Module 4 - Configuring Network Addressing PDF

Module 4 Configuring Network Addressing ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 1 reserved. Learning Objectives Explain IPv4 addressing schemes. Explain IPv4 forwarding. Configure IP networks and subnets. Use appropriate tools to test a host’s I...

Module 4 Configuring Network Addressing ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 1 reserved. Learning Objectives Explain IPv4 addressing schemes. Explain IPv4 forwarding. Configure IP networks and subnets. Use appropriate tools to test a host’s IP configuration. Explain IPv6 addressing schemes. Troubleshoot IP networks and hosts. ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 2 reserved.  Lesson 4.1 Internet Protocol Basics ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 3 reserved. Think About It What is the purpose of a package mailing label? What information is important to the delivery company? ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 IPv4 Datagram Header ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Addressing and Forwarding ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 6  Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) I have a delivery for Let me find a Juanita Valdez her for you! ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Access Subnet vs. Remote Using ARP ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Unicast and Broadcast Addressing Unicast Addressed only to the destination IP Sends only to the destination Broadcast Addressed to the last IP address in a network or subnet Sends to all hosts on a network or subnet ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Multicast and Anycast Addressing Multicast Addressed to a specific group of host IP addresses Sends to all hosts on a network or subnet Anycast Addressed to any one device out of a group of devices, typically the closest one Used for load balancing and redundancy ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 10 Activity: Two Truths and a Lie ARP functions like an IPv4 headers contain a online phone directory, "Destination" field used to associating IP addresses route data to the nearest with MAC addresses to server, regardless of its ensure data reaches the final destination. correct device. Broadcast addressing targets all hosts within a specified local network ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 11 reserved.  Lesson 4.2 IPv4 Addressing ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 12 reserved. IPv4 Addressing 172 17 154 2 101001100 00010001 10011010 00000010 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits IPv4 addresses are decimal representations of four sets of binary octets. Each octet is 8 bits, making all IPv4 addresses 32 bits. ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 13 reserved. Activity: Binary Conversion Convert 11000011 into standard form: 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Answer: 64 + 32 + 1 = 97 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 14 reserved. IP Address Formatting Network ID Host ID Like an apartment Like an apartment number within a building number building Common to all hosts on Identifies a host within the same IP network an IP network ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 15 reserved. Subnet Masks Subnet Masks Identifies the network portion of an IP address If network ID matches the local network, transmission is sent directly to host – otherwise it is forwarded Help devices determine which network or subnet it belongs ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 16 reserved. Determining Subnet Mask Example: Network: 192.168.1.x Binary: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 Mask: 255.255.255.0 Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 17 reserved. Host Ranges 192.168.1.x 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Think of the “network” part of an IP address as the building’s address, and the “host” part as the apartment number. ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 18 reserved. Host Ranges 192.168.1.x 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Default Gateway 1.1 The default gateway is like the main entrance of lobby of the apartment building ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 19 reserved. Broadcast Addresses. 255 68.1 2.1 19 The broadcast address is like a loudspeaker intended to reach all residents in the apartment building. ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 20 reserved. Activity: Fill in the Blanks IP Address Subnet Mask Host Portion Broadcast Address 192.168.2.123 255.255.255.0.123 192.168.2.255 10.1.1.9 255.255.0.0.1.9 10.1.255.255 198.51.100.16 255.255.255.0.16 198.51.100.255 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 21 reserved.  Lesson 4.3 IPv4 Subnetting ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 22 reserved. Public vs. Private Addressing Public IP Addressing Private IP Addressing Assigned by ISPs Assigned by private Unique identification networks on Internet Unique identification Devices requiring in private network direct access to the Devices not directly Internet accessible from the Internet ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 23 reserved. Private IP Addresses Class Range A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 24 reserved. IPv4 Address Scheme Design When planning a private IPv4 addressing scheme, consider: # of IP networks and subnetworks required # of hosts per subnet Network ID must be from a valid private range Network and host IDs cannot be all 1s (broadcast) Each host ID must be unique on subnet Each network ID must be unique on network ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Classful Addressing ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Classless Addressing Borrowing Bits Would have represented host information to represent network information Increase available network addresses Reduce usable host addresses in each subnet ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 27 reserved. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Classless Addressing Example Starting Network ID 192.168.89.0 Starting Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 Starting Network ID in binary 11000000.10101000.01011001.00000000 Borrow one bit from the host to give to the 11000000.10101000.01011001.00000000 network New network ID 192.168.89.128 Range of IP addresses 11000000.10101000.01011001.00000001 through 11000000.10101000.01011001.01111111 192.168.89.1 to 192.168.89.126 New subnet mask 255.255.255.128 or 192.168.89.128/25 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 58 reserved. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) CIDR Allocates IP address space more efficiently Combines an IP address with a suffix (network portion of address) Allows for variable-length subnetting ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 59 reserved.  Variable Length Subnetting (VLSM) VLSM Creates subnets of different sizes within the same network Enables efficient allocation of IP addresses Requires careful planning and management ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 60 reserved. Activity: Classless Addressing Starting Network ID 192.168.89.0 Starting Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 Starting Network ID in binary 11000000.10101000.01011001.00000000 Borrow two bits from the host to give to the network 11000000.10101000.01011001.00000000 New network ID 192.168.89.192 Range of IP addresses 192.168.89.1 to 192.168.89.62 New subnet mask 255.255.255.192 or 192.168.89.192 /26 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 61 reserved.  Lesson 4.4 IP Troubleshooting Tools ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 62 reserved. ipconfig ipconfig ipconfig ipconfig ipconfig /all /renew /release View IP Also Renews the Releases the address, includes client’s client’s subnet mask, complete DHCPs leased DHCPs leased and default TCP/IP IP address IP address gateway for configuration all network parameters interfaces including DHCP and MAC address ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 63 reserved. Ifconfig and ip Reports network interface configuration: ip addr (legacy is ifconfig) Single interface only: ip addr show dev eth0 Status of interfaces: ip link Enable or disable an interface: ip link set eth0 up|down Modify the IP address configuration: ip addr add|delete ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 64 reserved. arp arp –a (or arp –g) Shows the ARP cache contents arp –s IPAddress MACAddress Adds an entry to the ARP cache arp –d Deletes all entries in the ARP cache ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 65 reserved. ping ping Tests connectivity with a given IP address Format: ping IPaddress ping error messaging Destination host unreachable No reply (request timed out) ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 66 reserved.  Lesson 4.5 IP version 6 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 67 reserved. IPv6 vs IPv4 Comparison IP Version 4 IP Version 6 Address format Dotted decimal format Hexadecimal format (192.168.1.1) (2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334) # of addresses 4.3 billion 340 undecillion (3.4 x 10^38) Network and Changes based on subnet First 64 bits are used for network ID. Host Portions mask Second 64 bits are used for host ID ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 68 reserved.  IPv6 Address Format Contains eight 16-bit numbers, with each double-byte expressed as 4 hex digits Binary Address 0010 0000 0000 0001 : 0000 1101 1011 1000 : 0000 0000 0000 0000 : 0000 0000 0000 0000 : 0000 1010 1011 1100 : 0000 0000 0000 0000 : 1101 1110 1111 0000 : 0001 0010 0011 0100 Hex Notation 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234 Canonical Notation 2001:db8::abc:0:def0:1234 ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 69 reserved. IPv6 Unicast Addressing Globally scoped unicast addresses are routable over the Internet and are the equivalent of public IPv4 addresses. ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 70 reserved. IPv6 Link Local Addressing Link Local Addressing Span a single subnet and the equivalent of IPv4 private addressing Link local range is fe80::/10 Start with a leading fe80, with the next 54 bits set to 0, and the last 64 bits are the interface ID ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 71 reserved. IPv6 Packets ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 72 IPv6 Multicast and Anycast Addressing Multicast First 8 bits: indicate the address is within the multicast scope Next 4 bits: used to flag types of multicast Next 4 bits: determine the scope Final 112 bits: define multicast groups within that scope ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 73 reserved. IPv4 and IPv6 Transition Mechanisms Dual Stack Tunneling NAT64 Encapsulates IPv6 Allows IPv4 and IPv6 packets within IPv4 Translates IPv6 into to run simultaneously packets to traverse IPv4 and vice versa IPv4 networks Ideal for transitional Best for environments Useful for IPv6 islands periods where both transitioning to IPv6 IPv4 and IPv6 networks within an IPv4 network but still needing access are operational to IPv4 resources ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 74 reserved. Common IPv6 Address Prefixes ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights reserved. 75 Summary IP: Creates interconnected networks (interwork) using unique addresses. IPv4 Address: 32-bit address divided into four octets. Network Segment: Represented by a subnet at layer 3 (Network.) TCP/IP Utilities: Command-line tools for network configuration and communication monitoring. IPv6 Address: Eight 16-bit numbers expressed in hexadecimal format. ​Copyright © 2024 The Computing Technology Industry Association, Inc. All rights 76 reserved.