Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children PDF

Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers...

Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children Foundational eLearning Module START COURSE CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES.  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children Disclaimer Information shared in ANY eLearning module is for your background knowledge only and is not to be shared, discussed, or referenced with anyone outside of Wyeth Infant Nutrition. Any engagement with contacts must take place in accordance with Wyeth Infant Nutrition policies and guidelines. PREVIOUS 2 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children Important Notice The World Health Organization (WHO*) has recommended that pregnant women and new mothers be informed on the benefits and superiority of breast-feeding – in particular, the fact that it provides the best nutrition and protection from illness for babies. Mothers should be given guidance on the preparation for, and maintenance of, lactation, with special emphasis on the importance of a well-balanced diet both during pregnancy and after delivery. Unnecessary introduction of partial formula-feeding or other foods and drinks should be discouraged since it will have a negative effect on breast-feeding. Similarly, mothers should be warned of the difficulty of reversing a decision not to breast-feed. Before advising a mother to use an infant formula, she should be advised of the social and financial implications of her decision: for example, if a baby is exclusively bottle-fed, more than 400g per week will be needed, so the family circumstances and costs should be kept in mind. Mothers should be reminded that breast-milk is not only the best, but also the most economical food for babies. If a decision to use an infant formula is taken, it is important to give instructions on correct preparation methods, emphasizing that unboiled water, unsterilized bottles, or incorrect dilution can all lead to illness. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding for as long as possible. As babies’ growth and development needs vary, health professionals should advise the mother when her baby should start receiving complementary food. *See: International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes, adopted by the World Health Assembly in Resolution WHA 34.22, May 1981. I ACCEPT PREVIOUS 3 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children Welcome to the Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children module. The goal of this module is for learners to understand the feeding considerations and recommendations tailored to toddlers and young children, as well as environmental and behavioral factors that can affect their nutritional intake. This module is divided into 4 chapters: 1. Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2. Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3. Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4. Picky Eating Behaviors Several Progress Checks are included throughout the module to ensure key concepts are learned. This module should take you approximately 45 minutes to complete. PREVIOUS 4 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children Learning Objectives After completing this module, you will be able to: Describe the guiding principles of feeding of different cultures, as well as selected solid food and beverage dietary recommendations for toddlers (1–3 years) and young children (3–7 years) Discuss the environmental factors that can influence the diets of toddlers and young children Explain the common toddler and child feeding tendencies that can affect nutritional intake Define picky eating behaviors, and describe how these behaviors may cause inadequate nutrient intake in toddlers and young children PREVIOUS 5 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children PREVIOUS 6 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Guiding principles for food around the world Many countries have devised guiding principles for food that take into consideration national food supply, food consumption patterns, nutritional status, and nutritional standards.1 Some food guides are illustrated, with the intent to convey the message of moderation and proportionality in food intake.1 These guiding principles for food are used for consumer education and are intended to establish a basis for public food and nutrition education programs to foster healthy eating habits and lifestyles.2 For toddlers (1–3 years) and young children (3–7 years), there are a limited number of country-specific dietary guidelines with respect to dietary planning. PREVIOUS 7 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) solid food feeding principles for toddlers and young children CLICK EACH BOX TO LEARN WHAT PARENTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO DO BASED ON THE FEEDING PRINCIPLES FOR TODDLERS AND YOUNG CHILDREN. Do’s Don’ts PREVIOUS 8 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) solid food feeding principles for toddlers and young children