Module 17 - Doors, windows and skylighs.pptx

© 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Glazing Glazing is just another word for the glass in a door or window. The glazing in modern windows is made up of at least two layers of glass and sometimes three. Inert gas, usually argon, is injected between the glass layers to provide additional ins...

© 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Glazing Glazing is just another word for the glass in a door or window. The glazing in modern windows is made up of at least two layers of glass and sometimes three. Inert gas, usually argon, is injected between the glass layers to provide additional insulation. Nearly invisible coatings are added to glass to help manage the amount of light and heat conducted through a window or reflected away from it. Glazing can be enhanced with tints and laminations in order to add privacy, provide decorative options, and increase strength. Find out more about glazing. Daylight Opening The daylight opening (DLO) refers to the total amount of glass in a window not including the sash stiles and rails or the window frame. Sash The part of the window that holds the glass and opens and closes is called the sash. Window sashes and frames can be made out of several different kinds of materials including wood, aluminum, fiberglass, composite, and © 2023 vinyl. STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Stiles Stiles are the vertical window components of a sash. Rails Rails are the horizontal window components of a sash. The two rails that meet in the middle of double hung and single hung windows are called check rails. Storm Sash A storm sash is a separate sash constructed of very small stiles and rails. Storm sashes are not typically installed in the factory but are added to existing windows, usually single-pane windows, to help improve energy efficiency and comfort levels, especially during the cold winter months. Some storm sashes open and close while others are stationary, and they may be removed seasonally or left in place year-round. The use of storm sashes is not necessary on modern, highly efficient windows (Not Shown) © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Direct Glazed Some picture, or non-operating windows have no sash at all. These are called direct glazed windows. The glass on a direct glazed window is secured directly into the frame. The absence of stiles and rails creates a larger daylight opening and unobstructed view. The narrow and sleek aesthetic of direct glazed windows makes them more popular with modern architectural styles and in commercial applications (Not shown). Sash Tilt Pin The mechanism that allows sashes on double hung and single hung windows to tilt in for easy cleaning is called the sash tilt pin or sometimes referred to as a cam pivot. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 (1) Swing / Casement Door The swing door is the most basic door, which is very convenient and safe to use. When the swing door is opened, it needs to occupy a quartercylindrical space with the door panel as the radius. The installation and use of swing doors take up a certain amount of space, and the occupied space cannot be used twice. Swing doors are more suitable for toilets and entrance doors. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 (2) Sliding Door Sliding doors can move left and right, occupy less space, have a simple and beautiful appearance, and are more popular than traditional doors. Sliding doors are often used in kitchens, balconies, bathrooms, etc. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 (3) Bi-Fold / Folding Door The folding door has an atmospheric appearance, which is more flexible to use and has a larger opening area, which is more conducive to ventilation. Folding doors are suitable for balconies or you can also use folding doors to create space partitions if your house is large enough. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 (1) Swing / Casement Window Casement windows are one of the common window types, and they are the most widely used window types in civil buildings, which can be divided into two types: outward-opening and inward-opening. The inside-opening is good for cleaning, and the outside-opening is good for smoke emission (for example, in a kitchen such as a scene). Casement windows are usually used in urban commercial and residential buildings, office buildings, high-end residential buildings, villas, and other mid-to-high-end buildings; © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 (2) Sliding Window Sliding windows refer to windows sliding left and right in the horizontal direction. That to say, it opens in a plane and takes up less space. This kind of window looks simple and generous, easy to open and close, and is conducive to cleaning. Sliding windows are common in rural houses (such as bedrooms, living rooms, kitchens) and industrial plants. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 (3) Fixed Window Fixed windows are mainly used for daylighting and viewing purposes, and are windows that are only used for daylighting and not for ventilation.They are one of the most widely used windows. The fixed window has good airtightness and is the most ideal type of window for energy-saving effect. Usually suitable for scenes such as walkways and stairwells. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 ENERGY STAR Standards ENERGY STAR qualified windows meet strict performance standards established under the ENERGY STAR program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ENERGY STAR qualified windows feature: - Double or even triple panes of glass with inert gases such as argon between them that vastly improve the ability to insulate against unwanted heat flow into or out of the house, depending on the time of year. - Window frame materials designed to improve the window’s insulating abilities. - Spacers that keep a window’s glass panes the correct distance apart to reduce heat flow and help prevent condensation. - Special coatings to create low emissivity (“low-E”) glass. Such low-E glass reflects heat energy either into or out of the house, further enhancing insulation. It also reflects ultraviolet (UV) light away from the house and can protect your household furnishings from UV-induced fading by as much as 75% © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Window Installation Essentials Even the most energy-efficient windows can result in a drafty house and moisture condensation if they are not properly installed. Make sure to follow manufacturer instructions, seek out trained installers, and watch for lead dust. Most homes built before 1978 contain lead paint, which can pose a serious health hazard during home renovation. Learn about the new U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) “Renovate Right” campaign – and make sure your window installer is EPA certified © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Factors to Consider When purchasing ENERGY STAR qualified windows, look for the U-Factor and the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SGHC). The U-Factor measures how well the window insulates. While the U-Factor can take any value, in general for windows it ranges from 0.20 to 1.20. The lower the U-Factor, the better the window insulates. The SHGC measures how much of the sun’s heat comes through the window. It can range in value from 0 to 1. The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat the window lets in. