Module 5: Configuring Routing and Advanced Switching PDF

Module 5 Configuring Routing and Advanced Switching 1 Learning Objectives Compare and contrast routing concepts. Compare and contrast dynamic routing concepts. Install and troubleshoot routers. Explain tiered switching architecture. Explain virtual LANs....

Module 5 Configuring Routing and Advanced Switching 1 Learning Objectives Compare and contrast routing concepts. Compare and contrast dynamic routing concepts. Install and troubleshoot routers. Explain tiered switching architecture. Explain virtual LANs. 2 Lesson 5.1 Routing Technologies 3 Network Routing Routing is the process of determining the best path for data to travel across a network from a source to a destination. It involves selecting routes for data packets to move through interconnected networks, ensuring they reach the intended destination efficiently. Key Components of Routing: 1. Routers: Devices that perform routing by analyzing the destination IP address of data packets and forwarding them accordingly. 2. Routing Tables: Contain information about possible routes in a network and guide the decision-making process. 3. Protocols: Rules that routers follow to exchange and update routing information (e.g., OSPF, BGP, RIP). 4. Metric: A value used by routing protocols to determine the most efficient path (e.g., hop count, bandwidth, delay). 4 Routing Tables and Path Selection Information about the location of other IP networks and hosts is stored in the routing table. Each entry in the routing table represents an available path to a destination network or host. The following main parameters define a routing entry: Protocol—The source of the route. Paths can be configured statically or learned by exchanging information with other routers via a dynamic routing protocol. Destination—Routes can be defined to specific hosts but are more generally directed to network IDs. The most specific (longest) destination prefix will be selected as the forwarding path if there is more than one match. Interface—The local interface to use to forward a packet along the chosen route. This might be represented as the IP address of the interface or as a layer 2 interface ID. Gateway/next hop—The IP address of the next router along the path to the destination. 5 Routing Types Routing Static Default Dynamic Routing Routing Routing Distance Hybrid Link State vector 6  Routing Types A static route is manually added to the routing table and only changes if edited by the administrator. Field Value Description The network from which the Source Network 192.168.1.0/24 traffic originates. The network to which traffic is Destination Network 192.168.2.0/24 being routed. Subnet mask for the destination Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 network. The IP address of the next router Next-Hop Address 192.168.2.1 (gateway) responsible for forwarding traffic. The static route configuration Command ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 command. 7 Static and Default Routes Directly connected routes Routing Remote routes table Host routes entries Default route 8 Routing Table Example 9 Packet Forwarding Consult the Make a Receive the Examine Forward routing forwarding packet the packet the packet table decision 10 Hop Count 11  Router Configuration Router placement: Same subnet or IP network must not be separated by a router Different subnets or IP networks must be separated by a router 12 Routing Tools show route show arp route traceroute Displays Lists Shows IP Tracks a routing current ARP routing packet’s table table table of a path to entries host destination 13 Activity: Trivia What is the function What are directly of a routing table? connected routes? What is traceroute used for? 14 Lesson 5.2 Dynamic Routing Technologies 15 Static vs. Dynamic Routing Feature Static Routing Dynamic Routing Configuration Manually configured Automatically adjusts to network changes Flexibility Inflexible - Updates require Flexible - Adapts in real-time manual intervention Control Complete control over Less direct control over the routes routing paths that data takes Use Case Ideal for small, stable Ideal for larger, more complex networks where routes do networks with frequent changes not change often 16 Dynamic Routing Protocols Definition Dynamic routing protocols are algorithms that automatically update route information and adjust the paths between network nodes by distributing network topology information. Advantages Scalability, adaptivity to network changes, and reduced network administration overhead Considerations Requires more processing power and memory Proper configuration is critical for security and efficiency 17 RIP Protocol Definition A legacy dynamic routing protocol that finds the best path between the source and destination networks. Features Uses hop count as the metric for path selection 15 maximum allowed hops Considerations Not ideal for large networks because of the hop count limit Slow to converge in response to network changes 18 Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) Definition An advanced distance-vector protocol that is used on a computer network for automating routing decisions and configurations Features Uses metrics such as bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability for path selection Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 without needing separate configurations Considerations More complex to configure Cisco Systems proprietary protocol 19 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Definition A dynamic link-state protocol that efficiently exchanges routing information within an autonomous system using the Shortest Path First algorithm. Features Computes the shortest path first Supports complex network topologies Considerations Can be complex planning and configuration Requires more bandwidth than distance-vector protocols 20 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Definition Gateway protocol that enables the Internet to exchange routing information between autonomous systems. Features Scalable to the Internet’s size, handling thousands of routes Uses path vector protocol for establishing routing decisions Supports CIDR, allowing for efficient IP address management and route aggregation. 