Module 4 Lesson 1 Carbon PDF

1 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) TheLessonStructure:CellandMolecularBiology Module No. and Title Module4: Carbon LessonNo. and Title Lesson1.CarbonandtheMolecularDiversityofLife...

1 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) TheLessonStructure:CellandMolecularBiology Module No. and Title Module4: Carbon LessonNo. and Title Lesson1.CarbonandtheMolecularDiversityofLife Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:  Discussthatorganicchemistryisthekeytotheoriginoflife Module Learning Outcomes TimeFrame 6 hours Introduction WelcometoModule4Lesson 1! This lesson will focus on Carbon and the molecular diversity and complexity of life. Diversity and complexity of organic forms is due to the abilityof carbon for bonding with one another in various chain and ring structures and three-dimensional conformations as well as for linking with other atoms. Indeed, carbon’s compounds are so numerous, complex, and important that their study constitutes a specialized field of chemistry called organic chemistry! The activities will include viewing videos, reading, illustration,analysis and application and will take you 5-6 hours (2 meetings) to finish. Activity Activity1.Discussion 1. Explainhoworganiccompoundsare produced. 2. Listelementsfoundinorganiccompounds. 3. Recognizeorganiccompoundsinchemicalformulas:CH4,C2H6, and C3H8. Analysis Fillinthetable 1. Whatdo you think are the characteristics of the materials which give their uses? : Compounds Uses Compounds Uses Gasoline Primary fuels Ethanol It's Usually use of engine in in alcoholic cars drink Kerosene Fuel for jets Acetone Used in nail and airplanes polish removal, or heating it's likely a system solvent LPG (liquefied Use for Aceticacid Used in cooking petroleum gas) camping and food stove preservation 2. Why doyou thinkthesekindsoforganiccompoundsareveryimportant? Yes because they all served as a primary source of life and make our daily work easy. PreparedbyKJGumanaoandGgumanao 1 2 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) Abstraction OrganicChemistry Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions,and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Carbon is singled out because ithas a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Carbon Carbon © (Fig. 1), nonmetallic chemical element in Group 14 (IVa)of the periodic table. Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful—it makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth’s crust—yet it forms more compounds than all the otherelementscombined. Figure1.Carbon(Photosource:Britannica) Figure2.ElementpropertiesofCarbon(Photosource:Britannica) PreparedbyKJGumanaoandGgumanao 2  3 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) Forbetterunderstanding,watchthisvideo: Carbon-Allotropes,Structure,Bonding_2.ts Compounds Much of the diversity and complexity of organic forms is due to the capacityofcarbonatomsforbondingwithoneanother invariouschain and ring structures and three-dimensional conformations as well as for linking with other atoms. Indeed, carbon’s compounds are so numerous, complex, and important that their study constitutes a specialized field of chemistry called organicchemistry, which derives its name from the fact that in the 19th century most of the then-known carbon compounds were considered to have originated in living organisms. All organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain carbon, and all plant and animal cellsconsist of carbon compounds and their polymers. (Polymers are macromolecules consisting of many simple molecules bonded together in specificways.) With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and a few other elements, carbon forms compounds that make up about 18 percent of all the matter in living things. The processes by which organisms consume carbon and return it to their surroundings constitute the carbon cycle (Fig. 3). Figure3.CarbonCycleinGeneral(Photosource:Britannica) Carbondioxide Carbon is present as carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere at a concentration of about 0.04 percent by volume, an amount that is increasing.Carbondioxideisagreenhousegas,anditisdissolvedin PreparedbyKJGumanaoandGgumanao 3  4 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) all naturalwaters. Carbon occurs in the crust of Earth in the form of carbonates in such rocks as marble,limestone,and chalk and in hydrocarbons—the principal constituents of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Carbonate minerals areimportant sources of various metals, such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, copper, and lead. At ordinary temperatures, carbon is very nonreactive—it is difficult to oxidize—and it does not react with acids or alkalies. At high temperatures it combines with sulfur vapour to form carbon disulfide, with silicon and certain metals to form carbides, and with oxygen to form oxides, of which the most important are carbon monoxide, CO, and carbon dioxide, CO2. Becauseathightemperaturescarboncombinesreadilywithoxygen that is present in compounds with metals, large quantities of coke (an inexpensive form of carbon) are used in metallurgical processes to reduce (remove oxygen from) metal oxide ores, such as those of iron and zinc. A type of chemical reaction in which one