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Factors to Consider When purchasing ENERGY STAR qualified windows, look for the U-Factor and the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SGHC). The U-Factor measures how well the window insulates. While the U-Factor can take any value, in general for windows it ranges from 0.20 to 1.20. The lower the U-Factor, the better the window insulates. The SHGC measures how much of the sun’s heat comes through the window. It can range in value from 0 to 1. The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat the window lets in. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Single-pane windows are lighter and cost less upfront than double-pane windows, but they can be more expensive in the long run due to reduced energy savings. Double-pane windows offer better insulation and noise reduction capabilities than single-pane windows, but they're also more expensive upfront. Triple-pane windows add even more insulation than double-pane windows, giving them enhanced durability and a steep increase in energy efficiency. Of course, these perks drive up the overall installation cost. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Understanding Low-E Glass Low-e coatings play an important role in the overall performance of a window and can significantly affect the overall heating, lighting and cooling costs of a home. But what exactly is low-e glass? How does it work? To answer these questions, the “e” in low-e glass must be explained. The “e” stands for emissivity. Emissivity is the ability of a material to radiate energy. When heat or light energy—typically from the sun or HVAC system—is absorbed by glass it is either shifted away by air movement or re-radiated by the glass surface. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 How Can Homeowners Tell if Their Windows Have Low-E Glass? The low-e coating is usually placed on one of the inside glass pane surfaces of the insulating unit. Homeowners can test for the low-e coating in a window by doing the following: Hold a lit match or a pen light up in front of the window. In a double pane insulating glass unit, four reflections of the flame or light (or two per lite of glass present) will appear due to the four glass surfaces of the insulating glass unit. If the window contains low-e glass, one of the images will be a different color than the rest of the images. If the window does not have low-e glass, the four reflected images will be the same color. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 STRAND Energy-Star Training Doors © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 New exterior doors often fit and insulate better than older types. If you have older doors in your home, replacing them might be a good investment, resulting in lower heating and cooling costs. If you're building a new home, you should consider buying the most energy-efficient doors possible. When selecting doors for energy efficiency, it's important to first consider their energy performance ratings in relation to the local climate and your home's design. This will help narrow your selection. Look for the ENERGY STAR label to help identify energy efficient products for your climate. The National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) label helps you compare energy performance ratings of doors. The label shows the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and U-factor for the door. Learn more about the NFRC label. Look for a low SHGC in a climate that mainly requires cooling and a high SHGC in a climate that requires heating. The range is from 0 to 1. SHGC measures how well a product keeps out solar heat. Look for a low U-factor. The lower the U-factor, the better the door keeps in heat. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 One common type of exterior door has a steel skin with a polyurethane foam insulation core. It usually includes a magnetic strip (similar to a refrigerator door magnetic seal) as weatherstripping. If installed correctly and not bent, this type of door needs no further weatherstripping. The R-values of most steel and fiberglass-clad entry doors range from R-5 to R-6, excluding a window. For example, a 1-1/2 inch (3.81 cm) thick door without a window offers more than five times the insulating value of a solid wood door of the same size. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Single-pane glass or "patio" doors, especially sliding glass doors, lose much more heat than other types of doors because glass is a very poor insulator. Models with several layers of glass, low-emissivity coatings, and/or low-conductivity gases between the glass panes are a good investment. Most modern glass doors with metal frames have a thermal break, which is a plastic insulator between inner and outer parts of the frame. When buying or replacing patio doors, swinging doors generally offer a tighter seal than sliding types. Look at NFRC labels to find air leakage ratings. A door with one fixed panel will have less air leakage than a door with two operating panels. It's impossible to stop all the air leakage around the weatherstripping on a sliding glass door and still be able to use the door. In addition, after years of use the weatherstripping wears down, so air leakage increases as the door ages. If the manufacturer has made it possible to do so, you can replace worn weatherstripping on sliding glass doors. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Storm Doors Adding a storm door can be a good investment if your existing door is old but still in good condition. However, adding a storm door to a newer, insulated door is not generally worth the expense, because you won't save much more energy. If you plan to purchase a storm door, consider features that improve the energy efficiency. Storm door frames are usually made of aluminum, steel, fiberglass, or wood (painted or not). Wooden storm doors require more maintenance than the other types. Metal-framed storm doors might have foam insulation inside their frames for added strength. High-quality storm doors use low-emissivity (low-e) glass or glazing to increase energy efficiency. Other features may include screens with self-storing pockets, full-length screens with removable glass panels, and screens and glass that slide past each other. All of these features add convenience and cost. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 The top three contenders: wood, steel, and fiberglass If you’re looking at new exterior doors, it’s likely you’re choosing between three types of material: wood vs. fiberglass vs. steel doors. Each has unique properties, and one type may be better suited to your home than the others. Wood doors are one of the most popular materials based on their aesthetic appeal, while steel are typically the least chosen doors for the same reason. Wood door popularity has withstood the test of time (while the use of steel has waxed and waned). Few materials have risen the ranks and evolved as well as fiberglass. Developed using polyester resin in the early 1900s, fiberglass doors were born and have become a common choice for American homes in recent decades. A number of factors will determine if wood vs. fiberglass vs. steel doors are right for your home, including the appearance, cost, durability, energy efficiency, and security of each. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Wood doors have relatively poor insulation and are the least energy efficient when comparing wood vs. fiberglass vs. steel doors. Natural wood is more likely to disperse heat from the indoors to the outside and vice versa than steel or fiberglass. Steel doors are more energy-efficient than wood, and can also outperform fiberglass when made properly with a good thermal break and filled with high-density, polyurethane foam. Steel is the strongest temperature conductor, meaning that it is most likely to be affected by the weather. However, the door can be extremely cold in the winter as well as burning hot in the summer—and this extends to your home. Therefore, if a steel door is not built properly, it will not perform well at conserving energy. However, even though some steel doors will outperform fiberglass in regards to U-factor, fiberglass doors are still top-rated when it comes to energy efficiency. Like steel doors, when their foam cores are high-quality and tightly packed, they provide strong insulation and help maintain consistent temperature, which ultimately will lower your energy bill in any season. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Skylight Design Considerations Before selecting a skylight for your home, determine what type of skylight will work best and where to place it to optimize its contribution to your home’s daylighting and ventilation. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 If you want to maximize daylighting and/or passive solar heating potential, consider a skylight's position. Skylights on roofs that face north provide fairly constant but cool illumination. Those on east-facing roofs provide maximum light and solar heat gain in the morning. West-facing skylights provide afternoon sunlight and heat gain. South-facing skylights provide the greatest potential for desirable winter passive solar heat gain than any other location, but often allow unwanted heat gain in the summer. You can prevent unwanted solar heat gain by installing the skylight in the shade of deciduous (leaf-shedding) trees or adding a movable window covering on the inside or outside of the skylight. Exterior shades will be more effective than interior shades at reducing heat gain in summer. Some units have special glazing that help control solar heat gain. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Glazing Skylight glazing is usually either plastic or glass, although other glazing technologies may be used for solar heat control. Depending on the performance you expect from a skylight, you may choose different types of glazing for different skylight locations throughout your home. Plastic glazing is usually inexpensive and less liable to break than most other glazing materials. However, plastic surfaces scratch easily, and they may become brittle and discolored over time. Many plastics also allow most of the ultraviolet (UV) rays in (unless the glazing is coated with a special film), which increases fading damage to furnishings. Acrylics and polycarbonates are the most commonly used plastic glazing. Acrylics are weaker but less expensive than polycarbonates. Although polycarbonates offer high impact resistance, some yellow with age. More expensive skylights are usually glazed with glass. Glass is more durable than plastics and does not discolor. Glass used for skylights must be "safety glazing," a generic term for both tempered and laminated glass. Both keep the glass from breaking into large, sharp pieces. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Shapes Skylights are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The most common shapes include rectangular, circular, oval, diamond, triangular, multi-sided, and tubular. Non-rectangular units usually use plastic glazing, but higher quality ones use glass. The glazing can be flat, arched, domed, pyramidal, or "warped plane"—flat on the low side and concave in section on the high side. Of these, the pyramidal, arched, and domed shapes offer flexibility for positioning, because their raised design allows light to enter from more extreme angles than flat or warped plane units. The slope or curvature of the glazing also helps to shed moisture and leaves. These skylight designs also do not require the additional framing needed to slope a flat skylight for proper drainage on flat or low-slope roofs. Tubular skylights are smaller than most other skylights. They consist of roof-mounted light or solar collectors, which increase their daylighting potential without the need to increase their size. Because the rooftop solar collector has a small surface area, tubular skylights minimize heat loss in the winter and heat gain in summer. Their small size also minimizes their impact on a home's architecture. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Slope The slope or tilt of the skylight affects solar heat gain. A low slope will admit relatively more solar heat in the summer and less in the winter, exactly the opposite of what is desirable. As a general rule of thumb to optimize solar heat gain in winter and minimize solar heat gain in the summer, you want to achieve a slope equal to your geographical latitude plus 5 to 15 degrees. For example, the optimum slope for a south-facing skylight in Columbus, Ohio, at 40o north latitude, is 45o to 55o. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204 Moisture Control Water leaks are a common problem with improperly installed skylights. Avoid water leaks by: Mounting the skylight above the roof surface Installing a curb (a raised, watertight lip that helps to deflect water away from the skylight) and flashing Thoroughly sealing joints Following the manufacturer's guidelines. It is also prudent to apply a layer of sheet waterproofing over the flanges/flashing of the skylight. This is generally installed under the finish roofing material as an aid in protecting against ice dams. Avoid water diversion devices such as roof crickets or diverter strips, as they often create more problems than they solve. © 2023 STRAND Dallas I Texas 972 620 8204