Module 16 Handout PDF - Growth and Development

Introduction -dog, is seen as an increase in size and weight through cell All organisms start as a single cell, the...

Introduction -dog, is seen as an increase in size and weight through cell All organisms start as a single cell, the division and body enlargement zygote, which grows and develops into a over time. complex structure. This transformation involves three key processes: growth 2. Morphogenesis (Greek: morphe, (increase in size), morphogenesis meaning shape, and genesis, (formation of structure), and differentiation (specialization of cells). Together, these meaning creation) processes guide an organism from its Morphogenesis refers to the formation earliest stages to full maturity. of shape and structure in a growing organism. Unlike growth, which increases size, morphogenesis Key Concepts determines the distinct forms and physical structures of different parts, such as leaves and stems in plants or Part I Key Concepts: limbs in animals. 1. Growth Example: Growth is the process by which an In frogs, morphogenesis leads organism increases in size or mass. It to the formation of limbs and a tail as includes both cell division, which the embryo develops into a tadpole creates new cells, and cell and then a frog. In plants, a sunflower enlargement, where cells absorb seedling undergoes morphogenesis to water and expand. form leaves and a stem that allows it Examples: to capture sunlight and grow. ○ Growth in plants involves both 3. Differentiation an increase in cell number and size, particularly in root and Differentiation is the process by which stem development, as it unspecialized cells become transitions from a seedling to a specialized in structure and function, mature plant. For example, the taking on specific roles within an faba bean plant grows roots, organism. leaves, and stems as it develops. Examples: ○ Growth in animals, such as a In animals, differentiation puppy growing into an adult occurs as embryonic cells develop into  various tissues like muscle, nerve, and increases the girth or thickness. skin cells. In plants, differentiation The vascular cambium allows cells in young plants to develop produces secondary xylem specialized tissues like xylem, which (wood) and secondary phloem, transports water, and phloem, which giving the plant strength and transports sugars. the ability to transport more nutrients. Part II Key Concepts: Animal Development Stages 1. Plant Development Stages Seed Development: Begins with Gametogenesis: The production of the formation of the male and female reproductive cells endosperm, providing (sperm and eggs). nourishment to the developing ○ Spermatogenesis: Sperm cell embryo. The seed has three formation in males. main parts: the embryo, ○ Oogenesis: Egg cell formation in endosperm, and seed coat. females. Seed Dormancy: Some seeds Fertilization: The fusion of sperm and enter a resting state, delaying egg to form a zygote, initiating the germination until conditions are development process. suitable for growth. Cleavage: Rapid cell divisions of the Seed Germination: The process zygote, creating a ball of cells that will by which a seed starts to sprout organize into different layers. and grow into a new plant. Two Gastrulation: Cells arrange into layers types: that will become different body ○ Epigeal Germination: structures. Cotyledons (seed leaves) ○ Diploblasts (e.g., jellyfish) form rise above the soil. two layers: ectoderm (outer) ○ Hypogeal Germination: and endoderm (inner). Cotyledons remain ○ Triploblasts (e.g., vertebrates) below the soil. form three layers: ectoderm, Primary Growth: The seedling mesoderm, and endoderm. lengthens due to cell division in ○ Ectoderm: Develops into skin, the apical meristems (tips of hair, nails, and the nervous roots and shoots). system. ○ Produces primary ○ Mesoderm: Forms muscles, vascular tissues: xylem bones, heart, blood vessels, and (transports water) and kidneys. phloem (transports ○ Endoderm: Becomes the sugars). digestive tract, lungs, and liver. Secondary Growth: In woody Organogenesis: Organs form from plants, secondary growth these layers as cells differentiate and  specialize, creating complex body developmental-biology/development-and-differe systems. ntiation/a/introduction-to-development Kotek, M. (2023, November 3). Cell proliferation Telight. Telight. https://telight.eu/cell-proliferation/ Reece, J.. B.., Camp, N. A.(2011). Campbell Summary: Biology (9th ed). Benjamin Cummings/Peason. Team, B. (2024, April 7). Cell proliferation - Organismal development is a complex Definition, Types, differentiation, assay, diseases - process involving growth, morphogenesis, Biology Notes Online. Biologynotesonline.com. and differentiation, transforming a single cell https://biologynotesonline.com/cell-proliferation/ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998, into a complete, multicellular organism. In July 20). Morphogenesis | Definition, Types, & plants, growth stages include seed Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. development, germination, and secondary https://www.britannica.com/science/morphogen growth, while animals undergo fertilization, esis cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. These steps ensure that cells specialize and organize to form distinct tissues and organs Self- check essential for life. Answer this google form link for self-assessment. You can submit multiple entries for this for the Study questions purpose of mastery. 1. What process involves unspecialized cells becoming specialized? 2. Name an example of growth in plants. 3. Describe morphogenesis in one sentence. 4. List the three germ layers formed during gastrulation. 5. What’s the difference between primary and secondary growth in plants? References FABA Bean Growth Staging Guide | Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. (2023, June 2). Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. https://saskpulse.com/resources/faba-bean-grow th-staging-guide-2/ Khan Academy. (n.d.). https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/