CLICK EACH BOX TO LEARN WHAT PARENTS ARE ENCOURAGED TO DO BASED ON THE FEEDING PRINCIPLES FOR TODDLERS AND YOUNG CHILDREN. Do’s6: Don’ts6: Offer adequate amounts of fiber-rich Choose and prepare foods with fruits and vegetables as well as a lot of salt whole-grain products Choose and prepare foods and beverages Offer children 2 years of age and with a lot of added sugars or caloric older 473–480 milliliters per day of sweeteners fat-free or low fat milk or equivalent milk Feed raw (unpasteurized) milk products7,8 or milk products; raw or partially cooked Offer foods that help keep total fat intake eggs; raw or undercooked meat, poultry, at 30–35% of calories for children 2 to 3 fish, or shellfish; unpasteurized juices; raw years of age9 sprouts PREVIOUS 9 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Principles for providing appropriate meals CLICK EACH ICON ON THE PLACEMAT TO LEARN ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES FOR PROVIDING APPROPRIATE MEALS. PREVIOUS 10 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Principles for providing appropriate meals CLICK EACH ICON ON THE PLACEMAT TO LEARN ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES FOR PROVIDING APPROPRIATE MEALS. A child’s stomach is small, so small × meals are best. Some nutritionists suggest a general rule of thumb is 1 tablespoon of each food for each year of age.10 PREVIOUS 11 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Principles for providing appropriate meals CLICK EACH ICON ON THE PLACEMAT TO LEARN ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES FOR PROVIDING APPROPRIATE MEALS. Each day, a child 1–3 years old needs about × 40 calories for every inch of height.11 However, the calorie amount varies with each child’s build and activity level.11 Additionally, the child’s serving size should be approximately one-quarter of an adult’s.11 An example of an average toddler-sized meal includes11: 1 ounce of meat, or 2–3 tablespoons of beans 1–2 tablespoons of vegetable 1–2 tablespoons of fruit ¼ slice of bread PREVIOUS 12 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Principles for providing appropriate meals CLICK EACH ICON ON THE PLACEMAT TO LEARN ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES FOR PROVIDING APPROPRIATE MEALS. × It’s important to keep mealtimes free of stress and distraction.12-14 Let the child be the best judge of how much he or she wants to eat.6,13 Parents and caregivers are advised to learn about “Responsive Feeding” approaches that are consistent with healthy growth15: Recognizing and attending to young children's hunger and satiety cues Avoiding overt pressuring to eat Unduly restricting the quantity of foods PREVIOUS 13 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Beverage feeding considerations and recommendations for toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE BEVERAGE FEEDING CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Cow’s milk Growing-up milk Fruit juices and sweetened beverages PREVIOUS 14 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Beverage feeding considerations and recommendations for toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE BEVERAGE FEEDING CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The AAP recommends the following for providing infants, toddlers, and young children with cow’s milk16: Cow’s milk Growing-up milk 2 years Should not serve cow’s milk for Serve whole milk, or reduced Serve two servings this age group6,16 because: fat (2%) milk if16: (two 8-ounce cups) of low- May be harder for infants Obesity is of concern fat (1%) or fat-free (skim) to digest17 There is a family history of milk per day16 Fruit juices and Is low in iron and zinc, obesity, high cholesterol, or sweetened nutrients that are of cardiovascular disease concern during infancy beverages PREVIOUS 15 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Beverage feeding considerations and recommendations for toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE BEVERAGE FEEDING CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Cow’s When used in combination with a healthy balanced diet of solid food, growing-up milk can provide milk nutritional support for toddlers.18 Growing-up milk is designed as a nutritional supplement for the toddler diet, typically according to nutritional standards, such as the U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), European Commission, and Codex Alimentarius recommendations, for children 1–3 years of age.6,19 Growing-up milk is not expected to provide the full daily nutrient requirements for a toddler, Growing-up but when consumed as directed: milk Provides a significant percentage of the recommended intakes for important macro- and micronutrients20 May provide 100% of the recommended intakes for some of the more critical or at-risk nutrients, such Fruit juices and as iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamins A and D21-23 sweetened beverages PREVIOUS 16 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Beverage feeding considerations and recommendations for toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE BEVERAGE FEEDING CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. One hundred percent fruit juice (not fruit drinks) may appear to offer a vital source of carbohydrates and Cow’s micronutrients.24 The intake of juice should be limited to, at most, milk 4 ounces/day in toddlers 1–3 years old, and 4 to 6 ounces/day for children 4–6 years old.24 Consumption of other sweetened beverages, such as soft drinks, is also important.6 Soft drinks, which can be a main source of added sugar in young children’s diets, are associated with lower intakes of key nutrients, especially calcium.6 Excessive consumption of fruit juice, soda, and other sweetened beverages may have a negative impact on the child’s health, including6,10,12,25-27: Growing-up Failure to thrive milk Chronic diarrhea Dental caries (particularly after nighttime bottle feeding) Excessive weight gain Fruit juices and Poor nutrient intake sweetened beverages PREVIOUS 17 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend for providing infants, toddlers, and young children with cow’s milk? o A. Should not serve cow’s milk for infants less than Answer: D 1 year of age The American Academy of Pediatrics recommend the following for providing infants, toddlers, and young children with cow’s o B. Serve whole milk, or reduced fat (2%) if obesity is milk: a concern Should not serve cow’s milk for infants less than 1 year of age o C. Serve two servings of (two 8-ounce cups) of low-fat (1%) or Serve whole milk, or reduced fat (2%) if obesity is a concern or there is a family history of obesity, fat-free (skim) milk per day cholesterol, or cardiovascular disease Serve two servings (two 8-ounce cups) of low-fat (1%) or o D. All of the above fat-free (skim) milk per day o E. A and C only SUBMIT PREVIOUS 18 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following is a principle for providing appropriate meals in toddlers and young children? o A. A child’s stomach is small, so small and frequent Answer: A meals are best Principles for providing appropriate meals include: A child’s stomach is small, so small and frequent meals o B. Breakfast and snacks should not be incorporated until are best 8 years of age Breakfast should be regarded as an important meal, as evidence suggests that obese children are more likely o C. If a child refuses a meal, the child should be forced to to eat a small breakfast or skip the meal altogether stay at the table until they eat it Parents and caregivers are advised to learn about “Responsive Feeding” approaches that are consistent o D. All of the above with healthy growth SUBMIT PREVIOUS 19 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following can have a negative impact on the child’s health due to excessive juice consumption, sodas, and other sweetened beverages? o A. Failure to thrive Answer: A Excessive consumption of fruit juice, sodas, and other o B. Weight loss sweetened beverages may have a negative impact on the child’s health, including: o C. Excessive nutrient intake Failure to thrive Chronic diarrhea o D. All of the above Dental caries (particularly after nighttime bottle feeding) Excessive weight gain Poor nutrient intake SUBMIT PREVIOUS 20 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet PREVIOUS 21 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Environmental factors that influence the diets of toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAN IMPACT DIET. Parental behavior Refined and processed foods Portion size PREVIOUS 22 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Environmental factors that influence the diets of toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAN IMPACT DIET. Parental behavior Feeding practices have evolved across history in reaction to parental responses to environmental conditions.28 Parents and caregivers play a vital role in structuring children's early experiences with food and eating, which are linked to children's eating behavior.28 Infants are born into a wide variety of cultures and cuisines and come equipped with a set of behavioral predispositions that allow them to learn to accept the foods available to them.28 Refined and The first five years of life are when eating behaviors can serve as a foundation for future eating processed foods patterns to develop.28 During these early years, children learn what, when, and how much to eat based on the influence of cultural and familial beliefs, attitudes, and practices surrounding food and eating.28 Portion size PREVIOUS 23 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Environmental factors that influence the diets of toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAN IMPACT DIET. Diets high in “processed foods” can lead to what is termed “hidden hunger,” or a micronutrient deficiency “masked” by overconsumption of food that is energy Parental behavior dense and poor in nutrient quality.21 In these cases, there may be adequate or even more than adequate food being consumed, and possibly insufficient intakes of essential nutrients required for proper growth and good health. Frozen meals, canned