Module 3 Review PDF - Animal Domestication, Production Systems

Lecture 1 Review Study Guide Concepts: 1.​ Define domestication, degrees of domestication and what is a domestic animal 2.​ Name common changes in traits that are due to domestication 3.​ Know Belyaev's Fox experiment 4.​ Understand tameness and hormones involved 5.​ Diffe...

Lecture 1 Review Study Guide Concepts: 1.​ Define domestication, degrees of domestication and what is a domestic animal 2.​ Name common changes in traits that are due to domestication 3.​ Know Belyaev's Fox experiment 4.​ Understand tameness and hormones involved 5.​ Differentiate domestication and tameness 6.​ Neural crest hypothesis 7.​ Compare and contrast commensal and prey domestication pathways Content: 1.​ Define domestication, degrees, and what is a domestic animal Domestication: the process whereby a population of living organisms is changed at the genetic level. This is through selective breeding that accentuates desirable traits that benefit humans in a variety of ways. Domestic animals: Pets, cat, dogs, horses, cows Degrees of domestication: ​ Wild "fight or flight" ​ Tamed; some dependence on humans ​ Semi-domesticated; Human-animal relationship ​ Domesticated: reliant on humans 1.​ Name common changes in traits that are due to domestication Adrenal glands: Tameness Melanocytes: Coat colour Chondrocytes: Reduced skull Odontocytes: Reduced teeth Morphological changes Floppy ears developed 1.​ Know Belyaev's fox Experiment ​ He selected foxes based on temperament ​ Started with 465 foxes ​ Objective: Simulate the process that turned wolves into present day dogs Percentage based on behaviour:  ​ 30% extremely reactive ​ 40% moderately reactive ​ 20% fearful ​ 10% quiet & exploratory Breeding criteria: ​ Flight threshold distance; how close could you get to the fox. 1.​ Understand tameness and hormones involved Tameness: reduction in the release of stress hormones ​ Reduced fight-or-flight response ​ Decreased reactivity to new situations Hormones: produced by adrenal glands (top of kidney) ​ Long term: Glucocorticoids; cortisol Regulate the duration of neonatal development. ​ Short term: Catecholamines; epinephrine and norepinephrine Reduced in domestic animals compared to wild animals 1.​ Neural crest hypothesis Theory that genetic changes to neural crest cells cause domestication traits. ​ Domestication = decrease in the size of the neural crest. ​ Reduces population of cells derived from the neural crest. ​ Tameness because of reduced stress hormone synthesis ​ Cells that produce these hormones are from neural crest. ​ Smaller # of cells involved. = Domestication syndrome How was the wolf domesticated? ​ Wolves that had a short flight distance could take advantage of food waste from humans (competitive advantage) ​ These wolves tended to breed with each other. ​ Developed domestication syndrome. 1.​ Compare and contrast commensal and prey domestication pathways Commensal pathway: Habituation --> Partnership --> Directed Breeding Prey pathway: Prey --> Game management --> Herd management --> Directed breeding Lecture 2 Review Study Guide Concepts: 1.​ Understand and differentiate between extensive and intensive animal systems, with examples of each 2.​ Understand different terms related to animal lifecycle, sector types and production stages across different production systems 3.​ Describe some main characteristics of the Canadian beef, pork, and dairy industries. 4.​ What is supply management in Canada and how it controls the supply and stabilize the price 5.​ Why is colostrum important Content: 1.​ Extensive and intensive animal systems Extensive: minimized capital inputs, mainly unprocessed diets of low nutrient, high fiber density, non-confined, minimized handling. ​ Beef cattle ​ Sheep and goat Intensive: Significant capital inputs, processed, nutrient dense diets, confinement production, economies of scale ​ Pork ​ Dairy ​ Poultry 1.​ Understand different terms related to animal lifecycle, sector types and production stages across different production systems Sector types: ​ Cow-calf (primary) Extensive production Pasture and rangeland ​ Backgrounding/Stocker Managed with forage/pasture diet Slow growth ​ Feedlot/Finishing Intensive production Primarily concentrate diets ​ Packing sector Intensive production Primarily feedlots with some pasture Animal lifecycle terms: Cow: mature female Heifer: young female Bull: sexually mature uncastrated male Steer: castrated male before sexual maturity Calf: neonatal to 5 months of age Gestation period: 283 days, 82 days to get pregnant post calving. Pork terms: Sow: mature female pig Gilt: immature female pig before 2nd pregnancy Boar: mature male pig Barrow: castrated male