Module 2 Supporting Cabling and Physical Installations PDF

Module 2 Supporting Cabling and Physical Installations 1 Learning Objectives Summarize Ethernet standards. Summarize copper cabling and connector types. Summarize fiber optic cabling and connector types. Describe physical installation factors for rack-base...

Module 2 Supporting Cabling and Physical Installations 1 Learning Objectives Summarize Ethernet standards. Summarize copper cabling and connector types. Summarize fiber optic cabling and connector types. Describe physical installation factors for rack-based installations in server rooms and datacenters. Deploy and troubleshoot Ethernet cabling. 2 Lesson 2.1 Ethernet 3 Network Data Transmission Terms Data transmission is Data is sent point-to Digital signals (1s and 0s) transferring data from point via wired or are transmitted across wireless streams or one device to another. the channels. channels. Transmission media Error The speed at which the include copper wires, detection/correction data is sent is the data fiber optic cables, or mechanisms detect transfer rate. wireless signals. transmission errors. 4 Ethernet Standards IEEE 802.3 standards define the physical layer and data link layer’s media access control (MAC) for wired Ethernet. Standard Cables Speed 10Base-T Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) 10 Mbps 100Base-T Cat5e or higher 100 Mbps 1000Base-T Cat6 or higher 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet 10GBase-T Cat6 or higher 10 Gbps 10 Gigabit Ethernet 100Base-TX Cat5 or higher 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet 5 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Collision Purpose Process Resolution Detection Carrier Sense Jam Signal Regulates If two devices communication transmit in networks with simultaneously, shared a collision is transmission detected. mediums Backoff Multiple Access Algorithm 6 CSMA/CD Diagram 7 Fiber Ethernet Standards Standard Cables Speed 100Base-FX MMF (OM1) 100 Mbps 100Base-SX MMF (OM1, OM2) 100 Mbps 1000Base-SX MMF (OM2, OM3) 1 Gbps 1000Base-LX MMF (OM1, OM2, OM3), SMF 1 Gbps (OS1, OS2) 10GBase-SR MMF (OM2, OM3, OM4) 10 Gbps 10GBase-LR SMF (OS1,OS2) 10 Gbps 8 Activity: True or False CSMA/CD regulates communication in networks with shared transmission media. 9 Lesson 2.2 Copper Cables and Connectors 10 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Structure Contains 2 to 1800 pairs in a plastic jacket Interference Minimal EMI protection Use Popular for LANs because it is cost-effective Categories Grades like Cat5e (1 Gbps) and Cat6a (10 Gbps) Installation Avoid sharp bends, keep away from EMI sources 11 Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP) Structure Interference Use Categories Installation High- Twisted EMI Grades such Careful interference copper wires protection as Cat5e, 6, 7 handling areas Sensitive Conductive Reduced Avoid sharp data shielding crosstalk bends transmission 12 Ethernet Connectors Feature RJ11 RJ45 Image Configuration 6 positions, 4 connectors 8 positions, 8 connectors Usage Phone and modem Computer networking Bandwidth 24 Mbps 10 Gbps over Ethernet 13 Plenum and Riser-Rated Cable Plenum-rated Riser-rated Used in vertical spaces Installed in plenum spaces between floors Made of fire-resistant low toxic Fire-resistant materials Meets higher fire safety Prevent spread of fire between standards floors More expensive More cost-effective 14 Coaxial and Twinaxial Cable Feature Coaxial Twinaxial Image Configuration Central conductor, insulation, metallic Two inner conductors in a twisted shield, outer jacket pair, insulation, outer jacket Usage TV, Internet, radio signals, CCTV 10 GB Ethernet networks Bandwidth Wide range of frequencies, high-speed Very-short range high-speed data transmission Connectors BNC, TNC, SMA Proprietary 15 Activity: Multiple Choice A company is setting up a network in an industrial environment where machinery often causes significant electromagnetic interference. The network requires a cabling solution that can handle high-speed data transfer while also being resistant to this interference. The cable will be used to connect servers within the same data center, and the runs will not exceed 100 meters. A. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) B. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) C. Coaxial Cable D. Fiber Optic Cable 16 Lesson 2.3 Wiring Implementation 17  Structured Cabling System A structured cabling scheme is a standard way of provisioning cabled networking for computers in an office building. Work Area User connection point Floor-level networking Horizontal Cabling Multiple IDFs Telecommunications Equipment hub Room Dedicated space Backbone Cabling Vertical connections Entrance Network transition point Facilities/Demarc LEC integration 18 Structured Cabling Diagram 19 T568A and T568B Termination Standards 20 Patch Panels Wiring Purpose Structure Function Standards Facilitates Punch down IDC terminals Supports T568A cable blocks at rear allow for wiring schemes management for cable secure and Supports T568B termination compact cable wiring schemes RJ45 ports in termination front for device RJ45 ports connections enable easy reconfiguration of network connections 21 Structured Cable Installation Pulling Cable Connection Documentation Gather tools Service loop Verify Plan route Label cables Cut and label Patch panel connections Record details Route cables Work area Test network Bundle cables Preparation Termination Testing 22 Termination Tools Cable Cutters Crimp Tools For clean cuts To attach of the cable connectors to without the cable damaging ends. wires. Punch-Down Tools Cable Strippers For For safely terminating removing cable wires in insulation punch down without blocks. nicking wires. 23 Activity: What is it? 1 2 3 4 24 Lesson 2.4 Fiber Optic Cables and Connectors 25 Fiber Optic Considerations Fiber optic cables Thin stands of glass or plastic Transmit data using light pulses Composition Core: ultra-pure strands of glass Cladding: reflects light back into the core Buffer: outer protective jacket Benefits Transmit data up to 800 Gbps Maintain signal quality over long distances Immune to electromagnetic interference 26 Single Mode and Multimode Fiber Factor Single Mode Multimode Core diameter Small core allowing only one light Larger core allowing multiple light to pass through modes to pass through Light transmission Light travels directly down the fiber Light bounces more causing more with minimal reflection and dispersion and attenuation attenuation Distance and Suitable for long distances Best for shorter distances bandwidth Applications Long-haul networks, high-speed Datacenters, LANs broadband, telecommunications Cost More expensive Less expensive 27 Fiber Optic Connector Types Factor Subscriber Connector Lucent Connector (LC) Straight Tip Connector (SC) (ST) Image Ferrule Size 2.5 mm 1.25 mm 2.5 mm Applications Telecommunications Heavily populated patch LANS and datacenters networks, data panels and cabinets transmission Features Push-pull design, quick Square shape, duplex Bayonet twist-lock, older deployment, low insertion header design but still widely used loss, durability 28 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Allows multiple data channels to share the same fiber using different wavelengths of light Bidirectional WDM Coarse WDM (CWDM): Dense WDM (DWDM): (BiDi): Supports Tx and Rx over the Supports up to 16 wavelengths Provisions more channels (20, same fiber strand Typically used for 4-8 40, 80, or 160) Uses shifted wavelengths bidirectional channels on a Requires precise lasers due to (1310 nm for Tx, 1490 nm for single strand less spacing between channels Rx) Can also be used for Supports multi-channel Requires installation in unidirectional channels on 1G, 10G, and 40G Ethernet opposite pairs dual strands links Documented in Ethernet Transceivers installed in standards (1000BASE-BX, opposite pairs for proper 10GBASE-BX) function 29 Activity: Two Truths and a Lie Fiber optic cables are Single mode fiber made of thin strands causes more of glass or plastic that dispersion and transmit data using attenuation then light pulses multimode fiber Lucent connectors are often used for heavily populated patch panels 30 Lesson 2.5 Physical Installation Factors 31 Rack Systems Secure Areas: Telecommunications closets, equipment rooms, server rooms Datacenters for server provisioning Access Control: Physical access controls for authorized entry Rack Installation: Steel shelving systems for standard-size equipment Secure, compact storage; increased density Standard Sizing: EIA standard 19"/48.26 cm width for rack-mounting 32 Humidity and Temperature Temperature Humidity Electrical Flood Monitoring Control Stability Detection Avoids Ensures Identifies Prevents condensation uninterrupted water-related overheating and corrosion power supply risks Triggers Ensures Monitors for Reduces static immediate effective heat voltage charge risks system dissipation irregularities shutdowns 33 Power Management Power Load and Battery PDUs Essentials Voltage Backups Component-level Essential stable storage device AC circuits aligned Ensure clean power protection power for network with equipment load signals appliances UPS for system-level power continuity Protection against High-voltage circuits Offer remote voltage spikes, UPS runtime in datacenters monitoring/control surges, and failures dependent on load/model Copyright © 2024 