substance (an oxidizing agent) accepts electronsfrom anothersubstance (a reducingagent) and is thereby reduced (while the reducing agent is oxidized) is frequently observed with carbon and its compounds. Figure 4.The Keeling Curve, named after American climate scientist Charles DavidKeeling,trackschangesintheconcentrationofcarbondioxide(CO2)inEarth's atmosphere at a research station on Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Despite small seasonal fluctuations in CO2concentration, the overall trend shows that CO2is increasing in the atmosphere (Photo source: Britannica). Carbonmonoxide Carbon monoxide (CO) is both more readily absorbed and more firmly bound to the hemoglobin of the blood than is oxygen and isthus, even in small concentrations, a dangerous asphyxiant. Carbon dioxide(CO2),however,isanasphyxiantofsignificanceonlyin PreparedbyKJGumanaoandGgumanao 4  5 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) relativelylargeconcentrations;insmallconcentrations,itstimulates breathing. Forbetterunderstanding,watchthisvideo: Carbon-Compounds,Allotropes,Uses.ts CarbonCycle Carbon cycle (Fig.5), in biology, circulation of carbon in various forms through nature. Carbon is a constituentof all organic compounds,manyofwhichare essentialtolifeonEarth.Thesource of the carbon found in living matter is carbon dioxide(CO2) in the air or dissolved in water. Algae and terrestrial green plants (producers) are the chief agents of carbon dioxide fixation through the process of photosynthesis, through which carbon dioxide and water are converted into simple carbohydrates. The stored products are then eaten by consumer organisms, from protozoans to man, which convert them into other forms. CO2is added directly to the atmosphere by animals and some other organisms as a by-product of respiration. Thecarbonpresentinanimalwastesandinthebodiesofallorganisms is released as CO2by decay, or decomposer, organisms (chiefly bacteria and fungi) in a series of microbial transformations. Part of the organic carbon—the remains of organisms—has accumulated in Earth’s crust as fossil fuels (e.g., coal, gas, and petroleum), limestone, and coral. The carbon of fossil fuels, removed from the cycle in prehistoric time, is now being released in vast amountsasCO2throughindustrialandagriculturalprocesses,muchof it quickly passing into the oceans and there being “fixed” as carbonates. If oxygen is scarce (as in sewage, marshes, and swamps), some carbon is released as methane gas. PreparedbyKJGumanaoandGgumanao 5  6 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) Figure 5. Carbon is transported in various forms through the atmosphere,thehydrosphere,andgeologicformations(Photosource: Britannica). Forbetterunderstanding,watch thisvideo: Carbon-Allotropes,Structure,Bonding.ts Application Answerthefollowing: 1. Why is Carbon considered as the foundation for makingorganic compounds? Carbon is considered the foundation for making organic compounds because of its unique ability to form strong bonds with other elements, 2. What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? Organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded together, while inorganic compounds are not combined with atoms or likely not bonded like organic compounds 3. Isthecompoundwater(H2O)anorganic compound?Explain Organic compounds are usually molecules made of carbon and are found in living things. Water, however, doesn’t have carbon, so it’s not considered organic. Instead, water is called an inorganic compound. 4. Given below are types of inorganic compounds (red box)andonetypeoforganiccompound(yellowcircle),explain what made the given compounds inorganic and organic?  Inorganic compounds are usually made of elements other than carbon or have simple structures, like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Water is also considered inorganic due to its simple makeup, but because of its essential role in life, it's often treated as a special case. PreparedbyKJGumanaoandGgumanao 6  7 ModuleinCellandMolecularBiology(BSMB1) Figure6.Typesoforganicandinorganiccompounds(Photosource:Texas A&M) Assessment FormativeAssessment(Seeanalysisandapplication) FormativeAssessment(PartofMidtermExam) Closure Congratulations to your great efforts!You have finished the activities and tasks for Module 4 Lesson 1. It is expected that you have gained information about Carbon and the Molecular diversity of life! Now, relax for a while we move on to the next lesson.God Bless!  References EncyclopediaBritannica,Inc. Reece and Campbell (2011). Basic Biology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York. Sharma,AK.2013.ConceptsinCellBiology(5thed).ANMOLPUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD. StarC.,EversC.,andStarrL.2014Biology(2nded).CengageLearning. Asia Pte/ Ltd. HickmanC.P.,RobertsL.S.andLarsonA.2006.IntegratedPrinciplesof Zoology (9thed). Mosby Yearbook Inc. Miller,S.A.andHarley,J.P.2016.Zoology(10thed).McGrawHillEducation. Other References: https://www.scribd.com/document/502644513/Science- 09https://vetmed.tamu.edu https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Gen er al_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/26%3A_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds/ 2 6.1%3A_Organic_Compounds_and_Structures%3A_An_Overview Linksindicatedabove PreparedbyKJGumanaoandGgumanao 7