pig Piglet: neonatal pig before weaning Farrowing: giving birth to piglets Modern Swine Production in Canada ​ Intensive Industry with pigs typically raised in total confinement throughout their life ​ Biosecurity on commercial farms is very important ​ Limited visitors Breeding done through artificial insemination Gestation: 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days Farrowing: ​ Sows kept in individual crates ​ Average litter size = 15 piglets ​ Average birth weight: 1.2 kg ​ Colostrum intake in the first 6 hours ​ Most sows = 12 teats Weaning: ​ Abrupt ​ Piglets moved to a nursery  ​ Transition from milk to a solid feed. ​ Mixed with other piglets ​ 21-28 days old. Grow-Finish: ​ After 5 weeks in nursery ​ Housed in large groups ​ Diets changed as pigs mature ​ Ready for market in 15 weeks; 125 to 130 kg Dairy Production Lifecycle: lactation cycle --> life span --> calves Parturition and Milk Fever ​ Requires that cows mobilize large amounts of calcium from the skeleton. ​ Insufficient calcium can cause: Muscle tremors Staggering Lying flat on their sides ​ Heart failure and death Treatment: intravenous calcium 1.​ What is supply management in Canada and how it controls the supply and stabilize the price Quota: License to produce up to a set amount of milk Quota limits: National marketing agency determines production amounts and sets production quotas for each province. Minimum prices: producers are guaranteed a minimum price for their products High tariffs: Makes imported dairy products expensive so Canadian products are the only option for consumers. 1.​ Why is colostrum important? Calves are born with no immunoglobins in their bloodstream. Small intestine of the newborn can absorb immunoglobins into blood for the first 24 hours after birth = PASSIVE IMMUNITY Antibodies: Y-shaped proteins, bind to bacteria and viruses to help prevent disease. Lecture 3 Review Study Guide Concepts: 1.​ Describe the production system for the North American beef industry, production cycles, types of feeding operations 2.​ Key features of the Canadian beef industry, challenges, and opportunities 3.​ What are forages, why are they important for cow-calf nutrition and management? 4.​ What is Canada's Traceability Program 5.​ How do cattle breeds vary, describe how they are marketed/sold as calves and as finished product. Content: 1.​ Production system for the North American Beef Industry Sectored production system ​ Cow-calf ​ Backgrounding ​ Feedlot ​ Packer >90,000 producers Canadian Beef Industry ​ 15 million cattle and calves ​ Majority family run operations 1.​ What are forages, why are they important for cow-calf nutrition and management? Forages- "Foundation of the Beef Industry" - pasture, hay, straw, silage Major feed component of beef cattle. Feed is the single greatest variable cost in beef production. Main focuses: ​ Energy ​ Protein ​ Minerals ​ Vitamins ​ Water 1.​ What is Canada's Traceability Program Based on 3 factors:  1.​ Animal identification- radio frequency identification tags Have individual ID and Premise ID, cattle must have to leave property. 1.​ Premise identification 2.​ Animal movement 1.​ Cattle breed varieties and why Dominant breeds: ​ Angus ​ Simmental ​ Hereford ​ Charolais ​ Limousin Vary in: ​ Colour ​ Carcass quality ​ Behaviour ​ Frame size ​ Feed efficiency Weaned Calf Sales 1.​ Sell in groups through auction mart to feedlot buyers 2.​ Internet/Video sales 3.​ Forward contract with feedlot and deliver calves there for pre-arranged price- eliminate 'sale barn' Lecture 4 Review: Study Guide Concepts: 1.​ Know terminology for different types of poultry 2.​ Why is chicken the most consumed meat in the world 3.​ Advantages and disadvantages of the supply management system specific to poultry production Content: 1.​ Know terminology for different types of poultry Terminology: Broiler- meat chicken Layer- table egg production chicken Rooster- male chicken Tom- male turkey Hen- female turkey or chicken 1.​ Why is chicken the most consumed meat in the world ​ Canada = supply management system; we produce as much as we consume. Supply management system ​ Family farms in Canada ​ Not family owned in USA ​ Producers receive steady income ​ Many vaccines but many politicians do not allow them to be used. ​ >1000 broilers = commercial 1.​ Advantages and disadvantages of the supply management system specific to poultry production Advantages: ​ Producers get a steady income ​ Steady supply without oversupply ​ Producers make enough money that they can support additional welfare initiatives ​ Boards have say in practices for animal welfare of birds. Disadvantages: ​ Product is more expensive for consumers ​ Future producers must purchase quota