module 3 - Construction.pptx

STRAND Energy-Star Training Construction Primer © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Flat © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Ty...

STRAND Energy-Star Training Construction Primer © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Flat © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Vaulted © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Barrel Vault © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Beamed © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Coffered © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Coffered © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Exposed © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Ceiling Types: Sloped © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Types Scuttle © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Types Unfinished © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Types Partially Finished < 40 % © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Types Fully Finished 40 – 50 % © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Types Full Fin Wall HGT © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Components Rafters: © 2023 STRAND Rafters are typically 2"x8", 2"x10", or even 2"x12" lumber Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Components Trusses: factory. © 2023 STRAND Trusses are 2"x4" lumber connected in triangular webs, prefabricated in a Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Attic Components Vented Attic: Modern homes typically have attic ventilation built-in. This includes some combination of a ridge vent at the roof's peak, soffit vents under the eaves, and/or gable vents built into the walls below the roof's peak. These vents keep the attic cooler in the summer and keep moisture from building up throughout the year Unvented Attic: An unvented attic is best if you use it for living space and/or if your HVAC system is located there. To convert a vented attic to an unvented one, you must include the attic space in the home's thermal envelope. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope The Stud Framed Wall © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Studs Studs are wall-height 2x4s or 2x6s (but they may be other sizes) that either come precut from a lumber mill to the length needed for common wall heights or cut-to-length on-site. They are spaced equally apart along the length of a wall. Common on-center spacings (the distance from the center of one stud to the center of the next stud) are 16 in. and 24 in. Studs transfer loads resting on the top wall plate to the bottom wall plate. Wall plates Two types of wall plates are logically named the top plate and the bottom plate (sometimes called “sole plate”). The top plate can be a single board (single top plate) or doubled up (double top plate). Double top plates are most common on exterior or interior load-bearing walls. A single top plate can be used in load-bearing walls, provided roof rafters or trusses and floor joists stack directly over the studs in the wall. Bottom plates are almost exclusively single. Each wall stud is fastened in place between the plates with two or three nails driven through the plates and 1-1/2 in. or deeper into the ends of the stud. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Headers Rough openings are made in a wall built for windows and doors. When the opening is greater in width than the stud spacing—and most windows are wider than 24 in.—then a header is inserted within the opening to carry the load of the interrupted stud(s). A header is a simple beam sized to support the load above the opening it spans. Headers can be made from solid lumber (4×6 for example), built-up from two or three layers of 2x lumber (two 2x6s or three 2x10s, for example), or engineered lumber (LVL, PSL, LSL). Jack and king studs The header fits between two king studs and is supported by one or more jack studs at each side of a rough opening. The king studs are the same length and size of regular studs in a wall; the only difference is that they are positioned at the ends of a header so they don’t necessarily land at regular on-center stud locations. Jacks, sometimes called trimmers, are studs cut to length to fit under each end of a header and down to the bottom plate. Jacks transfer the load that the header carries down to the bottom plate and the framing beneath. Sometimes jacks are doubled or tripled at the sides of wide openings so there’s enough supporting surface for the ends of the header to bear on. Jacks can be replaced with steel header hangers attached to the sides of the king studs. King and jack studs are nailed in place through the plates and jacks are side-nailed to © 2023 STRAND Dallasunit. I Texas 972 620 8204 the king studs so they act as a single The Building Envelope Saddles and cripples A saddle (also called a sill or rough sill) forms the bottom of a window rough and supports the weight of the window. It’s a piece of 2x stock cut to fit between two jacks, laid flat, and nailed to the jacks. Cripple studs (cripples) are short studs sandwiched between the saddle and the bottom plate. Cripples are located at the on-center positions where studs would have been located had they not been interrupted by the rough opening. Cripples are nailed through the saddle and bottom plate. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Fenestration refers to the openings in a building’s envelope, most notably the windows, doors, skylights and curtain walls © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Doors © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Pros of UPVC Doors: •uPVC has excellent insulation properties resulting in high energy efficiency. •uPVC is cheaper than aluminium or timber. •uPVC doors are available in several attractive designs. •uPVC is maintenance-free and not prone to rust or corrosion. Cons of UPVC Doors: •uPVC is possibly the weakest of the three and mandates the need for a sturdier and thicker frame. Additionally, the frames may potentially degrade over many years. •Predominantly available only in white, uPVC doors need to be painted for them to be customized thus driving up the costs. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Pros of Aluminium Doors: •Aluminium is the most durable of the three materials and requires little maintenance. •Aluminium doors are highly customizable and have an endless variety of custom colours. •Typically powder-coated or anodized, Aluminium will not rot or discolor quickly. Cons of Aluminium Doors: •Because aluminium is the best heat conductor, it is not as insulating. They are dependent on the glazing selected. •Aluminium is far more expensive to manufacture than uPVC. •May require periodic maintenance over long periods of usage. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Pros of Wooden Doors •Wooden Doors are very attractive and are aesthetically pleasing. •Wood is naturally a very good insulator of heat. •Wooden doors are energy efficient. •Wooden doors can be customized and come in a variety of finishes. •Wooden windows do not rust/corrode over time. Cons of Wooden Doors •Wooden doors mandate regular maintenance and need regular painting and polishing. •Wood is more expensive than aluminium especially after glazing and painting to ensure it lasts. •Wooden doors can catch fire easily. •Wood is a poor conductor of heat. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Windows The Window Glossary (wdma.com) © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Window Types © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Window Panes © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Foundations Types: Slab On Grade Crawl Space – Vented, Unvented Basement © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Slab on Grade •Slab on grade is used in areas where ground does not freeze. •The edges of the slab-on-grade are thicker than the interior of the slab. •The slab-on-grade is monolithic (poured all at one time). © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Slab on Grade Monolithic Slab is used the foundation is made in one single pour that is made up of a layer of a concrete slab with thicker area under the load bearing wall and all the edges of the perimeter to replace the footer. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Slab on Grade Floating Slab are called “floating” because they are allowed to move over the ice line as a monolithic unit. Insulation can also be added to reduce movement due to frost, depending on the needs of the project. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Crawls Space A crawl space foundation features exterior concrete walls that elevate the bottom of the house 18 inches or higher above grade (ground level), providing an accessible area to reach plumbing and wiring should it need maintenance in the future. Crawl space foundations usually require additional support walls beneath the interior of the house as well. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Basement Basement: The basement foundation is an additional floor partially or completely below ground and built with poured concrete walls. It’s the deepest of the common foundation types and matches most or all of the floor space of the level above. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Building Orientation © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Legend Symbols © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Schedul es © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The Building Envelope Detail s © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204