21  Activity: Fill in the Blank 1. ____________________ are algorithms that automatically update route information and adjust the paths between network nodes by distributing network topology information. 2. ____________________ is a protocol that enables the Internet to exchange routing information between autonomous systems. 3. ____________________ is a legacy dynamic routing protocol that finds the best path between the source and destination networks. 4. ____________________ is a dynamic link-state protocol that efficiently exchanges routing information within an autonomous system using the Shortest Path First algorithm. 22 Lesson 5.3 Network Address Translation 23 Network Address Translation (NAT) What it does Why it is needed Modifies the network Increases network security address information in by hiding internal IP packet headers while in addresses from external transit networks Enables multiple devices on a Conserves public IP local network to share a addresses single public IP address 24 Network Address Translation (NAT) 25 NAT Types Dynamic Static Maps internal addresses to Translates one internal IP a pool of external address to one external IP addresses dynamically address. Allows a larger number of Allows inbound devices to share the same connections initiated from external IP address outside the network. 26 Lesson 5.4 Firewalls 27 Firewall Types Unified Threat Hardware Software Cloud-based Management (UTM) Standalone appliances Operating system-based All-in-one Integrated Firewall as a security within routers service (FAAS) appliances Third-party Next- software- Generation based (NGFW) 28  Firewall The basic function of a firewall is traffic filtering. The firewall processes traffic according to rules; traffic that does not conform to a rule that allows it access is blocked. 29 Stateless vs. Stateful Stateless inspection Stateful inspection (Packet filtering) (Circuit Level Gateway) Filters based on IP addresses, Inspects packets and tracks the protocol, and port numbers state of active connections Acts at the network layer Acts at the session layer Suitable for smaller networks or Ideal for corporate networks where less complex security requirements it is critical to protect sensitive data 30 Lesson 5.6 Virtual LANS 31 Virtual LANs and Subnets 32 Virtual LANs and Subnets Creates separate networks within a single physical network infrastructure Simplified Segmentation Flexibility Administration Divides a network Users and Network into small, isolated devices are changes or segments grouped by moves can be Doesn’t require function, easily managed separate hardware department or without altering team physical setup 33 VLAN IDs and Membership VLAN IDs Each VLAN is assigned a unique ID Each device is a member of a VLAN Devices use VLAN IDs to manage traffic Inter-VLAN routing is needed for devices to communicate between VLANs 34 Tagged and Untagged Ports Port tagging: method of marking data packets with a VLAN ID Tagged ports: configured to receive and understand packets that have a VLAN identifier Untagged ports: set to receive data without a VLAN identifier 35 VLAN Types Management Default VLAN Native VLAN Voice VLAN VLAN VLAN with ID1 Receives all Handles VoIP Manages Should remain untagged system traffic network devices unused frames Ensures voice and services Change unused Separate Native communication Isolate from ports from ID1 and Default quality user data traffic VLANs Prioritizes Separate from Match Native voice traffic Default VLAN VLAN IDs on switches 36 Trunking and IEEE Trunking bundles physical links into one logical link 37  Trunking and IEEE On a large network, a single switch will not provide enough ports for all the hosts that need to be connected to the network. This means that multiple switches must be interconnected to build the network fabric. Multiple switches may also be deployed to provide redundant links. The interconnections between switches are referred to as trunks. One of the ports on each switch would be configured as a trunk port for this purpose. 38 VLAN Routing 39 Lesson 5.7 Routing and VLAN Troubleshooting 40 Routing Table Issues Suspect a routing issue if you ping a host’s default gateway but not some or all hosts on remote network. Review Examine Check Verify routing static and Use subnet connectivity table dynamic traceroute masks entries routes 41 Default Route and Routing Loop Issues Misconfigured default routes or distributing default routes to other routers can lead to routing loops. Review Identify Verify host Ping default Check router physical routing configuration gateway settings connections loops 42 VLAN Assignment Issues Devices on a VLAN need a matching IP configuration (address, subnet mask, gateway, DNS). Check Ping the Ping the Ping a physical loopback default remote host connectivity address gateway or server 43 Summary Routing Tables: Routers' internal maps guide data packets to their destinations Dynamic Routing: Protocols automate routing information exchange between routers NAT: Translates between private and public IP addresses for internet access VLANs: Create logical network segments within a physical network 44