Module 5 - Environmental Science PDF

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Understanding the Big Three: Limits, Tolerance, and Population JS GERMAN JR Today's Discussion Learning Outcomes Understand the connection among the law of limits, tolerance, and population dynamics Join in the awareness campaign locally and globally on the care of E...

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Understanding the Big Three: Limits, Tolerance, and Population JS GERMAN JR Today's Discussion Learning Outcomes Understand the connection among the law of limits, tolerance, and population dynamics Join in the awareness campaign locally and globally on the care of Earth, the common home of all species Initiate consumer’s awareness in avoidance of too much consumerism and waste of valuable resources Today's Discussion Topic Outline Introduction Limiting Factors vs. Law of Tolerance Population Structure and Spatial Distribution Reproductive Strategies and Limiting Factors Global Human Population Population Dynamics and Sustainable Goals Key Takeaways How many humans can the earth really support?  A limiting factor is anything that drives a Limiting Factors population's size and slows or stops it from and Law of growing Either biotic or abiotic Tolerance Usually expressed as a lack of a particular resource Carrying capacity is the maximum size of the population a habitat can support  Shelford's Law Limiting Factors The abundance or distribution of an and Law of organism can be controlled by certain factors Tolerance They can tolerate (or survive within) a certain range of a particular factor, but cannot survive if there is too much or too little of the factor  Population is a group of individuals of the Population same species that live together in a region Structure and Population dynamics refers to changes that are predicted to occur in the members Spatial of the population Can be measured in terms of size, age Distribution structure, and dispersion Natality, Mortality, Immigration, and Emmigration These are the factors affecting the population size. Natality refers to the number of individuals who are born alive Mortality refers to the number of individuals who die Immigration is the number of individuals that enters a population Emigration is the number of individuals that move out of a population Population growth rate refers to the amount by which a population’s size changes in a given time which may be computed as: (Birth rate + Immigration) – (Death rate + emigration) = growth rate Age Structure It refers to the number of percentage of males and females in young, middle, and older groups. Pre-reproductive (ages 0-14) – consisting of individuals normally too young to have children Reproductive (ages 15-44) – consisting of those normally able to have children Post-reproductive (ages 45 and older) – with individuals normally too old to have children The age-sex structure of a population is often shown as a population pyramid. There are specific shapes of pyramids that tend to be associated with growing, stable, and shrinking human populations Dispersion It describes the distribution of individuals within the population. Clumped - organisms are clustered for food, reproduction, and protection Uniform - organisms are more or less equally apart Random - organisms do not interact socially and has no predictable pattern  An exponential growth pattern (J curve) Population occurs in an ideal, unlimited environment A logistic growth pattern (S curve) occurs Growth Patterns when environmental pressures slow the rate of growth  Population density is the measure of how Population crowded the population is or the number of Density individuals in a given space For example, the 2019 population density in the Philippines is 363 people per sq km calculated on a total land area of 298,170 sq km Limiting Factors Limited factors can either be density-dependent or density-independent. Density dependent factors - the effect on each individual depends on the number of other individuals present in the same area Food, predation, disease, migration Density dependent factors - the effect on each individual does not depend on the number of other individuals present in the same area Natural catastrophes  r-selected Reproductive lives in unstable and unpredictable Strategies environments produces many offspring with short life- expectancy K-selected lives in more stable environments few but long-lived offspring  The structure and species composition of Ecological communities and ecosystems change in Succession response to changing environmental conditions through a process called ecological succession Global Human Population Environmental Problems Related to Population Growth Overpopulation – because of the sharp increase in the number of people in developing countries Overconsumption – because of high rates of resource use per person in developed countries; if this is wasteful and excessive, can intensify the environmental impact or ecological footprint Technological advances – have allowed humankind to overcome the environmental resistance that all populations face and to increase the earth’s carrying capacity to our advantage Population Dynamics and Sustainable Goals The population, consisting of people all over the world, is at the center of sustainable development Majority of the fastest-growing populations are dwelling in the poorest countries Population growth, in particular, places increasing pressures on the planet's resources, contributing to climate change and challenging environmental sustainability Societies should adapt demographic realities in anticipation of future trends as well as the incorporation of that information into government policies and planning  The global human population is putting too much pressure on syawaekaT yeK the world’s carrying capacity as well as challenging environmental and development policies in achieving sustainable development goals. There are environmental factors that would limit the size of a human population, which largely determines the world’s carrying capacity. Population, consisting of people from developed and developing countries is at the core of sustainable development. END OF DISCUSSION THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!