pasta, Researchers have found evidence that eating behaviors and meal habits in early Processed packaged snacks childhood impact a child’s food preferences and eating patterns in adulthood.29 The consumption of excessive quantities of refined foods and fast foods into the Refined and processed foods contemporary diet is likely one important factor that has contributed to the rising incidence of childhood obesity in today's society.21 Some may suggest that the pressures of busy lifestyles have resulted in the adoption of convenience and fast foods as part of the everyday diet and inevitably, Fresh meats, children are impacted by this change in eating behavior as well. produce, Portion size whole grains PREVIOUS 24 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Environmental factors that influence the diets of toddlers and young children CLICK EACH TAB TO LEARN ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAN IMPACT DIET. Parental behavior The trend towards oversized portions has been shown to predispose children to obesity by promoting excessive energy intake.30 Studies indicate that large portions can lead to poor regulation of energy intake. It has also been shown, even in children as young as 2 years old, that the larger the portion served, the more people tend to eat.31,32 Refined and In two nationwide surveys of young children in the United States, it was determined processed foods that increases in food portion size were positively related to increased caloric intake and body weight.14,30,33 Portion size PREVIOUS 25 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Malnutrition, a great global health challenge, can result from environmental factors34 Malnutrition is one of the greatest global health challenges. Influenced by economic and income growth, urbanization, and globalization, a significant shift in the quality and quantity of human diets and nutrition- related epidemiology has occurred in the past few decades. As of 2017, nearly one in three people globally suffer from at least one form of malnutrition: wasting, stunting, vitamin and mineral deficiency, overweight or obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The double burden of malnutrition is characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight, obesity or diet-related NCDs, within individuals, households, and populations, and across the life-course. It can manifest at 3 levels: Individual level Household level Populations level Simultaneous presence of two or Multiple family members affected Both undernutrition and more types of malnutrition, or by different forms overweight prevalent in the same development of multiple types of malnutrition community, region, over a lifetime or nation PREVIOUS 26 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. During the first five years of life, children learn what, when, and how much to eat based only on the influence of familial beliefs. True or false? o A. True Answer: False o B. False The first five years of life are when eating behaviors can serve as a foundation for future eating patterns to develop. During these early years, children learn what, when, and how much to eat based on the influence of cultural and familial beliefs, attitudes, and practices surrounding food and eating. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 27 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following is a problem associated with refined and processed foods? o A. Diets that are high in processed foods can lead Answer: C to a micronutrient deficiency Diets that are high in processed foods can lead to what is termed hidden hunger, or a micronutrient deficiency o B. The consumption of excessive quantities of “masked” by overconsumption of food that is energy refined foods can lead to obesity dense and poor in nutrient quality. o C. Both A and B Additionally, the consumption of excessive quantities of refined and fast foods is one important factor o D. None of the above that has contributed to the rising incidence of childhood obesity. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 28 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Studies indicate that even in children as young as 2 years old, the larger the portion served, ___________________________. o A. the more people tend to eat o B. the less people tend to eat Answer: A o C. the hungrier people tend to become Studies indicate that large portions can lead to poor regulation of energy intake. It has also been shown, even in children as young o D. None of the above as 2 years old, that the larger the portion served, the more people tend to eat. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 29 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake PREVIOUS 30 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Factors that impact nutritional intake of toddlers and young children As toddlers become more responsible for self-feeding and adapt to the many developmental changes they are undergoing, several tendencies may begin to emerge that can influence their nutritional intake. Factors that impact the nutritional intake of toddlers and young children include: Variable and unpredictable appetites Ability to self-regulate food intake Food tastes and preferences Experiences within the home/caretaker environment (e.g., parental modeling of healthy eating behaviors)15 PREVIOUS 31 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Variable and unpredictable appetites Growth rate after the first birthday is often slower than the growth rate experienced during infancy. 