing involved, wherein the purchase of an option is funded by the sale of another option. In fact, financing is one of the key aspects that differentiate a spread versus a normal naked directional position. Over the next few chapters we will discuss strategies which you can deploy when your outlook ranges from moderately bearish to out rightly bearish. The composition of these strategies is similar to the bullish strategies that we discussed earlier in the module. The first bearish strategy we will look into is the Bear Put Spread, which as you may have guessed is the equivalent of the Bull Call Spread. zerodha.com/varsity 69 7.2 – Strategy notes Similar to the Bull Call Spread, the Bear Put Spread is quite easy to implement. One would implement a bear put spread when the market outlook is moderately bearish, i.e you expect the market to go down in the near term while at the same time you don’t expect it to go down much. If I were to quantify ‘moderately bearish’, a 4-5% correction would be apt. By invoking a bear put spread one would make a modest gain if the markets correct (go down) as expected but on the other hand if the markets were to go up, the trader will end up with a limited loss. A conservative trader (read as risk averse trader) would implement Bear Put Spread strategy by simultaneously – 1. Buying an In the money Put option 2. Selling an Out of the Money Put option There is no compulsion that the Bear Put Spread has to be created with an ITM and OTM option. The Bear Put spread can be created employing any two put options. The choice of strike depends on the aggressiveness of the trade. However do note that both the options should belong to the same expiry and same underlying. To understand the zerodha.com/varsity 70 implementation better, let’s take up an example and see how the strategy behaves under different scenarios. As of today Nifty is at 7485, this would make 7600 PE In the money and 7400 PE Out of the money. The ‘Bear Put Spread’ would require one to sell 7400 PE, the premium received from the sale would partially finance the purchase of the 7600 PE. The premium paid (PP) for the 7600 PE is Rs.165, and the premium received (PR) for the 7400 PE is Rs.73/-. The net debit for this transaction would be – 73 – 165 = -92 To understand how the payoff of the strategy works under different expiry circumstances, we need to consider different scenarios. Please do bear in mind the payoff is upon expiry, which means to say that the trader is expected to hold these positions till expiry. Scenario 1 – Market expires at 7800 (above long put option i.e 7600) This is a case where the market has gone up as opposed to the expectation that it would go down. At 7800 both the put option i.e 7600 and 7400 would not have any intrinsic value, hence they would expire worthless.  The premium paid for 7600 PE i.e Rs.165 would go to 0, hence we retain nothing  The premium received for 7400 PE i.e Rs.73 would be retained entirely  Hence at 7800, we would lose Rs.165 on one hand but this would be partially offset by the premium received i.e Rs.73  The overall loss would be -165 + 73 = -92 Do note the ‘-ve’ sign associated with 165 indicates that this is a money outflow from the account, and the ‘+ve’ sign associated with 73 indicates that the money is received into the account. Also, the net loss of 92 is equivalent to the net debit of the strategy. Scenario 2 – Market expired at 7600 (at long put option) zerodha.com/varsity 71 In this scenario we assume the market expires at 7600, where we have purchased a Put option. But then, at 7600 both 7600 and 7400 PE would expire worthless (similar to scenario 1) resulting in a loss of -92. Scenario 3 – Market expires at 7508 (breakeven) 7508 is half way through 7600 and 7400, and as you may have guessed I’ve picked 7508 specifically to showcase that the strategy neither makes money nor loses any money at this specific point.  The 7600 PE would have an intrinsic value equivalent to Max [7600 -7508, 0], which is 92.  Since we have paid Rs.165 as premium for the 7600 PE, some of the premium paid would be recovered. That would be 165 – 92 = 73, which means to say the net loss on 7600 PE at this stage would be Rs.73 and not Rs.165  The 7400 PE would expire worthless, hence we get to retain the entire premium of Rs.73  So on hand we make 73 (7400 PE) and on the other we lose 73 (7600 PE) resulting in a no loss no profit situation Hence, 7508 would be the breakeven point for this strategy. Scenario 4 – Market expires at 7400 (at short put option) This is an interesting level, do recall when we initiated the position the spot was at 7485, and now the market has gone down as expected. At this point both the options would have interesting outcomes.  The 7600 PE would have an intrinsic value equivalent to Max [7600 -7400, 0], which is 200  We have paid a premium of Rs.165, which would be recovered from the intrinsic value of Rs.200, hence after compensating for the premium paid one would retain Rs.35/-  The 7400 PE would expire worthless, hence the entire premium of Rs.73 would be retained  The net profit at this level would be 35+73 = 108 zerodha.com/varsity 72 The net payoff from the strategy is in line with the overall expectation from the strategy i.e the trader gets to make a modest profit when the market goes down. Scenario 5 – Market expires at 7200 (below the short put option) This is again an interesting level as both the options would have an intrinsic value. Lets figure out how the numbers add up –  The 7600 PE would have an intrinsic value equivalent to Max [7600 -7200, 0], which is 400  We have paid a premium of Rs.165, which would be recovered from the intrinsic value of Rs.400, hence after compensating for the premium paid one would retain Rs.235/-  The 7400 PE would have an intrinsic value equivalent to Max [7400 -7200, 0], which is 200  We received a premium of Rs.73, however we will have to let go of the premium and bear a loss over and above 73. Th