Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 5 PDF

Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 5: The Tissue Level of Organization Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Ph...

Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 5: The Tissue Level of Organization Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  DIAGNOSTIC TEST Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  1. What type of tissue functions in protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation? Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 2. What type of tissue that connects different parts of the body, provides structure and stores energy? Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  3. What type of tissue that sends and receives electrical signals to control bodily functions and activities? Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  4. What type of tissue that facilitates movement by contracting in response to stimulation? Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 5. _____ is the most rigid of the connective tissues. Loose Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue Cartilage Bone Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7 6. Cardiac and smooth muscles are ________ controlled. voluntarily involuntarily Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8 7-9. Label the parts of a neuron. 7 8 Dendrite Cell body Axon 9 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9 10. _______ membrane is the skin and covers the body. Serous Cutaneous Mucous Synovial Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Learning objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the appearance of the tissues of the human body. Discuss where specific tissues can be found. Discuss the functions of each tissue type. Describe the process of inflammation. Discuss changes that occur in tissues with aging. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Icebreaker What makes up the organs that help maintain life? What binds and keeps our organs together? Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12 Types and Components of Tissues Section 5.1 Learning Objectives 5.1.1–5.1.5 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Levels of Organization (Figure 5.1) Tissues are groups of cells that function together in the body Histology = microscopic study of the appearance, function, and organization of tissues Pathology = study of changes that occur with disease Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  Tissue Types (Figure 5.2) The four types of tissue in the body are: Epithelial tissue—form coverings, linings, and glands Connective tissue—protection and support Muscle tissue—provides movement Nervous tissue—allows communication Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Romans 12:6-8 “We have different gifts, according to the grace given to each of us. If your gift is prophesying, then prophesy in accordance with your faith; if it is serving, then serve; if it is teaching, then teach; if it is to encourage, then give encouragement; if it is giving, then give generously; if it is to lead, do it diligently; if it is to show mercy, do it cheerfully.” Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  General Features of Tissues Extracellular matrix (ECM)— Cellular connections—attachments material found outside of a between cells tissue Tight junctions—allow no movement Major components: of substances between cells Collagen—tough, Desmosomes—flexible connections protective protein fibers that allow some movement of substances between cells Proteoglycans—negatively charged Gap junctions—passageways that protein/carbohydrate allow movement of certain molecules substances between the cells Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Cellular Connections (Figure 5.3) Cells can be connected by: Tight junctions – fuse membranes of adjacent cells Desmosomes – provide strong, flexible connections between cells Hemidesmosomes connect cells to ECM Gap junctions – allow for intercellular passageways between cells Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Preparing Tissues for Examination Tissues must be carefully prepared for examination Multiple factors influence the appearance of a tissue Plane of section Stain used during preparation Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Planes Influence Appearance Same structure may appear differently depending on the plane of the section Sagittal plane Transverse plane Oblique plane Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Cutting Tissues for Examination Special blade is used to cut tissues Cut into thin slices for examination Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Tissues Placed on Slides Thin slices of tissue are placed on slides Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Tissues are Stained for Examination Many tissues are stained prior to examination Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Results of Various Stains Tissues may have different appearances and colors depending on the stain used Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Epithelial Tissue Section 5.2 Learning Objectives 5.2.1–5.2.6 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Characteristics of Epithelia Form coverings, linings, and glands Basement membrane anchors epithelia to ECM (extracellular matrix) ▪ 2 layers: 1. Lamina lucida- a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen 2. Lamina densa- has a denser more structural weave of tough collagen fibers. Two surfaces of epithelia: Basal surface—attached to basement membrane Apical surface—exposed to external environment or internal space Avascular, meaning they have no blood vessels Highly regenerative Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  Anatomy of Epithelia Epithelia are: Highly cellular Polar (apical and basal surface) Avascular Innervated Bound to basement membrane Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  The