6 While birth weight likely triples during the first year of life, it may not quadruple until 2 years of age. Although birth length typically increases 50% during the first year, children may not reach double their birth height until 4 years of age.6 As a result, the child’s appetite may decrease and food intake may appear erratic and unpredictable.6,12 Furthermore, the young child may show more enthusiasm for playing than for eating, and can become easily distracted at mealtimes.6 As toddlers develop eating habits, they may not eat the full variety of foods necessary to meet their nutritional needs or consume the entire meal as planned if responsive feeding practices are not practiced by parents.14,27,33,35,36 Consequently, they may not consistently get the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development.6,14,36 PREVIOUS 32 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ability to self-regulate food intake through self-feeding As growth gradually slows down into a more predictable pattern during the toddler years, continued development of motor, coordination, and mental skills occurs.37 These skills include walking, CLICK ON THE CUP AND SPOON TO LEARN complex motor skills such as throwing a ball, and hand-eye MORE coordination required for more complex processes such as self- ABOUT THE TODDLER’S SELF-FEEDING SKILLS. feeding.6,12,37 Depending on a toddler’s age, encouraging the toddler's ability to self- feed is believed to help promote mastery of feeding skills and ultimately to encourage self-regulation of energy intake.6 While children are considered to be able to regulate their own intake of food from an energy perspective, the child cannot choose a balanced diet.6 It is up to the adult to provide a healthy and nutritious variety of foods that will provide variety and also meet their nutrient requirements.6 PREVIOUS 33 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ability to self-regulate food intake through self-feeding × As growth gradually slows down into a more predictable pattern By 12–15 months of age, during the toddler years, continued development of motor, toddlers are generally able to coordination, and mental skills occurs.37 These skills include walking, CLICK ON THE CUP ANDfirmer self-feed SPOON TO LEARN table foods and complex motor skills such as throwing a ball, and hand-eye MORE drink from a "sippy" cup without coordination required for more complex processes such as self- ABOUT THE TODDLER’S SELF-FEEDING SKILLS. help.6 feeding.6,12,37 Depending on a toddler’s age, encouraging the toddler's ability to self- feed is believed to help promote mastery of feeding skills and ultimately to encourage self-regulation of energy intake.6 While children are considered to be able to regulate their own intake of food from an energy perspective, the child cannot choose a balanced diet.6 It is up to the adult to provide a healthy and nutritious variety of foods that will provide variety and also meet their nutrient requirements.6 PREVIOUS 34 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ability to self-regulate food intake through self-feeding × As growth gradually slows down into a more predictable pattern During the second year during the toddler years, continued development of motor, of life, toddlers develop fine coordination, and mental skills occurs.37 These skills include walking, CLICK ON THE CUP AND motor skillsSPOON TO to needed LEARN scoop complex motor skills such as throwing a ball, and hand-eye MORE food, dip food, and bring a coordination required for more complex processes such as self- ABOUT THE TODDLER’S SELF-FEEDING 6SKILLS. spoon to their mouths. feeding.6,12,37 Depending on a toddler’s age, encouraging the toddler's ability to self- feed is believed to help promote mastery of feeding skills and ultimately to encourage self-regulation of energy intake.6 While children are considered to be able to regulate their own intake of food from an energy perspective, the child cannot choose a balanced diet.6 It is up to the adult to provide a healthy and nutritious variety of foods that will provide variety and also meet their nutrient requirements.6 PREVIOUS 35 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ability to self-regulate food intake through advanced verbal communication The development of complex speech is an important milestones because toddlers can then use communication to enhance and explore their cognitive skills and also become more involved in family activities.37 These developing language skills allow toddlers and young children to verbally express, in a possibly more familiar way to adults, their hunger and fullness cues6: Dad, no more! All done! 6 