Module 5 Nursing Pharmacology PDF

NURSING PHARMACOLOGY Common Respiratory Viruses VIRUS Influenza A A virus is an infectious microbe consisting of a Influenza B segment of...

NURSING PHARMACOLOGY Common Respiratory Viruses VIRUS Influenza A A virus is an infectious microbe consisting of a Influenza B segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) Respiratory syncytial virus surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone; instead, it enters a cell for it to carry on with SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF COMMON VIRUSES its metabolic processes. Respiratory Viruses Upon successful entry, viruses inject their DNA or Cough, Fever, Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, RNA into the cell and the cell is altered in such a Inflammation of the mucosa of the respiratory tract manner that it is now “programmed” to control the Herpes Virus metabolic processes that the virus needs to survive. Painful vesicles that often occur in clusters on skin, Because viruses are contained in the cells, cornea, or mucous membranes researchers find it difficult to develop vaccines. The usual course of primary disease is 2 weeks However, viruses respond to some antiviral therapy Duration of recurrences varies including influenza A viruses, herpes viruses, CMV, HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and some viruses that Cytomegalovirus (CMV) cause warts and eye infections. May be asymptomatic, Fatigue, Nausea, Jaundice If contracted during pregnancy, can result in stillbirth, STAGES OF VIRUS REPLICATION brain damage, or birth defects Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) & Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Attach helper T cells Acute infection: fever, rash, and myalgia Asymptomatic infection: follows acute infection; duration varies Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: adenopathy persists for more than 3 months Constitutional symptoms: fever lasting more than a month, involuntary weight loss, chronic fatigue Neurologic disease: dementia Secondary infections: Pneumocystis carinii and disseminated herpes simplex COMMON VIRUSES ANTIVIRAL THERAPY Characteristics of Common Viruses Antivirals are agents used to treat diseases caused Viral replication: A virus cannot replicate on its own by viruses such as warts and common colds. o It must attach to and enter a host cell Characteristics of Antiviral Drugs o It then uses the host cell’s energy to synthesize Able to enter the cells infected with a virus protein, DNA, and RNA Interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis and/or Viruses are difficult to kill because they live inside regulation our cells Some agents interfere with the ability of the virus o Any drug that kills a virus may also kill our cells to bind to cells Some agents stimulate the body’s immune system This document and the information thereon are the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing)  NURSING PHARMACOLOGY Viruses That Respond to Antiviral Therapy Influenza A and some respiratory viruses RETROVIRAL AGENTS Herpes viruses Drugs Used to Treat HIV/AIDS Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes o Delavirdine, Efavirenz, Nevirapine acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) o MOA: binds directly to HIV reverse Some viruses that cause warts and certain eye transcriptase, blocking both RNA- and DNA- infections dependent DNA polymerase activities o Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation NON-RETROVIRAL AGENTS o Adverse reactions: headache, nausea, Drugs for Influenza A & Respiratory Viruses vomiting, rash, chills, fever, and diarrhea MOA: Prevent shedding of the viral protein coat Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Drugs: Amantadine, Oseltamivir, Ribavirin, o Abacavir, Didanosine, Emtricitabine, Rimantadine, Zanamivir Lamivudine, Stavudine, Tenofovir, Zacitabine, Contraindications: allergy, pregnancy, and Zidovudine lactation o MOA: interferes with HIV replication by Adverse reactions: dizziness, insomnia, nausea, inhibiting cell protein synthesis orthostatic hypotension o Adverse reactions: HA, insomnia, dizziness, Drug-to-drug interactions: anticholinergic agents nausea, diarrhea, fever, and rash Protease Inhibitors Drugs for Herpes & Cytomegalovirus o Atazanavir, Fosamprenavir, Indinavir, MOA: inhibits viral DNA replication by competing Lopinavir, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, with viral substrates to form shorter, ineffective Tipranavir DNA chains Fusion Inhibitor Drugs: Acyclovir, Cidofovir, Famciclovir, o Enfuvirtide Foscarnet, Ganciclovir, Valacyclovir, o MOA: prevent the fusion of the virus with the Valganciclovir human cellular membrane Contraindications: pregnancy and lactation o Adverse reactions: HA, dizziness, myalgia, Adverse reactions: nausea, vomiting, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea rash, and hair loss o Drug-to-drug interactions: pimozide, rifampin, Drug-to drug-interactions: nephrotoxic drugs and triazolam, midazolam, and oral contraceptives zidovudine CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist / Entry Inhibitor o Maraviroc Integrase Inhibitor o Raltegravir This document and the information thereon are the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing)  NURSING PHARMACOLOGY HELMINTHS Disinfect the toilet seat daily Helminths are worm-like parasites that survive by Handwashing after using the bathroom feeding on a living host to gain nourishment and protection, sometimes resulting in illness of the host. ANTHELMINTHIC DRUGS Two Types of Helminths Commonly Infecting Humans 1. Nematodes or roundworms: Pinworms, Mebendazole (Vermox) whipworms, threadworms, Ascaris, and The most commonly used of all of the anthelmintic hookworms Effective against pinworms, roundworms, 2. Platyhelminthes or flatworms: Cestodes whipworms, and hookworms (tapeworms) and Trematodes/Flukes Available in the form of a chewable tablet (schistosomes) Few adverse effects Not metabolized in the body; most is excreted unchanged in the feces Tissue-Invading Worms Should not be used during pregnancy Trichinosis: Caused by ingestion of the encysted Given as a single dose larvae of the roundworm, Trichinella spiralis, in Not recommended for use during pregnancy and undercooked pork lactation Filariasis: Infection of the blood and tissues of Safety not established for children aged