Module 4 Environment and Development PDF

11/8/2024 Ecological System and Environment Module Four: Environment and Development Md. Sanaul Haque Mondal...

11/8/2024 Ecological System and Environment Module Four: Environment and Development Md. Sanaul Haque Mondal Resources Department of Social Relations East West University, Bangladesh 1 2 Perception of a resource vary with Some components which fulfill people’s needs. Coal : little significance Neolithic man ? Flint : great importance Natural Man-made Depend on relevant technology. Water Labor Soil Skills Air Finance Landscapes and ecosystems: Vegetation Capital Valued whatever technology. Climate Technology 3 4  11/8/2024 Natural resources: On the basis of continuity Flow resources Stock resources Given us by nature, can be transformed to become more Infinite resources Finite resources valuable and useful. Furniture, clothes, machines, and tools are more valuable than their raw form 5 6 Renewable natural resources: Can be replaced naturally or with human-assisted actions For example, water, air, and some energy resources (sunlight, geothermal, biomass) 7 8  11/8/2024 Renewable or Non-renewable 9 10 Non-renewable Resources Limited amounts take millions of years to replace Cannot be re-made or re-grown Exist in fixed amounts Can be used up. Examples: minerals (e.g., iron ore) some energy resources (e.g., fossil fuels). Renewable or Non-renewable 11 12  11/8/2024 Energy sources Nuclear fission: Uranium to create energy. Nonrenewable resource Uranium is used, it is gone! Produces harmful wastes: difficult to dispose of safely. 13 14 Energy sources NOTE: Many people fall into the trap of thinking that bio means renewable Renewable energy sources: – generated from sources that are not finite or exhaustible. it doesn't! Biomass and wood are only renewable if the trees and crops are For example, wave power, wind power, solar power, or replanted. geothermal energy. Non-renewable energy sources: cannot be replaced when it is used up, For example: oil, natural gas or coal. 15 16  11/8/2024 HOW IS COAL MADE ??? HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ??? 17 18 5 types of capitals: 1. Human capital: skills, knowledge, health, energy 2. Social capital: Capitals networks, groups, institutions 19 20  11/8/2024 3. Physical capital infrastructure, technology, equipment 5. Natural capital: natural resources, land, water, fauna, flora 4. Financial capital savings, credit 21 22 Tragedy of commons Proposed by Garrett Hardin in 1968. The Basic Idea: a) Refers to the conflict for resources between individual interests and the common goods (i.e., society) b) If a resource is held in common for use by all, then ultimately that resource will be destroyed. c) "Freedom in a common brings ruin to all." Tragedy of Under conditions of overpopulation, freedom in an unmanaged commons brings ruin to all. Commons 23 24  11/8/2024 Tragedy of commons (cont.) Tragedy of commons (cont.) Examples of Common Resources Examples of Tragedy of the Commons Resources: Air: Water: no one owns the air Water in the seas, estuaries,  Water: it is available for all to use and the ocean is a common by 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in absolute water resource. scarcity (UNFAO). its unlimited use leads to air pollution.  Air: Air pollution degrades air  Coal: Fish: last less than 200 more years. Sea, river 25 26 Tragedy of commons (cont.)  Oil:  Timber: last 30-40 more years. global value of timber harvested in 2000 was around $400 billion.  Natural gas: last for 60 years.  Phosphorus:  Other Minerals: US, China, and Morocco. gypsum, bauxite, phosphate, bentonite, mica, titanium, and zirconium are found in seabeds along the coastal plains. run out in 50 to 100 years Scandium and terbium: powerful magnets in wind turbines to the  Iron: electronic circuits in smartphones. 740 million metric tons in each year  Soil: cultivation, overgrazing, pollution 27 28  11/8/2024 Development  Event constituting a new stage in a changing situation” or process of change per se  Intended as positive or desirable  Socio-economic system: Development means improvement, either in the general situation of system or in some of its constituent elements. (GDP, HDI) 29 30  Multi-dimensional: occur in different parts or ways, at different speeds, and Typology: driven by different forces. Economic development  one part of a system may be detrimental to the development of other parts, giving rise to conflicting objectives (trade-offs) and Human development conflicts. Sustainable development  Measuring development: determining whether and to what extent a system is Territorial development developing, is an essentially multidimensional exercise. 31 32  11/8/2024 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP = C + G + I + NX Monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period. C is equal to all private consumption, or consumer spending, in a nation's economy, Includes all private and public consumption, government outlays, G is the sum of government spending, investments, and exports minus imports (within a defined territory) I is the sum of all the country's investment, including businesses capital expenditures and Broad measurement of a nation’s overall economic activity. NX is the nation's total net exports, calculated as total exports Indicator of the economic health of a country minus total imports (NX = Exports - Imports). Gauge of a country's standard of living. 33 34 GDP growth of Bangladesh 1982 to 2019 Per capita annual income: Tk. > 174,888 Per capita annual income: Tk. >174888 Source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=BD&start=1982&view=chart 35 36  11/8/2024 Criticism of GDP (social & environmental dimensions):  2004 to 2014: France’s GDP increased by 53.1% Japan’s increased by 6.9%  Leisure/human costs  Underground economy: Barter and cash transactions 37 38 Criticism of GDP (cont.):  Non-Market Production: Alternative measures produced for private consumption  Harmful Side Effects: economic "bads“ (pollution)  Social and environmental outcomes: do not provide  Inequality: Happy Planet Index (HPI) hide increasing inequalities of income or local Source: https://www.worldatlas.com/ Source: http://happyplanetindex.org/about environmental quality 39 40  11/8/2024 Human development index (HDI) HDI define three levels of achievement in human development: Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen in 1990 (published by UNDP) Three dimensions: https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev 41 42 Does not include human rights, democracy or inequality. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/human-development-index-bangladesh-ranks-129th-again-remains-ahead-india-pakistan-809218 43 44  11/8/2024 Sustainable Development Introduced by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) Established by the U.N. General Secretary and led by the former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. Sustainable Development and SDGs Source: time.com Source: wikipedia.org 45 46 Brundtland report 1. Definition of sustainable development: Intergenerational equity “Sustainable development is the development that meets 2. Economic sustainability the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED, Environmental sustainability Social sustainability 1987). 47 48  11/8/2024 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - Seventeen goals United Nations-sponsored effort to create a common set of - Adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 development goals for all communities in every country, with a - 193 Member States deadline for attainment of 2030. - Universal call to action: to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and The U. N. General Assembly: prosperity by 2030. Summit on Sustainable Development from 25-27 September 2015 adopted SDGs. SDGs replaced MDGs: January 2016. 49 50 Sustainable Development Goals Source: Modified after https://www.ghspjournal.org/content/ghsp/4/2/191.full.pdf 51 52  11/8/2024 Self study References UNDP (2021) About Human Development Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev Challenges of the SDGs in ASIA United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals Available at https://sdgs.un.org/goals Identify the challenges to achieve the SDGs in Asia with a particular Miller, G. T., & Spoolman, S. (2011). Living in the environment: principles, connections, and solutions. Cengage Learning. focus on Bangladesh 53 54