weeks 2 years 3 years Use variety of communication Use simple sentences Use sentences between strategies to communicate (e.g., Have a vocabulary of around 2 and 4 words long open mouth, eat readily, eat large 50 words Are typically understandable in volume)38 social interactions with adults37 PREVIOUS 36 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Food tastes and preferences Infants are born with certain food preferences,39,40 as listed to the right. Children are also predisposed to learn associations between food flavors and the post-ingestive consequences of eating.17 Prefer sweet and However, variations in food preferences and acceptance are still typical among salty flavors39,40 as well as toddlers.6 In particular, toddlers can be subject to neophobia— high-energy foods17 a fear of new things, including foods—and as a result, they may be reluctant to accept and taste new foods.14 When this happens, toddlers can become excessively reliant on 4 or 5 favorite foods and may consume certain foods frequently while excluding others.6 These periods vary in length but are also a common occurrence and a Dislike sour and normal aspect of the development of the toddler.6 bitter flavors39,40 As a result, toddlers may not be receiving sufficient amounts of calories, protein, and the necessary vitamins and minerals.14,33,35 PREVIOUS 37 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ways parents can positively influence food acceptance Preferences for foods are influenced by early childhood experiences, and parents can play an important role in positively influencing food acceptance.6,17 CLICK EACH CIRCLE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT WAYS PARENTS CAN POSITIVELY INFLUENCE FOOD ACCEPTANCE. Offer a variety Refrain from bribing of foods with sweets Keep trying new Act as a positive and/or disliked foods role model PREVIOUS 38 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ways parents can positively influence food acceptance Preferences for foods are influenced by early childhood experiences, and parents can play an important role in positively influencing food acceptance.6,17 CLICK EACH CIRCLE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT WAYS PARENTS CAN POSITIVELY INFLUENCE FOOD ACCEPTANCE. Offer a variety Refrain from bribing of foods with sweets Continue to expose the child to initially × disliked foods as this may eventually prevent resistance.6,17 New foods may have to be offered 8– 10 times before they are accepted.6 Keep trying new Act as a positive and/or disliked foods role model PREVIOUS 39 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ways parents can positively influence food acceptance Preferences for foods are influenced by early childhood experiences, and parents can play an important role in positively influencing food acceptance.6,17 CLICK EACH CIRCLE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT WAYS PARENTS CAN POSITIVELY INFLUENCE FOOD ACCEPTANCE. Offer a variety Refrain from bribing of foods with sweets Restricting access to a particular food can increase × rather than decrease preferences in a child17 older than 2 years old. To foster the self-regulation mechanism, offer a wide and healthy assortment or variety of foods and allow the child to choose what and how much to eat.6 Keep trying new Act as a positive and/or disliked foods role model PREVIOUS 40 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ways parents can positively influence food acceptance Preferences for foods are influenced by early childhood experiences, and parents can play an important role in positively influencing food acceptance.6,17 CLICK EACH CIRCLE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT WAYS PARENTS CAN POSITIVELY INFLUENCE FOOD ACCEPTANCE. Offer a variety Refrain from bribing of foods with sweets Refrain from using sweets to pacify or soothe the child as these can lead to dental caries.6,10,17 × Offer foods without added sugars and salt as this may help set the threshold for sweet and salty tastes at lower levels.17 Keep trying new Act as a positive and/or disliked foods role model PREVIOUS 41 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Ways parents can positively influence food acceptance Preferences for foods are influenced by early childhood experiences, and parents can play an important role in positively influencing food acceptance.6,17 CLICK EACH CIRCLE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT WAYS PARENTS CAN POSITIVELY INFLUENCE FOOD ACCEPTANCE. Offer a variety Refrain from bribing of foods Act as a positive role model, which can × with sweets influence toddler’s and young children’s eating behavior through the effect of modelling.15 Modelling can lead to repeated exposure of food which in turn favors later food acceptance.15 Keep trying new Act as a positive and/or disliked foods role model PREVIOUS 42 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Growth rate after the first birthday is much faster than the growth rate experienced during infancy. True or False? o A. True Answer: False o B. False Growth rate after the first birthday is often slower