The Compu ng Technology Industry Associa on, Inc. All rights 34 reserved. Fire Suppression Fire Safety Detection and Sprinkler Sprinkler Extinguishers: Elements Alarms Systems Alternatives Clearly marked Dry-pipe fire exits. Various types for Heat-triggered, different fire water discharge. classes. Automatic and Pre-action Regular manual emergency smoke/fire evacuation drills. detection Halon (phased systems. out). Class C Risk of burst extinguishers for pipes, accidental Fire-resistant electrical safety. triggering. building design. Clean agent 35 Activity: Prevention What would you do to: Prevent equipment from overheating in server room Prevent static discharge Protect equipment and data from brownouts and blackouts 36 Lesson 2.6 Cable Troubleshooting 37 Specifications and Limitations: Part One Understanding Speed vs. Throughput Specifications Throughput Factors Compare Physical Layer: Average data expected vs. Symbols transfer rate over actual transmitted, time performance measured in Affected by Assess speed, baud rate (Hz) encoding, errors, throughput, Data Link Layer: distance, distance Nominal bit rate interference or bandwidth (bps) 38 Specifications and Limitations: Part Two Measurement Layers Latency Distance Limitations Network/Transport Speed of packet Media type dictates Layer: Throughput delivery, measured bit rate over Application Layer: in milliseconds (ms) distance Goodput Also known as Attenuation (dB (accounting for latency or delay loss) and packet loss) interference (SNR) impact performance 39 Cable Issues: Symptoms Random Slow Internet disconnections Connection speeds and timeouts reconnections Lagging Frequent drops Slowing down audio/video or unstable of applications communication network link 40 Cable Issues: Troubleshooting Use Substitute Test Check alternative Verify Physical Verify patch patch cords transceivers structured hosts or drivers and inspection cord with known with a cabling with switch ports network of cables connections good ones loopback appropriate to test adapter if faulty tool tools connectivity 41 Cable Testers Diagnosis with Cable Testing Tools Used when cable is not directly accessible Diagnose intermittent connectivity or performance issues Cable Tester Functions Reports on physical and electrical properties Tests conditions, crosstalk, attenuation, noise, resistance 42 Wire Map Testers and Tone Generators Wire Map Testers Tone Generators Detect improper cable Trace cables through termination walls or identify active Use base and remote cables in a bundle units to test each wire Known as “Fox and conductor Hound” Identify issues like open Apply signal to trace circuits, shorts, and cable with a probe incorrect pin-outs 43 Attenuation Issues Loss of signal strength in networking cables or connections (measured in decibels (dB) or voltage) Signal strength loss during transmission Higher impedance, higher attenuation Issues Long cabling distance Thin wire size Environmental factors Shorten cable lengths Solutions Use repeaters/extenders Upgrade to high-quality cables Measure and test signal attenuation at installation 44 Interference Issues Negative effects of electromagnetic, radio frequency, and electrostatic signals on cable transmissions Electromagnetic interference (EMI) Issues Radio frequency interference (RFI) Crosstalk from adjacent wires Defective connectors/conductors Shielding techniques (foil/braided shields) Solutions Systematic cable routing and organization Use robust materials and strain relief Compatibility testing 45 Crosstalk Issues Interference caused by signal overlap cables Crosstalk at transmitter Near End Crosstalk (NEXT) Caused by untwisting, faulty shields Attenuation to Crosstalk Insertion loss vs. NEXT Radio, Near End (ACRN) High value: strong signal Attenuation to Crosstalk FEXT at recipient end Radio, Far End (ACRF) Independent of link length For Gigabit/10 GbE Ethernet Power Sum Ensures cable suitability Interference from nearby cables Alien Crosstalk: Due to tight bundling, bad termination 46 Crosstalk Issues: Solutions Check for physical damage and improper installation Avoid excessive untwisting Ensure proper bundling Use appropriate cable types and connectors 47 Activity: Think About It What are some symptoms of cabling issues? 48 Summary Understand Cable Needs: Consider factors like interference and attenuation when choosing shielded copper or fiber optic cables Proper Cable Preparation: Use appropriate tools for cable preparation and termination for connectors or punch down blocks Application-Specific Use: Ensure cables are used for their intended purpose to meet network requirements. Cable Testing: Verify cable integrity using appropriate testing tools to identify and troubleshoot faults 49