Module 4: Wall Construction & Materials PDF

MODULE 4 Wall Construction Wall Materials COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS CURTAIN WALLS 1. Panel walls are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may or may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose interior sur...

MODULE 4 Wall Construction Wall Materials COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS CURTAIN WALLS 1. Panel walls are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may or may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose interior surface may or may not form the interior finish. It may rest on the building structure or may be hung from the structure. Masonry panel walls are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may form exterior building face or it may be used back of panel curtain wall as back-up. Curtain Wall The two types of masonry panel walls are: the stone System masonry panel and the pre-cast masonry panel wall units. a. Stone masonry panels are natural or artificial stone slabs which are anchored to the building structure by masonry anchors. COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS  Curtain Wall COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS System  Heavy Reinforced Concrete, Pre- b. Pre-cast masonry Stressed Concrete & panel wall units are ordinary Steel Construction reinforced or prestressed concrete wall units which may span one floor Foundations or several floors. Systems Foundation Walls, Basement Construction, Cisterns Reinforced Concrete Columns Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems Roof Decks Walls & Structural Walls Pre-Stress Concrete Pre-Cast Concrete Floor Systems Building Protection Systems COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS 2. Panel curtain walls are exterior non-load bearing walls made up of panels attached directly to the building structure with an adjustable attachment or mounted on supports (subframe), which in turn, are attached to the building structure by adjustable attachments. Exterior face of panels form the face of the building; interior face may or may not form the interior finish. The panels which protect the building from the weather, may be one of the following types: a. Window type panel. Transparent glass and frame incorporated in panel curtain wall. b. Skin type panel. Panel made up of one material. c. Sandwich type panel. Panel made up of assembly of several materials. 1. Open Sandwich type. Sandwich panel with top and bottom edges closed. 2. Closed Sandwich type. Sandwich panel in which all edges of panel are closed except for weep holes and vents. d. Wall Units. Preassembly of several panels of any type. Units may be one or several stories high. COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS Panel curtain walls may be classified into the following types: a.Stick type. Refers to the method of installation where the mullions and horizontal rails (gutter section and window sill section) are installed first before installation of the window and wall panels.  b. Unit and Mullion type. Supports (mullions) are clearly expressed. Vertical lines dominant. Mullions are generally 4’ – 4” max.; height, 8’ – 0” maximum. COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS  Heavy Reinforced e. Spandrel type (column cover and spandrel c. Grid type (or Concrete, Unit type). Pre- Supports (vertical and horizontal system). Supports are not a primary element of members) Stressed Concrete clearly & expressed. Vertical and horizontal lines Steel Construction expression in this type of wall. Horizontal lines are equally dominant. Area between support members, 32 sq. ft. dominant and the length of spandrel unlimited. Width maximum. of panels, 4’ – 4” max.; height, 8’ – 0” max. Width Systems Foundations of interlocking panels is 4’ – 4” maximum; height is 8’ – 0” maximum. d. Panel type Foundation Walls, (or sheathed type). Supports not expressed. Basement Non-lineal pattern. Construction, Joints vertical and horizontal usually Cisterns without trim. Individual panel size: max. width, 3’ – 10”; Reinforced Concrete max. height, 8’ – 0”. Columns Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems Roof Decks Walls & Structural Walls Pre-Stress Concrete Pre-Cast Concrete Floor Systems Building Protection f. Sheathed type (Industrial). Supports not expressed. Non-lineal Systems pattern. Joints vertical. Panel size: width, approx. 4’; height, 60’ max. Assembly methods of panel curtain walls may be by: 1. Individual panels. 2. Wall units. Width, 6’ max.; height, one several stories. COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS  Heavy Reinforced PRESSURE EQUALIZED DESIGN FOR CURTAIN WALLS. Concrete, Pre- Stressed Concrete & Steel Construction Pressure differential between the outside atmosphere and an interior environment can cause rainwater to migrate through even the smallest Foundations Systems openings in wall joints. Pressure-equalized design can significantly Foundation Walls, reduce this cause of water leakage in wall construction by employing the Basement rainscreen principle. Construction, Cisterns Reinforced Concrete Columns Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems Roof Decks Walls & Structural Walls Pre-Stress Concrete Pre-Cast Concrete Floor Systems Building Protection Systems COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS RETAINING WALLS, BREAST WALLS, AND VAULT WALLS. COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS RETAINING WALLS, BREAST WALLS, AND VAULT WALLS. A retaining wall is a wall whose purpose is to resist the thrust of a bank of earth or other material. It is differentiated from breast walls which is similar to the retaining wall, in that in the retaining the earth or other filling is deposited behind it after it is built, while the breast wall (or face wall) is built to prevent the fall of earth which is in its undisturbed, natural position, but from which part has been excavated, leaving a vertical or inclined face. COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS Retaining walls Heavy are ofReinforced three types: Concrete, Pre- Stressed Concrete & C. Counterfort wall. It is similar to the cantilever wall with a. Gravity wall. This is Steel Construction a type of wall which is the exception that the vertical wall is tied to the base at constructed of such proportions that its weight alone regular intervals with triangular-shaped walls called Foundations Systems resists the thrust of the earth. Low walls are invariably counterforts ( a counterfort is similar to a buttress, but gravity wallsFoundation constructed Walls, of brick, stone masonry or where a buttress is placed on the side of the wall opposite concrete. Basement the pressure acting on it, a counterfort is placed on the Construction, Cisterns same side of the wall ). It is usually more economical to b. Cantilever Reinforced wall. The cantilever wall is constructed of Concrete use the counterfort wall for heights of 20 ft. or over. reinforced concrete Columns and makes use of the weight of the earth Reinforced in resisting the tendency to overturn at the Concrete In large cities it is customary to utilize the space under the outer edge. Floor TheSystems vertical wall, supported on a sidewalks for storage or other purposes. This necessitates horizontal base, serves as a cantilever beam in a wall at the curb line to hold back the earth and the street Roof Decks resisting the earth pressure. Walls of intermediate pressures and also the weight of the sidewalk. These are height are generally of the cantilever type. Walls & Structural called vault walls. Walls Pre-Stress Concrete Pre-Cast Concrete Floor Systems Building Protection Systems COPYRIGHT FOR ONLINE LEARNING EDUCATORS