Module 2 S2 Data Com for students.pdf

Engr. Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE SYNCHRONIZATION MODULE 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES q Understand the importance of synchronization q Discuss the various synchronization types Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Key Points Importance o...

Engr. Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE SYNCHRONIZATION MODULE 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES q Understand the importance of synchronization q Discuss the various synchronization types Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Key Points Importance of Synchronization Synchronization Hierarchy Synchronization Types Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Synchronization in Data Communication S y n c h ro n i z a t i o n i s c r u c i a l f o r re l i a b l e d a t a c o m m u n i c a t i o n. I t e n s u re s t h a t s e n d e r a n d re c e i v e r a re a l i g n e d i n t i m e , a l l ow i n g f o r a c c u ra t e d a t a t ra n s m i s s i o n. W i t h o u t s y n c h ro n i z a t i o n , d a t a c a n become corrupted, leading to e r ro r s a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n f a i l u re s. Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Importance of Synchronization in Networking Synchronization is essential for maintaining data integrity in networks. It enables devices to exchange data without errors and ensures smooth operation. 1 Data Integrity 2 Network Efficiency Synchronization guarantees Synchronization allows for accurate data transmission by efficient utilization of network ensuring that bits are resources, preventing data received in the correct collisions and maximizing order. bandwidth. 3 Reliable Communication Synchronization contributes to reliable communication by minimizing errors and ensuring that data is delivered successfully. SYNCHRONIZATION HIERARCHY Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE  SYNCHRONIZATION HIERARCHY CARRIER SYNCHRONIZATION BIT (SYMBOL) SYNCHRONZATION MINOR FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION MAJOR FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Carrier Synchronization - concerns the estimation and compensation of the carrier frequency and phase differences between the transmitted signal and the corresponding received signal. Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Bit /Clock Synchronization Techniques Bit synchronization techniques ensure that sender and receiver clocks are aligned at the bit level. Clock Recovery Timing Extraction Extracts a timing signal from Generates a clock signal from the received data stream to the received data based on the synchronize the receiver's timing information present in clock. the data itself. Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Types of Synchronization Synchronization is classified into different levels based on the granularity of data synchronization. Bit Synchronization Character Ensures that both Synchronization sender and receiver Aligns sender and receiver are aligned at the bit at the character level, level, guaranteeing ensuring that characters accurate reception of are received correctly, individual bits. considering their boundaries. Frame Synchronization Ensures that entire data frames are received without errors, allowing for efficient data exchange. Character Synchronization Techniques Character synchronization ensures that the receiver can accurately identify the start and end of each character in the data stream. Start-Stop Transmission Uses special start and stop bits to mark the beginning and end of each character. Framing Uses special characters or patterns to delimit frames, allowing for efficient data transfer. Frame Synchronization Techniques Frame synchronization techniques ensure that the receiver can correctly identify and process entire data frames. Preamble A unique pattern of bits that precedes the data in a frame, allowing the receiver to synchronize with the sender's clock. Midamble A pattern of bits inserted in the middle of the frame, providing additional synchronization points and improving data integrity. MODEM SPECIFICATIONS Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Synchronization Challenges Synchronization can be affected by various factors that introduce errors and disrupt data transmission. Noise Random fluctuations in the signal that can corrupt data and make synchronization difficult. Distortion Changes in the signal's shape that can distort data and affect synchronization. Jitter Variations in the timing of data bits that can lead to errors and synchronization issues.  Synchronization Protocols Various protocols are used in networks to facilitate synchronization and ensure reliable data communication. 1 HDLC 2 PPP 3 Ethernet High-Level Data Link Point-to-Point Protocol Ethernet uses preamble and Control (HDLC) uses bit (PPP) incorporates character other techniques for frame stuffing and other techniques synchronization and framing synchronization and data for synchronization. for reliable data transmission. exchange. Synchronization in Wireless Networks Synchronization plays a vital role in wireless networks, as signals propagate through the air, susceptible to interference and fading. OFDM CDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Multiplexing (OFDM) uses multiple sub- uses unique codes for different users, carriers for data transmission, enhancing allowing for simultaneous communication synchronization in fading environments. and better synchronization. Future Trends in Synchronization Synchronization remains a crucial aspect of data communication, with ongoing research and development focusing on improving robustness and efficiency. 1 Advanced Synchronization Algorithms Developing sophisticated algorithms to handle increasingly complex network environments and data transmission challenges. 2 Adaptive Synchronization Developing systems that can dynamically adapt to changing network conditions, ensuring optimal synchronization under various scenarios. 3 Synchronization in Emerging Technologies Exploring synchronization techniques for next-generation technologies such as 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing. ANY QUESTIONS Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Your Key Take Away? Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE  REFERENCES 1. W. Tomasi, Electronic Communications Systems Fundamentals Through Advanced, 6th ed. Singapore Pearson Education. Inc., 2014. 2. C. White, Data Communications and Networking, 4th ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2007. 3. R. Blake, Electronic Communications Systems, 2nd ed. Cengage Learning, 2008. 4. G. Miller, Modern Electronic Communication, 9th ed. NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008 Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE Thank you for listening! Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE God bless! Ma. Editha A. Grande, MAEd, PECE