Poultry Management ANSCI 105 PDF

ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY Leon, Campus ANSCI 105: POULTRY MANAGEMENT UNIT 3 Poultry Nutrition Learning Objectives At the end of the unit, the students must have: 1. identify the essential nutrients required by poultry, including protei...

ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY Leon, Campus ANSCI 105: POULTRY MANAGEMENT UNIT 3 Poultry Nutrition Learning Objectives At the end of the unit, the students must have: 1. identify the essential nutrients required by poultry, including proteins, energy sources, vitamins, and minerals. 2. identify common feed additives and growth promoters used in commercial poultry production. 3. describe the changing nutritional requirements of poultry across different life stages: starter, grower, finisher, and layer phases. 4. explain the relationship between nutrition and meat yield, including carcass quality and growth rates in broilers. LESSON 1: Nutritional Needs of Poultry: Protein, b. Formulating Diets for Layers, Broilers, and Energy, Vitamins, and Minerals. Breeders Effective poultry nutrition is crucial for Formulating diets for poultry involves ensuring optimizing growth, egg production, feed conversion that the nutrient content aligns with the birds' specific efficiency, and overall health. Nutritional management physiological needs: encompasses the correct balance of protein, energy, vitamins, minerals, and the use of feed additives, with  Layers: Diets for laying hens emphasize strategies varying based on the type of poultry (layers, sufficient calcium for strong eggshells, along broilers, breeders) and the specific life stage of the with protein for egg formation. Typical layer birds. Below is a detailed overview: diets contain around 16-18% protein, 4% calcium, and moderate energy levels to Poultry requires a balanced diet containing maintain optimal body weight and egg essential nutrients for growth, egg production, and production. general health. These include:  Broilers: Broiler diets are designed to  Protein: Protein is essential for muscle maximize growth and meat yield, with a high development, growth, and egg production. protein content (20-24%) in the early stages The requirement for protein varies with age and a shift to lower protein and higher energy and production phase. For instance, broilers levels as birds near market weight. Amino need high levels of protein (22-24%) during acids like methionine and lysine are carefully the early growth phase, which decreases as balanced to support muscle growth. they mature. Layers require about 16-18% protein for optimum egg production.  Breeders: Breeder diets are formulated to promote fertility and egg production while  Energy: Poultry derive energy primarily from avoiding excessive weight gain, which can carbohydrates and fats. Energy requirements negatively impact reproduction. These diets are typically expressed in kcal per kg of feed are typically lower in energy but higher in and vary based on factors such as age, vitamins and minerals, with an emphasis on production stage, and environmental maintaining proper body condition. conditions. Broilers, for example, require diets with higher energy densities for rapid growth, c. Feed Additives and Growth Promoters while breeders require lower energy levels to Feed additives are used to enhance growth, avoid excessive fat accumulation. improve gut health, and boost immunity in poultry. Common feed additives include:  Vitamins: Essential vitamins include Vitamin A (for growth and immunity), Vitamin D (for  Probiotics and Prebiotics: These helps calcium metabolism and bone health), maintain a healthy gut microbiome, improve Vitamin E (antioxidant), and B-vitamins (for nutrient absorption, and boost immune energy metabolism). Vitamin deficiencies can function. The use of probiotics has become lead to growth retardation, reproductive more prevalent since the reduction of issues, and immune deficiencies. antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in many regions due to regulatory restrictions.  Minerals: Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and sodium are vital. Layers have high  Enzymes: Feed enzymes like phytase are calcium demands (around 4%) for eggshell added to improve the digestibility of nutrients, formation, while phosphorus is crucial for especially phosphorus, allowing for more bone development and energy metabolism. efficient feed utilization. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is particularly critical to prevent metabolic  Acidifiers: Organic acids are used to lower disorders like rickets. the pH in the gut, suppressing harmful bacteria and enhancing nutrient absorption.  ANSCI 105: Poultry Management 1  Growth Promoters: In some countries, non- g. Nutritional Disorders and their Management antibiotic growth promoters like essential oils Nutritional imbalances can lead to various or plant extracts (e.g., oregano, thyme) are disorders, including: being used to stimulate growth and improve feed efficiency.  Rickets: A deficiency in calcium, phosphorus, d. Feed Conversion Efficiency and Cost-Effective or Vitamin D3 leads to weak bones, Feeding Strategies deformities, and reduced growth. This condition is common in young birds and Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) measures the layers. amount of feed required to produce a unit of meat or eggs. Maximizing FCE is a key goal in commercial  Fatty Liver Syndrome: Overfeeding energy- production to reduce costs and improve profitability. rich diets, particularly in layers, can result in fatty liver syndrome, where fat accumulates in  Broilers: Broilers have high feed efficiency, the liver, leading to reduced egg production typically around 1.6 to 1.8 kg of feed per 1 kg and increased mortality. of weight gain. Feeding strategies include phase feeding, where diets are adjusted at  Ascites: Caused by an imbalance in energy different growth stages to match the birds’ and oxygen supply, leading to fluid changing nutritional needs, minimizing waste accumulation in the abdominal cavity. This is and overfeeding. more prevalent in fast-growing broilers.  Layers: For layers, FCE focuses on Management of nutritional disorders includes maximizing the number of eggs per unit of adjusting the diet to balance nutrients, improving feed feed consumed. Feeding strategies that formulation, and implementing regular monitoring. enhance gut health and optimize nutrient absorption (e.g., using enzymes or balanced amino acid profiles) are important for cost- h. Innovations in Poultry Feed: Alternative effective production. Ingredients and Precision Feeding e. Nutrition for Different Life Stages: Starter, Recent innovations in poultry nutrition have focused Grower, Finisher, and Layer Phases on sustainability and efficiency: Poultry nutritional requirements vary significantly  Alternative Ingredients: With the rising costs across life stages: of traditional feed ingredients like corn and soybean meal, alternative sources such as  Starter Phase: In broilers, the starter phase insect meal, algae, and distillers' grains are (0-3 weeks) requires diets rich in protein (20- being explored as protein and energy 24%) and energy to support rapid growth. In substitutes. These alternatives can reduce layers, the focus is on skeletal development feed costs and reliance on conventional crops. and immune system establishment.  Precision Feeding: Advances in precision  Grower Phase: During the grower phase (3-6 feeding technology allow for real-time weeks), broiler diets reduce protein content monitoring of feed intake and nutrient slightly while maintaining energy levels to requirements. Automated feeding systems support continued growth. Layer pullets can adjust feed composition based on factors require diets that build body reserves and such as age, weight, and environmental prepare them for egg production. conditions, reducing waste and optimizing growth.  Finisher Phase: For broilers, finisher diets are lower in protein but higher in energy, designed to promote muscle deposition without excessive fat accumulation. This phase is critical for meat yield and feed efficiency.  Layer Phase: As hens reach the production stage, their diets emphasize calcium and protein to support consistent egg production and quality. f. Impact of Nutrition on Egg Production and Meat Yield Proper nutrition is directly correlated with egg production and meat yield:  Egg Production: Calcium and phosphorus are critical for eggshell quality, while protein and essential fatty acids are vital for yolk formation. Deficiencies in these nutrients can lead to poor egg quality, reduced production, and higher rates of eggshell breakage.  Meat Yield: Protein and energy levels, along with balanced amino acids, are crucial for maximizing meat yield in broilers. Diets that provide optimal nutrition during the grower and finisher phases lead to better muscle development and carcass quality.