than the growth rate experienced during infancy. While birth weight likely triples during the first year of life, it may not quadruple until 2 years of age. Although birth length typically increases 50% during the first year, children may not reach double their birth height until 4 years of age. SUBMIT PREVIOUS 43 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following impacts the nutritional intake of toddlers and young children? o A. Variable and unpredictable appetites Answer: D As toddlers become more responsible for self-feeding o B. Ability to self-regulate food intake and adapt to the many developmental changes they are undergoing, several tendencies may begin to emerge that can o C. Food tastes and preferences influence their nutritional intake. Factors that impact the nutritional intake of toddlers and young children include: Variable and unpredictable appetites o D. All of the above Ability to self-regulate food intake Food tastes and preferences Experiences within the home/caretaker environment (e.g., parental modeling of healthy eating behaviors) SUBMIT PREVIOUS 44 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Progress Check SELECT THE BEST RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION. YOU MUST THEN CLICK "SUBMIT" TO MOVE FORWARD. Which of the following is a way parents can positively influence food acceptance? o A. Continuing to try new and/or disliked foods Answer: A o B. Offering the same type of food Preferences for foods are influenced by early childhood experiences, and parents can play an important role in o C. Bribing with sweets positively influencing food acceptance by: Continuing to try new and/or disliked foods o D. All of the above Offering a variety of foods Refraining from bribing with sweets Acting as positive role models SUBMIT PREVIOUS 45 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 4 Picky Eating Behaviors PREVIOUS 46 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Feeding issues to maintaining adequate nutrition Some children develop a feeding issue at some time during their early CLICK THE BOX TO LEARN HOW THE PERCENTAGE OF years41 (1–10 years of age) that may prevent them from maintaining CHILDREN IDENTIFIED AS DIFFICULT TO FEED CHANGES adequate nutrition.6 OVER TIME. About 45% of these children are seen by a physician in response to their parents’ concern regarding their eating behavior.42 The goal The percentage of children who is to prevent growth faltering during this important time of growth and were perceived difficult to feed development.42 by their primary caregivers was Picky eating is a feeding issue that encompasses a wide range 11.4% at 4 weeks47 of eating behaviors.43 It is a relatively common problem during childhood, ranging from 8–50% of children.44 It is important to recognize and address habits early in childhood in order to prevent or help reduce the potential long-term effects associated with chronic inadequate nutrient intake that could occur if the behavior is left unattended.43,45,46 PREVIOUS 47 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Feeding issues to maintaining adequate nutrition Some children develop a feeding issue at some time during their early CLICK THE BOX TO LEARN HOW THE PERCENTAGE OF years41 (1–10 years of age) that may prevent them from maintaining CHILDREN IDENTIFIED AS DIFFICULT TO FEED CHANGES adequate nutrition.6 OVER TIME. About 45% of these children are seen by a physician in response to their parents’ concern regarding their eating behavior.42 The goal The percentage of children is to prevent growth faltering during this important time of growth and who were perceived development.42 difficult to feed by their primary caregivers increased to Picky eating is a feeding issue that encompasses a wide range of eating behaviors.43 It is a relatively common problem during childhood, 35.4% at 6 months and 40.6% at ranging from 8–50% of children.44 15 months.46 It is important to recognize and address habits early in childhood in order to prevent or help reduce the potential long-term effects associated with chronic inadequate nutrient intake that could occur if the behavior is left unattended.43,45,46 PREVIOUS 48 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT  Menu | Glossary | References Nutritional and Feeding Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 1 Dietary Considerations for Toddlers and Young Children 2 Environmental Factors That Influence Diet 3 Impact of Eating Preferences on Nutritional Intake 4 Picky Eating Behaviors Characteristic behaviors of picky eaters The most characteristic behaviors of picky eaters during the ages of 2.5–4.5 years identified by researchers include the following48: Lack interest in food, eat Consume a limited Exhibit strong food preferences Are unwilling to slowly, eat very little, skip number/inadequate variety (appearance, smell, taste, try new foods meals, and have no regular of foods temperature, and texture) eating schedule PREVIOUS 49 CONFIDENTIAL—EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING MATERIALS. DO NOT DETAIL OR DISTRIBUTE TO ANY THIRD PARTIES. NEXT NEXT