Epithelial Cell (Figure 5.4) Apical and basal membranes may have different functions Apical surface modifications Cilia – move materials across surface Microvilli – increase surface area Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  Cells of Epithelia (Figure 5.5) Epithelial tissue is named after its shape and number of layers of cells on the apical surface Based on shape: Squamous—flat cells Cuboidal—box-shaped cells Columnar—column-like cells Based on number of layers: Simple—one layer of cells Stratified—two or more layers of cells Pseudostratified—one layer of cells that appears like more Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Epithelia That Defy Naming Convention (Figure 5.6) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium May appear stratified All cells touch basement membrane because there is only a single layer Transitional epithelium Stratified tissue Cells stretch and change shape Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Goblet Cells (Figure 5.7) Common feature of simple and pseudostratified epithelia Secrete mucus Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Stratified Epithelia (Figure 5.8) Contain more than one layer of cells Cells of basal layer are stem cells that regenerate cells into apical layers Basal layer cells may be different in shape from apical layer cells Tissue is named based on shape of cells in apical layer Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  Simple Squamous Epithelium (Table 5.1, 1 of 4) Consists of a single layer of flat cells Found in the air sacs of lungs, the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels Allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration Secretes lubricating substances Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia (Table 5.1, 2 of 4) Simple cuboidal epithelium Lines kidney tubules Secretes and absorbs substances (Na+, K+, glucose, etc.) Simple columnar epithelium Lines digestive and reproductive tracts Secretes and absorbs various materials Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Lines trachea and respiratory tract Secretes and moves mucus Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34  Stratified Squamous, Stratified Cuboidal, and Stratified Columnar Epithelia (Table 5.1, 3 of 4) Stratified squamous epithelium Lines esophagus, mouth, vagina Protects against abrasion Stratified cuboidal epithelium Found in sweat glands, salivary glands Secretes and protects Stratified columnar epithelium Found in male urethra Secretes and protects Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  Transitional Epithelium (Table 5.1, 4 of 4) Transitional epithelium Lines bladder, urethra, and ureters Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  Glands of Epithelia Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood Examples: Thymus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands Are ductless Exocrine glands secrete substances locally through a duct Examples: Sweat glands and glands of digestive system Secrete mucus, sweat, saliva, and breastmilk Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  Exocrine Gland Structure (Figure 5.9) Unicellular – single cells Multicellular – single layer of cells that fold into surrounding tissue Tubular glands form tubes Acinar glands form pockets Simple glands have one duct Compound glands combine formats Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38  Exocrine Secretions (Figure 5.10) Merocrine secretion: accomplished by exocytosis Apocrine secretion: material accumulates near apical surface of gland Holocrine secretion: involves rupture and destruction of entire gland cell Serous glands produce watery secretions Mucous glands produce watery to thick secretions Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  Think, Pair, Share Activity 2 A sample of unknown tissue is observed under a microscope in the laboratory. The tissue has 6 layers. The cells in the bottom layer appear to be shaped like boxes. The cells in the top layer are flat in shape. Sketch a diagram of this tissue and name it based on the way that epithelial tissues are named. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Matching Activity 1 Match the term to 1. Squamous A. A tissue with one the correct layer of cells description. 2. Cuboidal B. Cells that are flat 3. Stratified C. Epithelia found lining 4. Simple the bladder 5. Transitional D. Cells that are shaped like a box E. Two or more layers of cells Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  Matching Activity 1 Answer Match the term to the correct description. 1. Squamous—B 2. Cuboidal—D 3. Stratified—E 4. Simple—A 5. Transitional—C Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Think, Pair, Share Activity 2 Answer A sample of unknown tissue is observed under a microscope in the laboratory. The tissue has twelve layers. The cells in the bottom layer appear to be shaped like boxes. The cells in the top layer are flat in shape. Sketch a diagram of this tissue and name it based on the way that epithelial tissues are named. This tissue would be stratified squamous epithelium. The multiple layers make it stratified and because the cells in the apical layer are flat, it would be squamous. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Connective Tissue Section 5.3 Learning Objectives 5.3.1–5.3.3 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Anatomy of Connective Tissue Connective tissue consists of cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) Cells rarely touch each other ECM consists of ground substance and fibers Ground substance is between fibers Vascularized (contain blood vessels) Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45  Classification of Connective Tissues Twelve types of connective tissues are separated into three categories: Connective tissue proper Areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissue Supportive connective tissue Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone Fluid connective tissue Blood and lymph Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46  Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissues Fibroblasts produce fibers in the ECM Collagen—strongest fibers Elastic—provide elasticity Reticular—branching fibers that support internal organs Adipocytes—store energy and provide cushioning Connective tissues have an immune defense role − Macrophages and mast cells Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47  Connective Tissue Types (1 of 2) (Table 5.2, 1 of 2) Connective tissue proper Loose connective tissue Areolar Reticular Adipose tissue Supportive connective tissue Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid connective tissue Blood Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48  Connective Tissue Types (2 of 2) (Table 5.2, 2 of 2) Connective tissue proper Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Supportive connective tissue Bone Fluid connective tissue Lymph Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 49  Loose Connective Tissues (1 of 2) (Figures 5.11 and 5.12) Areolar connective tissue Subcutaneous layer Figure 5.11 Supports nearby tissues Adipose tissue Subcutaneous layer Energy storage, cushioning Figure 5.12 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 50  Loose Connective Tissues (2 of 2) (Figure 5.13) Reticular connective tissue Framework of internal organs Lymphatic tissues, spleen, liver Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 51  Dense Connective Tissues (Figure 5.14 and 5.15) Dense regular connective tissue Tendons, ligaments Dense irregular connective tissue Skin Figure 5.15A Figure 5.14A Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 52  Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Figure 5.14) Contains a high number of collagen fibers Fibers oriented in every direction Allows tissue to withstand force in any plane Found in the dermis of the skin Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53  Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Figure 5.15) Contains a high number of collagen fibers Collagen fibers oriented parallel to each other Allows tissue to withstand force in the direction of the orientation of the fibers Found in ligaments and tendons Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 54  Cartilage (Figure 5.17) Hyaline cartilage Located within joints, ribs Most abundant cartilage Fibrocartilage Located in intervertebral discs Strongest cartilage Elastic cartilage Located in external ear Most flexible type of cartilage Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 55  Application: The Ribcage (Figure 5.16) The ribcage merges two supporting connective tissue types Bone makes up most of the ribcage Protects lungs and heart Cartilage allows for expansion during breathing Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 56  The Perichondrium (Figure 5.18) Made of dense irregular connective tissue Encapsulates cartilage within the body Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 57  Bone (Figure 5.19) The most rigid of the connective tissues Provides protection and support for internal organs Compact bone Solid with greater strength than spongy bone Spongy bone Empty spaces contain red bone marrow Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 58  Fluid Connective Tissues (Figure 5.20) Blood and lymph Transport molecules and cells throughout the body Blood contains cells: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 59  Lymph (Figure 5.21) Lymph is a fluid connective tissue Primarily acellular Unlike blood, lymph is mainly acellular Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 60  Muscle Tissue Section 5.4 Learning Objectives 5.4.1–5.4.3 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 61  Anatomy of Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is responsible for movement Shortens to generate pulling force Cells are tightly packed Differs in location and manner of control Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 62  Characteristics of Muscle Tissue The major function of muscle tissue is movement Contracts in response to stimuli Voluntary muscle—conscious control Skeletal muscle Involuntary muscle—unconscious control Cardiac and smooth muscle Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 63  Skeletal Muscle Attached to bone Found in the openings to body (mouth and anus) Allows body movement and maintains posture Contains striations—alternating light and dark bands under light microscope Voluntarily controlled Cells are multinucleated (have to or more nuclei) Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 64  Cardiac Muscle Found in the walls of the heart Contains striations Involuntarily controlled Cells attached by intercalated discs Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 65  Smooth Muscle Found within internal organs Associated with digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems Lacks striations Involuntarily controlled Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 66  Discussion Activity 1. As infants age, they no longer have to wear diapers. Can you think of a role muscle tissue plays in the ability of an infant to stop wearing diapers? 2. What are some functions of muscle tissue other than movement? Explain them. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 67  Discussion Activity 1 Answer As infants age, they no longer have to wear diapers. Can you think of a role muscle tissue plays in the ability of an infant to stop wearing diapers? During infancy, the nervous pathways to control skeletal muscles are not fully developed. As we age, these pathways mature including the pathway to control the skeletal muscles that regulate urination and defecation. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 68  Discussion Activity 2 Answer What are some functions of muscle tissue other than body movement? Explain them. Thermoregulation occurs via shivering. Shivering produces heat that increases body temperature. Muscles also aid in protection of internal organs by adding an additional layer on top of bones. Blood circulation occurs as the heart contracts and muscles compress veins. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 69  Nervous Tissue Section 5.5 Learning Objectives 5.5.1–5.5.2 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 70  Anatomy of Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Neurons conduct action potentials to communicate with other cells Glial cells support neuronal functioning Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 71  Neurons and Nervous Tissue (Figure 5.22) Neurons generate action potentials Anatomical structure of neurons: Dendrites—short branches that receive signals Cell body—houses nucleus and organelles Axon—long projection used to send action potentials Synapse—gap between neuron and its target cell Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 72  Glial Cells Glia is Greek for “glue” There are various types of glial cells associated with nervous tissue Many perform support functions for neurons Some form myelin that insulates axons Allows for faster movement of action potentials Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 73  Knowledge Check Activity 2 What component of a neuron receives incoming signals? A. Axon B. Cell body C. Dendrites D. Glial cells Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 74  Knowledge Check Activity 2 Answer What component of a neuron receives incoming signals? C. Dendrites Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 75  Membranes Section 5.6 Learning Objectives 5.6.1–5.6.2 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 76  Tissue Membranes (Figure 5.23) Mucous membranes line body cavities that are open to the outside Serous membranes line body cavities and surround some organs Cutaneous membrane is the skin and covers the body Synovial membranes line joints Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 77  Mucous Membranes Line body cavities that are exposed to the external environment Usually contain goblet cells that secrete mucus Associated with: 1. Digestive tract 2. Respiratory tract 3. Urinary tract 4. Reproductive tract Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 78  Serous Membranes Cover and line internal organs Reduce friction created as organs move Examples include: Pericardium of the heart Pleura of the lungs Peritoneum of the abdominal cavity Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 79  Knowledge Check Activity 3 What is the function of a serous membrane? A. To reduce the friction as bones move B. To form a barrier between the internal and external environment C. To reduce the friction as internal organs move D. To protect internal body cavities from pathogens Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 80  Knowledge Check Activity 3 Answer What is the function of a serous membrane? C. To reduce the friction as internal organs move Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 81  Cutaneous Membrane Essentially the skin Protects body from desiccation and pathogens Made of stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue Keratin provides a thick barrier for protection against pathogens Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 82  Synovial Membrane Found inside freely moveable joints like the elbow, hip, and knee Cells secrete synovial fluid Helps lubricate and nourish the cartilage at the joint Reduces friction as bones move Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 83 Tissue Growth and Healing Section 5.7 Learning Objectives 5.7.1–5.7.4 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 84  Inflammation (Figure 5.24) The body’s initial response to injury Limits extent of injury and begins the repair process Acute inflammation is short-term Chronic inflammation persists for long periods of time The suffix “-itis” denotes inflammation of a specific organ or type Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 85  Tissue Healing (Figure 5.25) Begins with removal of debris and toxins Clotting stops the bleeding Granulation tissue forms to allow epithelial cells to regenerate lost tissue Scar tissue may form due to rapid repair and replacement of collagen fibers Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 86  Tissue and Aging “The surest poison is time.” –Ralph Waldo Emerson Tissue changes as the body ages Rate of mitosis slows down Leads to slower tissue healing Number of elastic fibers decreases Structures are less elastic Contributes to wrinkles, joint stiffness, and high blood pressure Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 87  However, it is important to keep in mind that the progressive impact of aging on the body varies considerably among individuals. Studies indicate that exercise and healthy lifestyle choices can slow down the deterioration of the tissues that comes with old age. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 88  Tissues and Cancer Mutations may alter the regulatory signals cell receives Altered signals lead to uncontrolled replication of cells Mass of cells is a tumor Malignant tumors are cancerous, cause disease, and can spread to other areas of the body Benign tumors do not cause disease in the body or metastasize (spread to other areas of the body) Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 89  Tissues and Cancer Carcinomas- cancers derived from epithelial cells Myelomas- cancers in myeloid tissue or blood cells Leukemias - are cancers of white blood cells Sarcomas derive from connective tissue Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 90  Tumor Growth Tumor growth is typically limited by physiological constraints Tumors that grow “trick” tissues into supporting their growth Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 91  Breast Density and Breast Cancer Increased collagen density is correlated with increased breast cancer risk Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 92